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The Physics Classroom » Physics Tutorial » Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions » Vector Addition
Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions - Lesson 1 - Vectors: Fundamentals and Operations
Vector Addition
Vectors and Direction
Vector Addition
What is a Resultant?
Vector Components
Vector Resolution
Component Addition
Relative Velocity and River Boat Problems
Independence of Perpendicular Components of Motion
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A variety of mathematical operations can be performed
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A variety of mathematical operations can be performed
with and upon vectors. One such operation is the addition
of vectors. Two vectors can be added together to
determine the result (or resultant). This process of adding
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two or more vectors has already been discussed in an
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earlier unit. Recall in our discussion of Newton's laws of
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motion, that the net force experienced by an object was
determined by computing the vector sum of all the
individual forces acting upon that object. That is the net force was the result (or resultant)
of adding up all the force vectors. During that unit, the rules for summing vectors (such as
force vectors) were kept relatively simple. Observe the following summations of two force
vectors:
5
10
-5
5, 10 15
5 +
-10
-15 -10
10 + -5
These rules for summing vectors were applied to free-body diagrams in order to determine
the net force (i.e., the vector sum of all the individual forces). Sample applications are shown
in the diagram below.
In this unit, the task of summing vectors will be extended to more complicated cases in
which the vectors are directed in directions other than purely vertical and horizontal
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which the vectors are directed in directions other than purely vertical and horizontal
directions. For example, a vector directed up and to the right will be added to a vector
directed up and to the left. The vector sum will be determined for the more complicated
cases shown in the diagrams below.
There are a variety of methods for determining the magnitude and direction of the result of
adding two or more vectors. The two methods that will be discussed in this lesson and used
throughout the entire unit are:
the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometric methods
the head-to-tail method using a scaled vector diagram
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The Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean theorem is a useful method for
determining the result of adding two (and only two)
vectors that make a right angle to each other. The method
is not applicable for adding more than two vectors or for
adding vectors that are not at 90-degrees to each other.
The Pythagorean theorem is a mathematical equation that
relates the length of the sides of a right triangle to the length of the hypotenuse of a right
triangle.
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To see how the method works, consider the following problem:
Eric leaves the base camp and hikes 11 km, north and then hikes 11 km east. Determine
Eric's resulting displacement.
This problem asks to determine the result of adding two displacement vectors that are at
right angles to each other. The result (or resultant) of walking 11 km north and 11 km east is
a vector directed northeast as shown in the diagram to the right. Since the northward
displacement and the eastward displacement are at right angles to each other, the
Pythagorean theorem can be used to determine the resultant (i.e., the hypotenuse of the
right triangle).
The result of adding 11 km, north plus 11 km, east is a vector with a magnitude of 15.6 km.
Later, the method of determining the direction of the vector will be discussed.
Let's test your understanding with the following two practice problems. In each case,
use the Pythagorean theorem to determine the magnitude of the vector sum. When
finished, click the button to view the answer.
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See Answer to Practice A
See Answer to Practice B
Using Trigonometry to Determine a Vector's Direction
The direction of a resultant vector can often be determined by use of trigonometric
functions. Most students recall the meaning of the useful mnemonic SOH CAH TOA from
their course in trigonometry. SOH CAH TOA is a mnemonic that helps one remember the
meaning of the three common trigonometric functions - sine, cosine, and tangent functions.
These three functions relate an acute angle in a right triangle to the ratio of the lengths of
two of the sides of the right triangle. The sine function relates the measure of an acute
angle to the ratio of the length of the side opposite the angle to the length of the
hypotenuse. The cosine function relates the measure of an acute angle to the ratio of the
length of the side adjacent the angle to the length of the hypotenuse. The tangent
function relates the measure of an angle to the ratio of the length of the side opposite the
angle to the length of the side adjacent to the angle. The three equations below summarize
these three functions in equation form.
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These three trigonometric functions can be applied to the hiker problem in order to
determine the direction of the hiker's overall displacement. The process begins by the
selection of one of the two angles (other than the right angle) of the triangle. Once the angle
is selected, any of the three functions can be used to find the measure of the angle. Write
the function and proceed with the proper algebraic steps to solve for the measure of the
angle. The work is shown below.
Once the measure of the angle is determined, the direction of the vector can be found. In
this case the vector makes an angle of 45 degrees with due East. Thus, the direction of this
vector is written as 45 degrees. (Recall from earlier in this lesson that the direction of a
vector is the counterclockwise angle of rotation that the vector makes with due East.)
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The Calculated Angle is Not Always the Direction
The measure of an angle as determined through use of SOH CAH TOA is not always the
direction of the vector. The following vector addition diagram is an example of such a
situation. Observe that the angle within the triangle is determined to be 26.6 degrees using
SOH CAH TOA. This angle is the southward angle of rotation that the vector R makes with
respect to West. Yet the direction of the vector as expressed with the CCW
(counterclockwise from East) convention is 206.6 degrees.
Test your understanding of the use of SOH CAH TOA to determine the vector
direction by trying the following two practice problems. In each case, use SOH CAH
TOA to determine the direction of the resultant. When finished, click the button to view the
answer.
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answer.
See Answer to Practice A
See Answer to Practice B
In the above problems, the magnitude and direction of the sum of two vectors is determined
using the Pythagorean theorem and trigonometric methods (SOH CAH TOA). The
procedure is restricted to the addition of two vectors that make right angles to each other.
When the two vectors that are to be added do not make right angles to one another, or
when there are more than two vectors to add together, we will employ a method known as
the head-to-tail vector addition method. This method is described below.
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Use of Scaled Vector Diagrams to Determine a Resultant
The magnitude and direction of the sum of two or more
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The magnitude and direction of the sum of two or more
vectors can also be determined by use of an accurately
drawn scaled vector diagram. Using a scaled diagram, the
head-to-tail method is employed to determine the
vector sum or resultant. A common Physics lab involves a
vector walk. Either using centimeter-sized displacements
upon a map or meter-sized displacements in a large open
area, a student makes several consecutive displacements
beginning from a designated starting position. Suppose that you were given a map of your
local area and a set of 18 directions to follow. Starting at home base, these 18 displacement
vectors could be added together in consecutive fashion to determine the result of adding
the set of 18 directions. Perhaps the first vector is measured 5 cm, East. Where this
measurement ended, the next measurement would begin. The process would be repeated
for all 18 directions. Each time one measurement ended, the next measurement would
begin. In essence, you would be using the head-to-tail method of vector addition.
The head-to-tail method involves drawing a vector to scale on a sheet of paper beginning at
a designated starting position. Where the head of this first vector ends, the tail of the
second vector begins (thus, head-to-tail method). The process is repeated for all vectors
that are being added. Once all the vectors have been added head-to-tail, the resultant is
then drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector; i.e., from start to
finish. Once the resultant is drawn, its length can be measured and converted to real units
using the given scale. The direction of the resultant can be determined by using a protractor
and measuring its counterclockwise angle of rotation from due East.
A step-by-step method for applying the head-to-tail method to determine the sum of two or
more vectors is given below.
1. Choose a scale and indicate it on a sheet of paper. The best choice of scale is one that
will result in a diagram that is as large as possible, yet fits on the sheet of paper.
2. Pick a starting location and draw the first vector to scale in the indicated direction. Label
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2. Pick a starting location and draw the first vector to scale in the indicated direction. Label
the magnitude and direction of the scale on the diagram (e.g., SCALE: 1 cm = 20 m).
3. Starting from where the head of the first vector ends, draw the second vector to scale in
the indicated direction. Label the magnitude and direction of this vector on the diagram.
4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 for all vectors that are to be added
5. Draw the resultant from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector. Label
this vector as Resultant or simply R .
6. Using a ruler, measure the length of the resultant and determine its magnitude by
converting to real units using the scale (4.4 cm x 20 m/1 cm = 88 m).
7. Measure the direction of the resultant using the counterclockwise convention discussed
earlier in this lesson.
An example of the use of the head-to-tail method is illustrated below. The problem involves
the addition of three vectors:
20 m, 45 deg. + 25 m, 300 deg. + 15 m, 210 deg.
SCALE: 1 cm = 5 m
The head-to-tail method is employed as described above and the resultant is determined
(drawn in red). Its magnitude and direction is labeled on the diagram.
SCALE: 1 cm = 5 m
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Interestingly enough, the order in which three vectors are added has no effect upon either
the magnitude or the direction of the resultant. The resultant will still have the same
magnitude and direction. For example, consider the addition of the same three vectors in a
different order.
15 m, 210 deg. + 25 m, 300 deg. + 20 m, 45 deg.
SCALE: 1 cm = 5 m
When added together in this different order, these same three vectors still produce a
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When added together in this different order, these same three vectors still produce a
resultant with the same magnitude and direction as before (20. m, 312 degrees). The order
in which vectors are added using the head-to-tail method is insignificant.
SCALE: 1 cm = 5 m
Additional examples of vector addition using the head-to-tail method are given on a
separate web page.
We Would Like to Suggest ...
Sometimes it isn't enough to just read about it. You have to
interact with it! And that's exactly what you do when you
use one of The Physics Classroom's Interactives. We would
like to suggest that you combine the reading of this page
with the use of our Name That Vector Interactive, our
Vector Addition Interactive, or our Vector Guessing Game Interactive. All three Interactives
can be found in the Physics Interactive section of our website and provide an interactive
experience with the skill of adding vectors.
Visit: Name That Vector | Vector Addition | Vector Guessing Game
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Next Section: What is a Resultant?
Jump To Next Lesson: What is a Projectile?
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