Analyzing
Sentences Using
Tree Diagram
Tia Rahmatika
Syntax Tree Generator
Phrase Structure Rules
S NP VP
NP (Det) (AdjP) N (PP)
PP P (NP)
VP V (NP) (PP) (AdvP)
AdvP (AdvP) Adv
AdjP (AdvP) Adj (PP)
Tree Diagram Abbreviations
Structural Designation Abbreviation Structural Designation Abbreviation
Sentence S Noun Phrase NP
Noun N Verb Phrase VP
Verb V Prepositional Phrase PP
Adverb Adv Adverb Phrase AdvP
Adjective Adj Adjective Phrase AdjP
Preposition P Independent Clause IC
Determiner Det Dependent Clause DC
Auxiliary Verb Aux Coordinate Conjunction CC
Main Verb MV Subordinate Conjunction SC
List of Common Prepositions
● Behind ● From ● Past
● About
● Below ● In ● Since
● Above
● Beneath ● Inside ● Through
● Across
● Beside ● Into ● Than
● After
● Between ● Like ● To
● Against
● Beyond ● Near ● Toward
● Along
● By ● Next ● Under
● Among
● Close to ● Of ● Until
● Apart
● Despite ● Off ● Up
● Around
● Down ● On ● Upon
● As
● During ● Out ● With
● At
● Except ● Outside ● Within
● Before
● For ● Over ● Without
Auxiliary Verbs
Modal
Be
● Can
Do ● Am Have ● Could
● Are ● Will
● Do ● Is ● Have ● Would
● Does ● Was ● Has ● Shall
● Did ● Were ● Had ● Should
● Be ● Having ● May
● Been ● Might
● Being ● Must
Types of Determiners
01. 02. 03.
Article Ordinals Numbers
Forest, Second, Third, One, Two, Twenty,
A , An, The
Last, Next Hindred
04. 05. 06.
Demonstratives Possessives Quantifiers
My, Your, His, Her, Its, Some, Any, Every, More,
This, That, These, Those
Our, Their Much, Few, Little
Sentence
Structures
Keys
● Independent Clause: Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone.
● Dependent Clause: Expresses incomplete thought and cannot be a sentence by
itself.
● Coordinating Conjunction: Joins words, phrases, and independent clauses.
E.g. FANBOYS
● Subordinating Conjunction: Comes before the dependent clause.
E.g. After, Although, As, Because, Before, Even If, Even though, If, In order that,
Once, Since, So that, Than, That, Though, Unless, Until, When, Whenever, Where,
Which, While, Who, Whoever, Why.
Four Sentence Structures
Simple Complex
1 Independent Clause and 1
1 Independent Clause or More Dependent Clauses
Rico kicked the ball. Lutfi cried because the ball hit him.
Subordinating Conjunction
Compound Compound-Complex
2 or More 2 or More Independent Clause
Independent Clause and 1 or More Dependent Clauses
Rico kicked the ball, and it hit Lutfi.
Lutfi cried because the ball hit him,
Coordinating Conjunction and Rico apologized immediately.
FANBOYS
Tree Diagram
Simple Sentence
Rico kicked the ball.
Compound Sentence
Rico kicked the ball, and it hit Lutfi.
Complex Sentence
Lutfi cried because the ball hit him.
Compound - Complex
Sentence
Lutfi cried because the ball hit him, and Rico apologized immediately.
Structural
Ambiguity
What is ambiguity?
A word, phrase, or sentence
is ambiguous if it has more
than one meaning. In other
words, ambiguity has more
than one interpretation.
E.g. The boy saw the man with the telescope.
Structural Ambiguity (1)
I saw the man with the telescope
Meaning: Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.
Structural Ambiguity (2)
I saw the man with the telescope
Meaning: The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.
Thank You!
