_ a ce cae Fs ried a Pie \ ae re \ ‘ =O M=6 m a im Sa aa a as an h. a ms eT Cea ca CE Ney Remy co) AL Tere ase ie A The rule says that the orbital having a lower value of (n+l) is filled first. = @&) Ss are En Ye a Gato) (540) t2) GED Uw atm ob) K iat aa Ss 4 OO hee is GE) ge [Wrpayfscapadsa® mahal © (S43) iN ee Ne = 24 uh SS a & ie sa preen - - a oxbiel ~Dundlf ae > Coe ae a 4 @ Fy oeG 5) ; BY ) = 3 See Rene nO) © a @ aE 6 daz rn : 7 ] du'y é (3) Ce oem ne Problem 2.18 Using s, p, d, f notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum numbers (a) n= 2,1= 1, (b) n= 4, L=0, (c)n =5, 1=13, (d) n= 371=2Problem 2.17 What is the total number of orbitals associated with the principal quantum number n= 3? im GE Serra B= G43. er. aa ee Wee tO Orr Problem 2.18 Using s, p, d, f notations, describe the orbital with the following quantum ae 2) numbers Pe eae (a) n= 2,1= 1, (b) n=4, l= 0, (c) 5 l=3, (d)n=3,L= PPT ser? oa Oi (i) An atomic orbital has n = 3. What are the possible values of land m, ? (i) List the quantum numbers (m, and 1) of electrons for 3d orbital. (iii) Which of the following orbitals are possible? 1p, 2s, 2p and 3f ig quantum number ee eva cure2.30 Explain, giving reasons, which of the following sets of quantum numbers are not How many electrons in an atom may have the following quantum numbers? (n=4)m=-% (b) n=3,1=0 O neh, hel Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in : (a) P, (b) Si, (c) Cr, (d) Fe ana(@) Kn) (a) How many sub-shells are associated with n= 4 ? (b) How many electrons will be present in the sub-shells having m, value of -1/2 for n= 4? 266 «) P Hl hee eS aa iS aos Bem SEN etal ang Wave on the surface of water obtained by throwing a stone into a quiet pond. The waves originate from the centre of disturbance and propagate in the form of up and down movements. The point of maximum upward CET eee te RU Re Cem Lee Cee renee C-te eel to c CCE MeN ema RRC ec Cry ad C<¥e tee "Fa Pe ee a ee | es |Wave motion:- Wave on the surface of water obtained by throwing a stone into a quiet pond. The waves originate from the centre of disturbance and propagate in the form of up and down movements. The point of maximum upward Ee eee eRe emu a mel Clee | Ciel ieee tem acl 4a c SECC Cee em CL an De ON (cad taave) elechawaguah Waa SUNNY ) STTiner Chas Sha Pa res) a ty eal) Cen i j CoE Te CSUs elm ACM ot es an 2! \ Se RON eur ictas rt Re mats a ae ALS lame ML) liste SPR CMe eae eee ee) Cele RM Ce 4 ee Ue eee 2. Frequency — The number of wave which pass through a given point in CC mu CR CU eee ue ee OR CR of frequency is cycle per second or reciprocal of second (s-1). The S.I unit Poe Cu AER Case ae eee eee Care Acycle is said to be completed when a wave consisting of crest & trough passes through a point. . ae ie eee =) aay 4 Rent S\N fh ( ce rae a distance travelled by a wave in one second is called the velocity of the wave. It is denoted by c and expressed as m/sec. 4. Amplitude (A) — It is the height of crest or depth of trough of wave. 5. Wave number (v) — It is defined as the number of wave length per centimeter and is equal to the inverse of wave length expressed in centimeter. It is denoted by nuper ( v ) and is expressed in: PENCE ater are [aa | ra arene a7 NT 7 Ato) R iN ie Ormetac Le, Su {f in ae # Relationship between wave renee DEM Sem ict Ca aL lola © wieveleeghe A vebbudy = VW See Sct Pe ae Time poco = T wave a N oer ae (es re oe co) ae) ES Ceesacrae wy wack GF) weierwevihess seeLirane# Relationship between wave ial ENB Sem et ala lela © wouclesge= A raat nar Fee Ro cA f ato ea TT ce ay l a Jr ro) ©) INERT eon ee GC Caen ti eres © Frequency ol rots arn m0) 3) Televi = 0) ‘ { “ tae Nia) a el >[~ i © Pp 7 - —s ra ah Paani A ce \ oa ‘ aN EMunves, {rave witty eA v=) een inert ie k @ Coens Ne cat ea a" ae ae, Electic Field __ As = Wavelength => | icin. magi 1Direction[30 e) CoN wT James Clark Maxwell proposed that light Fem ue Ce Us aed eR Ue ine rR RCs Oo Ree eet ate Lao A Ree eam um RuCl etch MUR} Clee eureka m Tun lem tur elm coe ly Cem Mum URN ECR CR te a . elms) PP RRR ta eet M yaa mic t CL ERP Erect OU Um Cer Lads \-11- A cla a} speed of all types of electromagnetic radiation is 3 X 108 m/sec. OMe fee Reet a PPM eum m Mee UNA m ols propagation. a PEE LG. CoD Electic Field Table: electromagnetic spectrum ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH RANGE FREQUENCY RADIATION (A) RANGE (Hz) 0.01 to zero 3X 10° To infinity [3 [x-rays | as0t0 01 2x10! to3x 10" [4 | _ Ultraviolet radiation(UV) 3800 to 150 7.9X 10" to 2X 10 > J 7600 to 3800 3.95 X 10" to 7.69 X 10" Infrared radiation (R) (ite \ 6X 10° to 7600 5X 10" to 3.95 X 10"Table: electromagnetic spectrum ELECTROMAGNETIC as RANGE FREQUENCY RADIATION RANGE (Hz) 0. ti w zero 3X10” To infinity 0.10.0.01 3X10" to3X10” 150to 0.1 2X10 to 3X10" SR Ultraviolet radiation 3800to 150 7.9X 10" to 2X 10 Visible radiation 7600 to 3800 3.95 X 10" to 7.69 X Cut) 10 a Infrared radiation (R) (Red) 6 X 10° to 7600 5X10" to 3.95 x 10" 3X10°to6X 10° 1X10°to5 X10" F Radio waves 3k10%to3x10” | 1X10°to1x10° aD) eee Lee ore BTC ean 7 a) (eee SNS ar ane a sith a rhe oy rn iS SECC ror) Presta Searels Beats cae nen aS ~y Amen) oan a ARES an et i xn rive 3 (sok ern) < Pred ans ) eSeitin Se er sya SQ con on » Sahawe 8 eee ie Cs $ Tears Ques. Calculate wave number and frequency of yellow wave having Sa SC Pea acca] ares ~ oe Ere asa 7 3 a =SBxlsTmy art Maen ane SS Nan a oN he nS Ta xh ‘ eb cen Pon a Se ao! a and Planck’s quantum theory : eae ny WN CMe an cot Pek Ueto Pred Cee a a AU Sane oe) (CASS Se STS os 0 CUM On Cee aS aoe’ ® Gey eee a cal pepe shen Saree Been tneEee Cmca aed O [EM woe > reg Dvertig ek — Queda CPhilerg ) ORCC ee GS MEM HeLa lee 5 a \e- ny CAC Rate 2 a Ka ase Q La) a oR CKG rT ea) Ness aN) Problem 2.6 Calculate energy of one mole of photons of radiation whose frequency is 5 x10'* Nt re Imule = 6022 x1G* - = 5 Pana 5) Payers i ie PPA eta FeAl mase a) a Coteaaeeaay! los 7 EL ay Creed ae Problem 2.7 Sinele Clow ie eye A 100 watt bulb emits monochromatic ry light of wavelength 400 nm. Calculate = g the number of photons emitted per second [A adaesel Meee by the bulb hare) fhe PelooW — , €= keee Pra ® ot re (ee een te Saran rf ns x eit _ \ ia a wee Aw ; t Svan] Exercise 2.8 What is the number of photons of light with a wavelength of CUP eel e eli Mele -Ll-le-aVia (eed emEat es icee es icy y ee earners sa Sarre a ie A= —___ Satan) ae ANG Beanya eA es Ae ee ee . oot eae mse aT ae ey So IKE “ono | llier ra RL Cae es cease MY 2 La can a (Se (Beqduerd) sae Nien arene cme Vora ayaa Sot Sea a 7 Orn Cad as IN| ia an tat a antenna OD Pobas we quota callide vikty elecheoty, eal ai calligion ine on CaN oa AOL Lae Is Ate aor y CTC er cena ta re) Problem 2.8 fe, fe a cure Le ry eat ae eho EA Pra nes Sse aes ate photoelectron to be emitted ? Cee eae ee Saha aera ae SS tne Lr ea eae ea ie! are nC re Oh coy pee Cea: re aa eas ae a Se a. Peer aN tantra — IN ay sy ae gesne (1S eran) lor a metal kinetic aren OCC raha n Ritethemnetal as % (lo-7) Lee eS inal Great Cann Earns i) Ka GEN Af «Aeer asics ae See eet ee rates . bac gal ae Pare (een Nee ea Co Ne eset a) re a case m cr rma cea an eat ae oan at OR CMCC at Rn eI Bre alicia anne my ON nn ie Say tee : pa 104, fe ett ® Deena edie rod hy Gla Calligng aud Sen ae ie zs ere a eee Bee = 602 £663 xXloe acre [Sane y Sh tne eee a a i aren ae metry coy pee Cea: re ana aoe Os A eae d. ‘ 2 x cer erin ten se wre la cA Problem 2.9 Sut 7 F eran) The threshold frequency v, for a metal [iaanoa[hl (ie is 7.0 x1 Calculate t! c ' GSK Cede” = TUS") y of an electron emitted radiation of frequency v =1.0 x10"s ae hits the metal CP See aoa) , pee Aen ea CMe! Ce) ve eaten? EN eNO NANeens a kis (NRE ce ae) Py eS aoe had (Gi PUR Toye AS nd [ata are ween ea) Game JO 2 woah Aceh Wan nehuce a a mM oa eh. retin a b aa lain aaet > Sad Rus ncaa aon Reta Cera ARO Perec, eae oy Pn nears ced | q< sat A one oa he ae NE | Ach ; mt o Neen See Ps Soe SL As te Pree e Sm a Cy2 Plea la ia a aN es _ oe y an eee \ -£E ' Pe eee - St aaa € ao rN a ane Ph ee alle s 7 ig ae rey 7 eae ae Ste ns ee DL Cea i oh a a OLE aa 4 Problem 2.12 What will be the wavelength of a ball of mass 0.1 kg moving with a velocity of 10 miss? a ‘n=O 1k Nea Nee eR TS ian) ene ee my ao Syl nae O+XloVe ea ees ee viene aren or " Sear SSCS Dash Problem 2.15 A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate an electron in an atom within a distance of 0.1 A. What is the uncertainty involved in the qc of its velocity?eri rtaH BS eee ke meee UR ea SL De akc ee ahem le ee Mele oe Lm ald) Peer eld) oe i Srey NATURE OF CATHODE RAYS: Pe ele Ra Rl eeu RUT ml Oy RR UR Luter MU telM NR Roca ed Pe Rui RCC Aen Con ; : Ae RU eee arg can be observed with the help of certain kind of material atte echt’ or phosphorescent) which glow when hit by them. Television tube are also cathode rays tube and television pictures results due to fluorescence on the television screen coated with termi ele realm es ee a Lo iii, Cathode rays produce mechanical effects. Eg. When a small paddle wheel is placed between the electrodes, it rotates. This indicate that the oll Me meee mum Sesto ANU CU eR LE) Picea Coon Sater tuscc Cicer sicCkokure ett ney cil DUR eure eee eta Reale mall.) erate Pea eR tel Re eee ma CL eRe all Meme tac eel Cee erie oe Clee : eae Me CRT towards(north yea) Peat mil) sale er OU Rue ai aa BUCA cae OATS ae OL TT PU Cone Pears ; L aa ee Bupa La he vt aaa) an acafee eel ada SCAN LO eee Ce eke cae aan ELT UU eA Ra Sst L a me = Susana C eran Sen Reaves ay mash Tomes PROTON: E.Goldstein discovered Anode rays. These rays travelled in opposite direction to the cathode rays. These rays are also deflected by the magnetic and electric field. These rays were attracted towards the negative plate in Se ram CUR eRe eee lei mole i-0 | particles and were also named positive ray or anode rays. Peale i Ul BC Ed PERN erm a Sen Racy VR Le ut) (129 placed in their path. 2. The anode rays are deflected by the magnetic and electric field like cathode rays. But the deflection of anode ray is in the opposite direction to Start mala lele (Behe EPR eel Re ee RR RC Re oh) Ele em M alt lsat ta a Mar eek Cm RC eine 5. Unlike cathode rays, the e/m ratio of positive rays depends upon the nature of the gas taken in the tube re es an ae a ae a em bo Tr ta Sree arn AO eee eeCSE LT ke ae ee Ue Petey ee lst n Cet: ae LY yCite AM ee Raley dt lt] Cee) Toe When the electrons absorb energy equal to ee Nate aN level. When electrons jumps back to the lower energy levels, it radiates the some amount of energy. This amount of energy emitted or absorbed is given by the difference of the energies of the two energy levels concerned. ara : a “(eset FS va Fey P We clear “anglng 7" ' Sac aa (Ile orn vi ee a Ceo a Sac aa Tad When the electron is present as close to the nucleus as possible, the atom has the minimum possible energy and is said to be in the ground state. ARR eee esa Bc ates ORCA level having energy level E,then the difference (E,- E,) may be expressed in term of energy E,then the difference (E,— E,) may be expressed in term CR Ae ell) ed ae ee ee se ee at. 3 Ek +e B42 Mere Ds ih ef wl Tet AN (SSSR) 0 ee OAD ie au \ Cen ir Pa UN-cay & . Pare ye EanS Nees % Sra 3 4\5,6--- Taheacedl r perry a ro \y Sy sete) Ey WY. AN is CO 6 oe(Tilt -4 - The amount of energy absorbed or emitted when an electron jumps from orbit n, (initial orbit) to orbit n,(final orbit) may be given asEMISSION SPECTRUM OF HYDROGEN ATOM: - The spectrum of hydrogen atom can be obtained by passing an electric discharge eee cmukuckcier Cke RCC eect Mm rites nas Pin recourse Once Saat nec ene nn eas TMC A Uae kU Gn nCoee ica uty visible region while other in ultraviolet and infra-red regions. - Hydrogen spectra lines the general expression was found - The expression is found to be valid for all the lines in the hydrogen spectrum and is Se ene ete ean - Different spectral lines in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. Shortest and longest wavelength : | Smt Oe ra ary Oe aaa fe Belmee: Nee ‘Lek. ©) a caren U > avel ~ SE re Lael ie eens a anna Aan ma yy a ° | 2 ee. Seas co aa pene Tie ere aa AP) a omni, oi ca oad COR COPE arena rae) LIMITATION OF BOHR’S ATOMIC THEORY:- &. Bohr’s theory of atomic structure was quite successful in explaining the Be NACE UE RCM iy tame man (eer ae eee PM eel 8s Pa EU ues Mule ale aR ec Rl tt hydrogen cnectrum ahcorhed ucine canhicticated cnectrocconic techninuec_LIMITATION OF BOHR’S ATOMIC THEORY:- eee ee RO Cet oot eC stability of atom and the line spectrum of hydrogen atom. However some of PUM LC es Ct 8s CE Ee mle aR ec le hydrogen spectrum absorbed using sophisticated spectroscopic techniques. re tlle Pe um Me CMe ie Ree rT Mule mule ec elae eI CT | bee LC Ze) ee RNA RR mem Re multe mem d ete Re ee Rms eee Clee Tete) Ree eam acre eM yd Tos 2 Bohr’s theory could not explain the effect of electric field (known as stark iad Renu eRe C3. Bohr’s theory does not provide any clue to explain the shape of molecules PC aie mee Ce aaa CUE lice PUR eR Cd dual nature of matter and uncertainly principle. They introduce the idea of EMME ta alesse Me lest Me eee Toit) Cae Seem Mul sommelier lCtta Te | Atomic number and mass number - Atomic number (Z) = number of proton in the nucleus of an a nal EL EMI) lm eae RE M1 - Mass number (A) = number of protons (z) + number of neutrons (n) ISOTOPES, ISOBARS & ISOTONES:- Isotopes- Atoms of the same element which have the same atomic number but different mass number. Fey Ee ke) oe Hydrogen (H) z=1,A=1 Deuterium (D) z = 1, A = 2 Tritium (T) z = 1, A =3Isobars: Atoms of different elements having the same mass number but different atomic numbers are called isobars. re (cy ery ae gR ee eee eM me imei ea pone eth PEM ae Le mee Rel ol w 3 Cae ate ae H We4-2 1 al & <> mee Od Tay ee re i 3 © be CoC (Q7 _ oak et es Se ee en el ate ae a Sia WO re = y (oe ea ese Sal 5 hahaa ™Nodes : aeRO eR Ie elds Autism eee a ee oe PVT Maree area meso > Angular node is also referred to as the nodal plane. Angular node refers to a plane that passes through the nucleus. em Bey ee ar eee eR ec) ia ome Oe ee eS ee ROS » The total number of nodes are given by (n-1), i.e., sum of | angular nodes and (n-1-1) -1-1) radial nodes. ans rr ears ah oy eee er KML i arr at a or SL CARER Sar Ne ren AAG (sy ea Ne me ; = are ) ae a cr ' 2.15 — What is the maximum number of emission lines when the excited electron of a H atom in n= 6 drops to the ground state? el) cs s a Aes a ae (en te 16 (i) The energy associated with the first orbit in the hydrogen atom is -2.18 x 10" J atom" (What is the energy associated with the fifth orbit? (i) Calculate the radius of Bohr's fifth orbit for hydrogen atom. TD i er aL ‘as cary A Caer r & Pa ee mi ce a COA Cae rae (3, aS = Joby Catan ls 4a Vax thee maaWhat is the energy in joules, required to shift the electron of the hydrogen atom from the first Bohr orbit to the fifth Bohr orbit and what is the wavelength of the light emitted when the electron returns to the ground state? The ground state electron energ} 8x10"er Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a velocity of 2.05x 10 ms”. The mass of an electron is 9.1 x 10°" kg. If its K.E. is 3.0 x 10 calculate its wavelength. ‘ich of the following are isoelectronic spe ., those having the same number of electrons? v ‘ <— > aig 7 ‘ 2 e AB Ae So GPE “Sis we cd (i) Write the el it (a) H’ (b) Na’ (c) 07 (a) F ice nis bbe” = gan, 2266 (ii) What are the atomic numbers of elements whose outermost electrons are represented by (a) 3s' (b) 2p” and (c) 3p°? (iii) Which atoms are indicated by the following configurations ? (a) {He] 2s' (b) [Ne] 3s” 3p’ (c) [Ar] 4s" 3d’. What is the lowest value of n that allows g orbitals to ex An elect in one of i Give tl ssible values of n, | and m, for this electron. , (en, e+ 4 An atom of eme r 35 ne Deduce (i) the numb - protons and (ii) tne tone coun 1 tion, of the element. Sn the specs if, H, and.Q) QO “@ © (i) An atomic orbital has n What are the possible values of land m, ? f 3d orbital. (2 Give thenumber of electrons in the spee groune ‘tron returns to th 1 ergs. e ae en light emit we electron’ 9.05x 10 ms ith a velocity of 2 5 wil its ron moving 31 kg, If its K.E. i an clect 5 y, calculate 59.1 x 10 ygth of Calculate the waveleng an electron 1S The mass of wavelength. ‘e same number Which of the! following are is ctr s ie., those having th of electrons? 2e > MSF at io Na Mais © Vat Mt . ; (i) Write the e Jectronic of the followspe nis; (a) H (b) Na (c) O° (@F dy Haze" ee Nat = Be = 16728,” 6 (i) What are the atomic number of elements whose outel represented by (a) 3s' (b) 27° and (c) 3p’? (iii) Which atoms are indicated by the follow! ing conf (a) [He] 2s' (b) [Ne] 3s 3p (c) [Ar] 4s’ 3d. allows g orbitals to exist? rmost electrons are figurations What is the lowest value of n that An electron is in one of theGdo. itals. Give t | values of n, | and h als e th land this electron. |= a\, (Z=2| " / An atom of an element contains 29 elect: utr i) the a ins 29 electro! neutro i) th utrons. Deduce numbeofprotons and (ii) we electronic con! aration, of the element Give the number of r¢ he spe S Hh nt , umber of electrons Sat peci al 4 An atomic orbital has n Wi ; as hat are the possible f , ues of la { ed the quantum numbers (m, and 1) of electrons for 3do: tia me hich of the following orbitals are possible? : rialShow that the circumference of the Bohr orbit for the hydrogen atom is an integral multiple of the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolving around the orbit. aS Lee cera) a i¢ oe ee nh h rs a. ie ue i io Paes aN aes LIC F ay mA a Sh rah If the diameter of a carbon atom is 0.15 nm, calculate the number of carbon atoms which can be placed side by side in a straight line across length of scale of length 20 cm long. 2 x10° atoms of carbon are arranged side by side. Calculate the radius of carbon atom if the length of this arrangement is 2.4 cm, CI ee wore No a oo ee ony ca Oe anny Anel proton to Tr ” ie a Cem E Te) aa ty ~ eX ES Tx Pat Ni bu r fe ea ) , 34.4 Nec w roa2.42 Anelement with mass number 81 contains 31.7% more neutrons as compared to protons. Assign the atomic symbol. An ion with mass number 37 pos 's one unit of negative charge. If the ion conatins 11.1% more neutrons than the electrons, find the symbol of the ion. 2.44 An ion with mass number 56 contains 3 units of positive charge and 30.4% more neutrons than electrons. Assign the symbol to this ion ae ea CA ae a2 Le ees A eee Cen Q Le ae eed 86 se nr exCOESSLCETare ae Nz BOK 4 = ran \n ar ae = eee See ex 2.53 The ejection of the photoelectron from the silver metal in the photoelectric effect experiment can be stopped by applying the voltage of 0.35 V when the radiation 256.7 nm is used. Calculate the work function for silver metal. Qe E=Wst+kKEs STE SWt ENF (oy al - n Se x 4 oT r Hy baa’ 2c lectins.ee f the photoelectron from the si iment can be stopped by applying the 96.7 nm is used. Calculate the work function for si Bea se ee al ‘fcr =a 4.) Ne N AS. a | x a Gan eh Ore Sana ores a3 rahe aes 2.60 The ity associated with a proton moving in a potential difference of 1000 Vi 4.37 x 10° ms" . If the hockey ball of mass 0.1 kg is moving with this velocity calcualte the wavelength associated with this velocity. a eA ew - “ ISSAC ol era recre Para ere ren ~ m=O Ik d x rn en uN) ad Fev on rae (Tova Aa emi al Dp > oa ars Pa coe / Pm oe a (eee en Le es A= rn a oa aa 4 ” I de> i ee ah a aL a aa _ aie