ef aecting Gai allowing questions consist of two statements—Assertion the appropriate option given below: (A) and Reason(R). Answer these questions @ poth A and R are true and R is the correct explanation for A. o Both A and R eal true but R is not the correct explanation for A. ‘Ais true but R is false. « @ 1 10. 1 . Assertion(4 Ais false but R is true, Assertion(4) : Reason (R) : Assertion(A) : Reason (R) = Assertion(4) : Reason (R) : Assertion(4) + Reason (R) : Reason (R) : 5. Assertion(A) : Reason (R) |. Assertion(A) : Reason (R) : . Assertion(A) : Reason (R) : Assertion (4) : Reason (R) ¢ Assertion (A) : Reason (R) : Assertion(4) : Reason (R) : Accumulati i ulation of harmful chemicals is maximum in the orga ; at the highest trophic level ofa food chain. 7 ° Harmful chemicals are sprayed on the crops to protect them from diseases and Pests. [CBSE 2024 (31/1/3)] Oxygen is essential for all aerobic forms of life. Free oxygen atoms combine with molecular oxygen to form ozone. [CBSE 2024 (81/4/1)] Green plants of the ecosystem are the transducers. Producers trap the radiant energy of the Sun and change it into chemical energy. Man is a herbivore. Omnivores eat both plant food and meat of animals. Garden is an artificial ecosystem. Biotic and abiotic components are manipulated by humans. Biotic components of ecosystem continuously require energy to carry on life processes. Abiotic components are the non-living factors of the ecosystem. Decomposers act as cleaning agents of the environment. “The decomposers recycle waste material in the hydrosphere. Food chain is responsible for the entry of harmful chemicals in our bodies. “The length and complexity of food chains vary greatly. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021] Omnivores receive 10% of their energy from the trophic level below them. ‘An omnivore is always in the trophic level just above herbivores. All kitchen waste cannot form compost. Material like milk packets may not be biodegradable, Greater number of individus ‘The flow of energy is uni is are present in lower trophic level ‘ectional.. [CBSE Sample Paper 2021]Assertion-Reason Questions L® 2. (b) 8. (b) 9 (e) 3. (a) 10. (a) 4. (d) 1. (6) 5. (a) 6. (b) %.Q.5. @ What isa biodegradable substance? [CBSE (6) 2017] (éi) Why should biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes be discarded in two separate dustbins? [CBSE Delhi 2015] Ans. (i) Biodegradable substances are the substances that are broken down by biological processes (i) Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes should be discarded in two separate dustbins so that the time and energy required in segregation may be saved and waste may be disposed off quickly.Q. 14. Complete the following table: [CBSE 2020 (31/2/1)) Oxygen Ozone Formula Ooo as {) Benefits to biotic component}. (iii) (iv), (OsSoe Ver acta seep N| Ans. @ Og (i) Os (ii) Breathing/Respiration (jv) Absorbs harmful ultra violet (UV) radiations. Short Answer Questions Each of the following questions are of 3 marks. Q1. Ans, Ans. Plants —> Deer —> Lion In this given food chain, what will be the impact of removing all the organisms of second trophic level on the first and third trophic level? Will the impact be the same for the organisms of the third trophic level in the above food chain if they were present in a food web? Justify. [CBSE 2024 (51/1/3)] nt food, (@ Iwe remove all the deer at the second trophic level, then lions will not get suffi they will starve and die. Deer eat grass and other green plants, so the amount of grass and too much. other green plants will increa (i) No, the impact of removing all the org trophic levels. For examy ple, if we ove plants from a food cha food as plants are the primary producers in the food chain, Use of pesticides to protect our crops affect organisms at various trophic levels especially human beings. Name the phenomenon involved and explain how does it happen. [CBSE 2024 (31/22!) “The chemicals and toxic substances once enter the food chain, get accumulated in the boo of is cal r concentration increases with each successive trophic level. This ms in the trophic level is different for different in, no organism will get organisms and thei biomagnification.Q.3. Study the picture given below showing three f; i following Gaon Showing three food chains (a), (b) and (c) and answer the [CBSE 2024 (31/2/2)] AN S&S 1-8 -S- ye ia | (Name the type of ecosystem that exist in food chains (b) and (c). (ii) The first trophic level in all food chains are producers. Why? What percentage of solar energy do these producers capture for their use? (iii) Why are the arrows shown in the diagram in one direction only and not vice versa? Justify. Ans. (i) Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem respectively. (i) Producers always occupy the first trophic level of every food chain because only they have the ability to trap solar energy with the help of chlorophyll and synthesize their own food. They take 1% of the solar energy. (ii) The flow of energy in an ecosystem is always in the same direction as they cannot revert back the energy consumed or lost in the environment.Q.5. Explain how some harmful chemicals enter our bodies through tes food chain. Why is ty. concentration of these harmful chemical found to be maximum in human beings? (CBSE 2023 129, N 3 (31/2/2)) Some harmful substances like pesticides are used to protect crops. When these chemical are washed down in the soil or water bodies, they are absorbed by plants along wig ‘ater and minerals and by animals from water. When we consume these food items, the pesticides enter our body. 1 @ Ashuman beings occupy the top level in any food chain, maximum concentration of these chemicals get accumulated in them. 110, Mention three harmful effects of using polythene bags on the environment. Suggest an effective alternative to these bags. [CBSE (F) 2017] OR Write two harmful effects of plastic bags on the environment. Suggest alternatives to the usage of plastic bags. [CBSE 2020 (31/3/1)] Harmful effects of using polythene bags are: (i) Increases soil temperature or adversely affect agricultural products. (ii) Land and animals die after consumption of these bags. (iii) It causes clogging of drains and may even cause flood like situation. Alternatives are the use of jute bags, paper bags, cloth bags. ns.Q.13. (i) From the following group of organisms create a food chain which is the most advantageous for human beings in terms of energy. Hawk, Rat, Cereal plant, Goat, Snake, Human being (i) State the possible disadvantage if the cereal plant is growing in soil rich in pesticides. (iii) Construct a food web using the organisms mentioned above, [CBSE 2020 (81/3/D)]See Se See OURAN Ans. (i) G ) Cereal —> Plant —>_ Human Beings. (i) Pesticides being non-biodegradable to Biomagnification. 1 accumulate progressively at each trophic level/Leads 1 (iii) Human being, (= jl Mesa | ceraal tot Q.14. (i) Define ecosystem. (CBSE Delhi 2017} (i) Autotrophs are at the first level of food chain. Give reason. (ii) In a food chain of frogs, grass, insects and snakes assign trophic level to frogs. To which category of consumers do they belong? [CBSE 2020 (31/3/2)} $i, (CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (31/. Ans. (i) Ecosystem: It is the interaction between living / biotic and non-living / abiotic components in an area / environment. 1 (ii) Because autotrophs have the ability to trap solar energy and convert it into food by photosynthesis and transfer food energy to the next level in a food chain, 1 (ii) Frogs: Third Trophic level; Secondary consumersQ.16. @ State with reason the consequence of decrease in number of carnivores in an ecosystem. (ii) Ina food chain, state the trophic level at which the concentration of harmful chemicals i maximum. Why is it so? [CBSE 2020 (31/3/3 ‘Ans. (i) Population of herbivores will increase as their predator number is less. (i) © Top carnivore/ Tertiary consumer © They are non-biodegradable and while passing from one trophic level to another they keep on accumulating at each level / Biomagnification. % i Q-17. (i) Create a food chain of the following organisms: Insect, Hawk, Grass, Snake, Frog (di) Name the organism at the third trophic level of the created food chain. (iii) Which organism of this food chain will have the highest concentration of non-biodegradable chemicals? (é») Name the phenomenon associated wit (©) 1f 10,000 joules of energy is available to frogs, how much energy will be available to snakes in this food chain? (CBSE 2020 (31/5/3)}ROME SMa toonoue eo cena ‘Ans, (i) Grays — Insect -> Frog -» Snake — Hawk (ii) Frog ‘h (ii) Hawk % (iv) Biomagnification h (@) 1000 J Q.18, What is an ecosystem? List its two main components. We do not clean natural ponds or lakes ly. Why is it so? Explain. ICBSE (AI) 2015} but an aquarium needs to be cleaned regular Ans. (Oa aee) 18) 3 dn een. Aystion comet. _bonsiisdes humans, | Ala annals ar ae nck | ‘ inher —hith eather dnd... Wagan bain to halos ba aha g es hae " hucblol fe _ fencbimal (i | am. enuirennmrents jp Aachen g, ee : o ee—. : 90, Complete the following flow chart based on ecosystem and its components. * [CBSE 2020 (31/5/1)] (iv). =o TERRESTRIAL |<— el BIOTIC Components oz |e Li? Detnion [eons o_2 ii) PORES ecu etc In) Ans. (i) Aquatic (i) Abiotic (iii) Air/Water/Soil/ Temperature /Non-living % (jv) Living organism/plants and animals % (@) Definition ~Allthe interacting organismsin an area together with the non-living constituents ofthe environment form an ecosystem interaction between biotic and abiotic components. 1 Q.21. (i Construct a terrestrial food chain comprising four trophic levels. (i) What will happen if we kill all the organisms in one trophic level? (ii) Calculate the amount of energy available to the organisms at the fourth trophic level if the energy available to the organisms at the second trophic level is 2000 J. (CBSE 2020 (81/2/1)] ROMs Son eUentise Cuero ce Eye Ans, (i) Grass -» Grass hopper —> Frog > Snake (Or any other relevant example) 1 (i) ‘Transfer of food energy to the next higher level will not take place, then the organisms of the upper trophic levels will be affected, increase in the population of the organisms belonging to the previous trophic level / imbalance in the food chain. i (ii) 9999 2". g00 5 ta W Trophic Tit Trophic Level Level 1Q.22. Plastic cups were used to serve tea in trains in early days—these could be returned to the Ans. vendors, cleaned and reused. Later, Kulhads were used instead of plastic cups. Now, paper cups are used for serving tea. What are the reasons for the shift from Plastic to Kulhads and then finally to paper cups? [CBSE Sample Paper 2021] Plastic cups that could be returned to the vendor, cleaned and reused raised a concern towards hygiene and were replaced by disposable plastic cups. These plastic cups are non-biodegradable and harm the environment. So, they were replaced by Kulhads which is made up of clay. Making of these Kulhads on a large scale required a huge amount of clay and it resulted in the loss of top soil which is very fertile. Now, disposable paper cups are being used because they can be recycled, are biodegradable and do not harm the environment.(i) Why does a kitchen garden called an artificial ecosystem while a forest is considered to be a natural ecosystem ? (ii) While designing an artificial ecosystem at home, write any two things to be kept in mind to convert it into a self-sustaining system. Give reason to justify your answer.ANSWER (i) Kitchen garden is known as artificial ecosystem because the biotic and abiotic factors are modified by humans and not decided by the nature as in natural ecosystems like forest. In forests, humans do not modify biotic or abiotic factors. (ii) Two things to be kept in mind to convert an artificial ecosystem into a self-sustaining system are: 1. Balance between producers and consumers — We should select inter-dependable producers and consumer to make the ecosystem self sustainable. They should form food web so that their population is controlled. 2. Waste management — The involvement of decomposers is very important for sustainable ecosystem. Natural ecosystems are self sustaining due to a perfect relation of interdependence. For converting an artificial ecosystem into a self- sustaining system we should try to minimize human interference and include organisms that make it sustainable.