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29 views29 pages

Chapter 3

637ytr

Uploaded by

amankinde4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internet Programming I Chapter Two

Chapter 3
Cascading style sheets (CSS)
Introduction to CSS
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet, and it allows us to separate our web sites HTML content
from its style. As always we use HTML file to arrange the content, but all of the
presentation/formatting (fonts, colors, background, borders, text formatting, link effects & so
on...) are accomplished within a CSS.

CSS is a web page layout method that has been added to HTML to give web developers more
control over their design and content layout. Using CSS allows a designer to create a standard
set of commands (either embedded inside the web page or from an external page) that controls
the style of all subsequent pages.

CSS separates the layout and the styles of a web page. This is often difficult to comprehend for
web designers that are used to compiling their creative and HTML coding in a single web page
document. Styles such as fonts, font sizes, margins, can be specified in one place, and then the
Web pages feed off this one master list, with the styles cascading throughout the page or an
entire site.
It is more and more difficult to create Web sites where the content of HTML documents was clearly
separated from the document's presentation layout. The layout of the document was supposed to be
taken care of by the browser, without using any formatting tags. This is because styles sheets
define HOW HTML elements are to be displayed, just like the font tag and the color attribute in
HTML.
CSS is a breakthrough in web design because it allows developers to control the style and layout
of multiple web pages all at once. As a web developer, it is possible to define a style for each
HTML element and apply it to as many web pages as we want. To make a global change, simply
change the style, and all elements in the Web are updated automatically.

Style sheets allow style information to be specified in many ways. Styles can be specified inside
a single HTML element, inside the <head> element of an HTML page, or in an external CSS
file. Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.

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What is CSS?
 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
 Styles define how to display HTML elements
 Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
 External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
 External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files

CSS Saves a Lot of Work!

CSS defines HOW HTML elements are to be displayed.


Styles are normally saved in external .css files. External style sheets enable you to change the
appearance and layout of all the pages in a Web site, just by editing one single file!

CSS Syntax
A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:

 The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style.


 Each declaration consists of a property and a value.
 The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value.
 CSS declarations always ends with a semicolon, and declaration groups are surrounded
by curly brackets:
p {color:red;text-align:center;}
To make the CSS more readable, you can put one declaration on each line, like this:
Example
p
{
color:red;
text-align:center;
}

CSS Comments
Comments are used to explain your code, and may help you when you edit the source code at a
later date. Comments are ignored by browsers.
A CSS comment begins with "/*", and ends with "*/", like this:

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/*This is a comment*/
p
{
text-align:center;
/*This is another comment*/
color:black;
font-family:arial;}

Grouping Content

The <div> and <span> elements allow you to group together several elements to create sections
or subsections of a page.
This is the very important block level tag which plays a big role in grouping various other
HTML tags and applying CSS on group of elements. Even now <div> tag can be used to create
webpage layout where we define different parts (Left, Right, Top etc.) of the page using <div>
tag. This tag does not provide any visual change on the block but this has more meaning when it
is used with CSS.
For example, you might want to put all of the footnotes on a page within a <div> element to
indicate that all of the elements within that <div> element relate to the footnotes. You might then
attach a style to this <div> element so that they appear using a special set of style rules.
Example 1:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title> Div Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="menu" align="middle" >
<a href="/index.htm">HOME</a> |
<a href="/about/contact_us.htm">CONTACT</a> |
<a href="/about/index.htm">ABOUT</a>
</div>
<div id="content" align="left" bgcolor="white">
<h5>Content Articles</h5>
<p>Actual content goes here.....</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML div Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<!-- First group of tags -->
<div style="color:red">
<h4>This is first group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of vegetables</p>
<ul>
<li>Beetroot</li>
<li>Ginger</li>
<li>Potato</li>
<li>Radish</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- Second group of tags -->
<div style="color:green">
<h4>This is second group</h4>
<p>Following is a list of fruits</p>
<ul>
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Banana</li>
<li>Mango</li>
<li>Strawberry</li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>
The <span> element, on the other hand, can be used to group inline elements only. So, if you
have a part of a sentence or paragraph which you want to group together, you could use the
<span> element as follows.
The HTML <span> is an inline element and it can be used to group inline-elements in an HTML
document. This tag also does not provide any visual change on the block but has more meaning
when it is used with CSS.
Example1
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Span Tag Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is the example of <span style="color:green">span tag</span> and the <span style="color:red">div
tag</span> alongwith CSS</p>

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</body>
</html>

Example 2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML span Tag</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is <span style="color:red">red</span> and this is <span
style="color:green">green</span></p>
</body> </html>

 The difference between the <span> tag and the <div> tag is that the <span> tag is used with
inline elements whereas the <div> tag is used with block-level elements.
CSS Id and Class Selector
In addition to setting a style for a HTML element, CSS allows you to specify your own selectors
called "id" and "class".

The id Selector

 The id selector is used to specify a style for a single, unique element.


 The id selector uses the id attribute of the HTML element, and is defined with a "#".
 The style rule below will be applied to the element with id="para1":
Example
#para1
{
text-align:center;
color:red;
}

Do NOT start an ID name with a number! It will not work in Mozilla/Firefox.


The class Selector
 The class selector is used to specify a style for a group of elements. Unlike the id
selector, the class selector is most often used on several elements.
 This allows you to set a particular style for any HTML elements with the same class.
 The class selector uses the HTML class attribute, and is defined with a "."
In the example below, all HTML elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example

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.center {text-align:center;}
 You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.
In the example below, all p elements with class="center" will be center-aligned:

Example
p.center {text-align:center;}

Do NOT start a class name with a number! This is only supported in Internet Explorer.

CSS How To
When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the document according to it.
Three Ways to Insert CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
 External style sheet
 Internal style sheet
 Inline style
External Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules in a separate .css file and then include that file
in your HTML document using HTML <link> tag.
Internal Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules in header section of the HTML document
using <style> tag.
Inline Style Sheet: Define style sheet rules directly along-with the HTML elements using
style attribute.

External Style Sheet


An external style sheet is ideal when the style is applied to many pages. With an external style
sheet, you can change the look of an entire Web site by changing one file. Each page must link to
the style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag goes inside the head section:

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" />
</head>

An external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should not contain any html
tags. Your style sheet should be saved with a .css extension. An example of a style sheet file is
shown below:

hr {color:sienna;}

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p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}

Save sytle.css

/* CSS class */

.red{

color: Blue;

.thick{

font-size:20px;

.green{

color:green;

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>HTML External CSS</title>

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style.css">

</head>

<body>

<p class="red">This is red</p>

<p class="thick">This is thick</p>

<p class="green">This is green</p>

<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>

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</body>

</html>

Do not leave spaces between the property value and the units! "margin-left:20 px"
(instead of "margin-left:20px") will work in IE, but not in Firefox or Opera.

Internal Style Sheet


An internal style sheet should be used when a single document has a unique style. You define
internal styles in the head section of an HTML page, by using the <style> tag, like this:
<head>
<style type="text/css">
hr {color:sienna;}
p {margin-left:20px;}
body {background-image:url("images/back40.gif");}
</style>
</head>

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Internal CSS</title>
<style type="text/css">
.red{
color: red;
}
.thick{
font-size:20px;
}
.green{
color:green;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class="red">This is red</p>
<p class="thick">This is thick</p>
<p class="green">This is green</p>
<p class="thick green">This is thick and green</p>
</body>
</html>
Inline Styles
An inline style loses many of the advantages of style sheets by mixing content with presentation.
Use this method sparingly!
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To use inline styles you use the style attribute in the relevant tag. The style attribute can contain
any CSS property. The example shows how to change the color and the left margin of a
paragraph:
<p style="color:sienna;margin-left:20px">This is a paragraph.</p>

Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Inline CSS</title>
</head>
<body>
<p style="color:red;">This is red</p>
<p style="font-size:20px;">This is thick</p>
<p style="color:green;">This is green</p>
<p style="color:green;font-size:20px;">This is thick and green</p>
</body>
</html>

Multiple Style Sheets


If some properties have been set for the same selector in different style sheets, the values will be
inherited from the more specific style sheet.
For example, an external style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:

h3
{
color:red;
text-align:left;
font-size:8pt;
}
And an internal style sheet has these properties for the h3 selector:
h3
{
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
}
If the page with the internal style sheet also links to the external style sheet the properties for
h3 will be:
color:red;
text-align:right;
font-size:20pt;
The color is inherited from the external style sheet and the text-alignment and the font-size is
replaced by the internal style sheet.
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Multiple Styles Will Cascade into One


Styles can be specified:
 inside an HTML element
 inside the head section of an HTML page
 in an external CSS file
Tip: Even multiple external style sheets can be referenced inside a single HTML document.
Cascading order
What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?
Generally speaking we can say that all the styles will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet
by the following rules, where number four has the highest priority:
1. Browser default
2. External style sheet
3. Internal style sheet (in the head section)
4. Inline style (inside an HTML element)
So, an inline style (inside an HTML element) has the highest priority, which means that it will
override a style defined inside the <head> tag, or in an external style sheet, or in a browser (a
default value).
Note: If the link to the external style sheet is placed after the internal style sheet in HTML
<head>, the external style sheet will override the internal style sheet!

CSS Background
CSS background properties are used to define the background effects of an
element.
CSS properties used for background effects:
 background-color
 background-image
 background-repeat
 background-attachment
 background-position
Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color of an element.
The background color of a page is defined in the body selector:

Example
body {background-color:#b0c4de;}

The background color can be specified by:


 name - a color name, like "red"
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Internet Programming I Chapter Two

 RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"


 Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000"
In the example below, the h1, p, and div elements have different background colors:
Example
h1 {background-color:#6495ed;}
p {background-color:#e0ffff;}
div {background-color:#b0c4de;}

Background Image

The background-image property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.


By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.
The background image for a page can be set like this:
Example
body {background-image:url('paper.gif');}

Below is an example of a bad combination of text and background image. The text is almost not
readable:
Example
body {background-image:url('bgdesert.jpg');}

Background Image - Repeat Horizontally or Vertically

By default, the background-image property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.
Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange, like
this:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');}

If the image is repeated only horizontally (repeat-x), the background will look better:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('gradient2.png');
background-repeat:repeat-x;
}

Background Image - Set position and no-repeat


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When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.
Showing the image only once is specified by the background-repeat property:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
}

In the example above, the background image is shown in the same place as the text. We want to
change the position of the image, so that it does not disturb the text too much.
The position of the image is specified by the background-position property:
Example
body
{
background-image:url('img_tree.png');
background-repeat:no-repeat;
background-position:right top;
}

All CSS Background Properties


The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1
or CSS2).
Property Description Values CSS
background Sets all the background properties in one background-color 1
declaration background-image
background-repeat background-
attachment background-position
inherit
background-attachment Sets whether a background image is fixed scroll 1
or scrolls with the rest of the page fixed
inherit
background-color Sets the background color of an element color-rgb 1
color-hex
color-name
transparent
inherit
background-image Sets the background image for an element url(URL) 1
none
inherit
background-position Sets the starting position of a background left top 1
image left center
left bottom
right top
right center
right bottom
center top

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center center
center bottom
x% y%
xpos ypos
inherit
background-repeat Sets if/how a background image will be repeat 1
repeated repeat-x
repeat-y
no-repeat
inherit

CSS Text

Text formatting
This text is styled with some of the text formatting
properties. The heading uses the text-align, text-transform, and
color properties. The paragraph is indented, aligned, and the space
between characters is specified. The underline is removed from
the "Try it yourself" link.
Text Color
The color property is used to set the color of the text. The color can be specified by:
 name - a color name, like "red"
 RGB - an RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"
 Hex - a hex value, like "#ff0000"
The default color for a page is defined in the body selector.
Example
body {color:blue;}
h1 {color:#00ff00;}
h2 {color:rgb(255,0,0);}
Text Alignment
The text-align property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.
Text can be centered, or aligned to the left or right, or justified.
When text-align is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and
the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers).
Example
h1 {text-align:center;}
p.date {text-align:right;}
p.main {text-align:justify;}

Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is used to set or remove decorations from text.
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links for design purposes:
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Example
a {text-decoration:none;}
It can also be used to decorate text:
Example
h1 {text-decoration:overline;}
h2 {text-decoration:line-through;}
h3 {text-decoration:underline;}
h4 {text-decoration:blink;}
It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses users.
Text Transformation
The text-transform property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.
It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter
of each word.
Example
p.uppercase {text-transform:uppercase;}
p.lowercase {text-transform:lowercase;}
p.capitalize {text-transform:capitalize;}

Text Indentation
The text-indentation property is used to specify the indentation of the first line of a text.
Example
p {text-indent:50px;}

All CSS Text Properties

The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1
or CSS2).
Property Description Values CSS
color Sets the color of a text color 1
ltr
direction Sets the text direction 2
rtl
normal
number
line-height Sets the distance between lines 1
length
%
normal
letter-spacing Increase or decrease the space between characters 1
length
left
right
text-align Aligns the text in an element 1
center
justify
text-decoration Adds decoration to text none 1
underline
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overline
line-through
blink
length
text-indent Indents the first line of text in an element 1
%
none
text-shadow color
length
none
capitalize
text-transform Controls the letters in an element 1
uppercase
lowercase
normal
unicode-bidi embed 2
bidi-override
baseline
sub
super
top
text-top
vertical-align Sets the vertical alignment of an element 1
middle
bottom
text-bottom
length
%
normal
white-space Sets how white space inside an element is handled pre 1
nowrap
normal
word-spacing Increase or decrease the space between words 1
length

CSS Font
CSS font properties define the font family, boldness, size, and the style of a text.

Difference Between Serif and Sans-serif Fonts

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On computer screens, sans-serif fonts are considered easier to read than serif fonts.

CSS Font Families

In CSS, there are two types of font family names:


 generic family - a group of font families with a similar look (like "Serif" or
"Monospace")
 font family - a specific font family (like "Times New Roman" or "Arial")
Generic family Font family Description
Serif Times New Roman Serif fonts have small lines at the ends on some characters

Georgia
Sans-serif Arial "Sans" means without - these fonts do not have the lines at the
ends of characters
Verdana
Monospace Courier New All monospace characters have the same width

Lucida Console

Font Family

The font family of a text is set with the font-family property.


The font-family property should hold several font names as a "fallback" system. If the browser
does not support the first font, it tries the next font.
Start with the font you want, and end with a generic family, to let the browser pick a similar font
in the generic family, if no other fonts are available.
Note: If the name of a font family is more than one word, it must be in quotation marks, like
font-family: "Times New Roman".
More than one font family is specified in a comma-separated list:

Example
p{font-family:"Times New Roman", Times, serif;}

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For more commonly used font combinations, look at our Web Safe Font Combinations.

Font Style

The font-style property is mostly used to specify italic text.


This property has three values:
 normal - The text is shown normally
 italic - The text is shown in italics
 oblique - The text is "leaning" (oblique is very similar to italic, but less supported)

Example
p.normal {font-style:normal;}
p.italic {font-style:italic;}
p.oblique {font-style:oblique;}

Font Size

The font-size property sets the size of the text.


Being able to manage the text size is important in web design. However, you should not use font
size adjustments to make paragraphs look like headings, or headings look like paragraphs.
Always use the proper HTML tags, like <h1> - <h6> for headings and <p> for paragraphs.
The font-size value can be an absolute, or relative size.
Absolute size:
 Sets the text to a specified size
 Does not allow a user to change the text size in all browsers (bad for accessibility
reasons)
 Absolute size is useful when the physical size of the output is known
Relative size:
 Sets the size relative to surrounding elements
 Allows a user to change the text size in browsers
If you do not specify a font size, the default size for normal text, like paragraphs, is 16px
(16px=1em).

Set Font Size With Pixels


Setting the text size with pixels, gives you full control over the text size:
Example
h1 {font-size:40px;}
h2 {font-size:30px;}
p {font-size:14px;}

The example above allows Firefox, Chrome, and Safari to resize the text, but not Internet
Explorer.
The text can be resized in all browsers using the zoom tool (however, this resizes the entire page,
not just the text).
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Set Font Size With Em


To avoid the resizing problem with Internet Explorer, many developers use em instead of pixels.
The em size unit is recommended by the W3C.
1em is equal to the current font size. The default text size in browsers is 16px. So, the default
size of 1em is 16px.
The size can be calculated from pixels to em using this formula: pixels/16=em
Example
h1 {font-size:2.5em;} /* 40px/16=2.5em */
h2 {font-size:1.875em;} /* 30px/16=1.875em */
p {font-size:0.875em;} /* 14px/16=0.875em */

In the example above, the text size in em is the same as the previous example in pixels.
However, with the em size, it is possible to adjust the text size in all browsers.
Unfortunately, there is still a problem with IE. When resizing the text, it becomes larger than it
should when made larger, and smaller than it should when made smaller.

Use a Combination of Percent and Em


The solution that works in all browsers, is to set a default font-size in percent for the body element:

Example
body {font-size:100%;}
h1 {font-size:2.5em;}
h2 {font-size:1.875em;}
p {font-size:0.875em;}

Our code now works great! It shows the same text size in all browsers, and allows all browsers to zoom or resize the text!
All CSS Font Properties
The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2).
Property Description Values CSS
font Sets all the font properties in one declaration font-style 1
font-variant
font-weight
font-size/line-height
font-family
caption
icon
menu
message-box
small-caption
status-bar
inherit
font-family Specifies the font family for text family-name 1
generic-family
inherit
font-size Specifies the font size of text xx-small 1
x-small
small
medium
large

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x-large
xx-large
smaller
larger
length
%
inherit
font-style Specifies the font style for text normal 1
italic
oblique
inherit
font-variant Specifies whether or not a text should be displayed in normal 1
a small-caps font small-caps
inherit
font-weight Specifies the weight of a font normal
bold
bolder
lighter
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
inherit

CSS Links
Links can be styled in different ways.

Styling Links
Links can be style with any CSS property (e.g. color, font-family, background-color).
Special for links are that they can be styled differently depending on what state they are in.
The four links states are:
 a:link - a normal, unvisited link
 a:visited - a link the user has visited
 a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it
 a:active - a link the moment it is clicked

Example
a:link {color:#FF0000;} /* unvisited link */
a:visited {color:#00FF00;} /* visited link */
a:hover {color:#FF00FF;} /* mouse over link */
a:active {color:#0000FF;} /* selected link */

When setting the style for several link states, there are some order rules:
 a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited
 a:active MUST come after a:hover

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Common Link Styles


In the example above the link changes color depending on what state it is in.
Lets go through some of the other common ways to style links:
Text Decoration
The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from links:

Example
a:link {text-decoration:none;}
a:visited {text-decoration:none;}
a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}
a:active {text-decoration:underline;}

Background Color
The background-color property specifies the background color for links:

Example
a:link {background-color:#B2FF99;}
a:visited {background-color:#FFFF85;}
a:hover {background-color:#FF704D;}
a:active {background-color:#FF704D;}

CSS Lists
The CSS list properties allow you to:
 Set different list item markers for ordered lists
 Set different list item markers for unordered lists
 Set an image as the list item marker

List
In HTML, there are two types of lists:
 unordered lists - the list items are marked with bullets
 ordered lists - the list items are marked with numbers or letters
With CSS, lists can be styled further, and images can be used as the list item marker.

Different List Item Markers


The type of list item marker is specified with the list-style-type property:
Example
ul.a {list-style-type: circle;}
ul.b {list-style-type: square;}

ol.c {list-style-type: upper-roman;}


ol.d {list-style-type: lower-alpha;}

Some of the property values are for unordered lists, and some for ordered lists.
Values for Unordered Lists
Value Description

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None No marker

Disc Default. The marker is a filled circle

Circle The marker is a circle

Square The marker is a square

Values for Ordered Lists


Value Description

Armenian The marker is traditional Armenian numbering

Decimal The marker is a number

decimal-leading-zero The marker is a number padded by initial zeros (01, 02, 03, etc.)

Georgian The marker is traditional Georgian numbering (an, ban, gan, etc.)

lower-alpha The marker is lower-alpha (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)

lower-greek The marker is lower-greek (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.)

lower-latin The marker is lower-latin (a, b, c, d, e, etc.)

lower-roman The marker is lower-roman (i, ii, iii, iv, v, etc.)

upper-alpha The marker is upper-alpha (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)

upper-latin The marker is upper-latin (A, B, C, D, E, etc.)

upper-roman The marker is upper-roman (I, II, III, IV, V, etc.)

Note: No versions of Internet Explorer (including IE8) support the property values "decimal-
leading-zero", "lower-greek", "lower-latin", "upper-latin", "armenian", or "georgian" UNLESS a
DOCTYPE is specified!

An Image as The List Item Marker


To specify an image as the list item marker, use the list-style-image property:
Example
ul
{
list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif');
}

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The example above does not display equally in all browsers. IE and Opera will display the image-marker
a little bit higher than Firefox, Chrome, and Safari.
If you want the image-marker to be placed equally in all browsers, a crossbrowser solution is explained
below.

Crossbrowser Solution
The following example displays the image-marker equally in all browsers:
Example
ul
{
list-style-type: none;
padding: 0px;
margin: 0px;
}
li
{
background-image: url(sqpurple.gif);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: 0px 5px;
padding-left: 14px;
}

Example explained:
 For ul:
o Set the list-style-type to none to remove the list item marker
o Set both padding and margin to 0px (for cross-browser compatibility)
 For li:
o Set the URL of the image, and show it only once (no-repeat)
o Position the image where you want it (left 0px and down 5px)
o Position the text in the list with padding-left

All CSS List Properties


The number in the "CSS" column indicates in which CSS version the property is defined (CSS1 or CSS2).
Property Description Values CSS
list-style Sets all the properties for a list in one declaration list-style-type 1
list-style-position
list-style-image
inherit
list-style-image Specifies an image as the list-item marker URL 1
none
inherit
list-style-position Specifies if the list-item markers should appear inside or inside 1
outside the content flow outside
inherit
list-style-type Specifies the type of list-item marker none

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disc
circle
square
decimal
decimal-leading-zero
armenian
georgian
lower-alpha
upper-alpha
lower-greek
lower-latin
upper-latin
lower-roman
upper-roman
inherit

CSS Tables
The look of an HTML table can be greatly improved with CSS:

Table Borders

To specify table borders in CSS, use the border property.


The example below specifies a black border for table, th, and td elements:

Example
table, th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}

Notice that the table in the example above has double borders. This is because both the table, th,
and td elements have separate borders.
To display a single border for the table, use the border-collapse property.
Collapse Borders
The border-collapse property sets whether the table borders are collapsed into a single border or
separated:

Example
table
{
border-collapse:collapse;
}
table,th, td
{
border: 1px solid black;
}

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Table Width and Height

Width and height of a table is defined by the width and height properties.
The example below sets the width of the table to 100%, and the height of the th elements to
50px:
Example
table
{
width:100%;
}
th
{
height:50px;
}

Table Text Alignment

The text in a table is aligned with the text-align and vertical-align properties.
The text-align property sets the horizontal alignment, like left, right, or center:

Example
td
{
text-align:right;
}

The vertical-align property sets the vertical alignment, like top, bottom, or middle:
Example
td
{
height:50px;
vertical-align:bottom;}

Table Padding

To control the space between the border and content in a table, use the padding property on td
and th elements:
Example
td
{
padding:15px;
}

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Table Color

The example below specifies the color of the borders, and the text and background color of th
elements:
Example
table, td, th
{
border:1px solid green;
}
th
{
background-color:green;
color:white;
}

HTML – LAYOUTS

A webpage layout is very important to give better look to your website. It takes considerable
time to design a website's layout with great look and feel.
Now- a-days, all modern websites are using CSS and JavaScript based framework to come up
with responsive and dynamic websites but you can create a good layout using simple HTML
tables or division tags in combination with other formatting tags. This chapter will give you few
examples on how to create a simple but working layout for your webpage using pure HTML and
its attributes.

HTML Layout - Using Tables


The simplest and most popular way of creating layouts is using HTML <table> tag. These tables
are arranged in columns and rows, so you can utilize these rows and columns in whatever way
you like.
Example
For example, the following HTML layout example is achieved using a table with 3 rows and 2
columns but the header and footer column spans both columns using the colspan attribute:
<!DOCTYPE html>

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<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layout using Tables</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="50">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor="#eee" width="100" height="200">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" bgcolor="#b5dcb3">
<center>
Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

This will produce the following result:

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Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables


You can design your webpage to put your web content in multiple pages. You can keep your
content in middle column and you can use left column to use menu and right column can be used
to put advertisement or some other stuff. This layout will be very similar to what we have at our
website tutorialspoint.com.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Three Column HTML Layout</title>
</head>
<body>
<table width="100%" border="0">
<tr valign="top">
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%">
<b>Main Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
<td bgcolor="#b5dcb3" height="200" width="60%">
Technical and Managerial Tutorials
</td>
<td bgcolor="#aaa" width="20%">
<b>Right Menu</b><br />
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</td>
</tr>
<table>
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</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:

HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN


The <div> element is a block level element used for grouping HTML elements. While the <div>
tag is a block-level element, the HTML <span> element is used for grouping elements at an
inline level.
Although we can achieve pretty nice layouts with HTML tables, but tables weren't really
designed as a layout tool. Tables are more suited to presenting tabular data.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>HTML Layouts using DIV, SPAN</title>
</head>
<body>
<div style="width:100%">
<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3; width:100%">
<h1>This is Web Page Main title</h1>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:left;">
<div><b>Main Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
<div style="background-color:#eee; height:200px;width:350px;float:left;">
<p>Technical and Managerial Tutorials</p>
</div>
<div style="background-color:#aaa; height:200px;width:100px;float:right;">
<div><b>Right Menu</b></div>
HTML<br />
PHP<br />
PERL...
</div>
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Internet Programming I Chapter Two

<div style="background-color:#b5dcb3;clear:both">
<center>
Copyright © 2007 Tutorialspoint.com
</center>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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