Computer Science – XII

Chapter 1
Structures and Pointers

Structure is a user-defined data type to represent a collection of different types of data under a
common name.
The dot operator (.) connects a structure variable and its element.

Array V/s Structure:

Nested structure is a structure in which one of the elements is another structure.

Pointer is a variable that can hold the address of a memory location.
Syntax to declare pointer variable: data_type * variable;

The address of operator (&), is used to get the address of a variable.

The value at operator (*) is used to retrieve the value pointed to by the pointer.

Two types of memory allocation:

The memory allocation before the execution of the program is static memory allocation. Memory
allocation during run-time is dynamic memory allocation. The new operator is used for dynamic
memory allocation and delete to de-allocate (free) the memory.
Memory leak: If the memory allocated using new operator is not freed using delete, that memory
is said to be an orphaned memory block. On each execution of the program the size of the
orphaned block is increased. Thus a part of the memory seems to disappear. This situation is known
as memory leak.
Remedy: Ensure that the memory allocated using new is de-allocated using delete.
Dynamic array is a collection of memory locations created during run time using new operator.
The syntax is: pointer = new data_type[size];

Self referential structure is a structure in which one of the elements is a pointer to the same
structure.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Chapter 2
Concepts of Object Oriented Programming
Procedural paradigm V/s OOP
Procedural paradigm Object Oriented Paradigm
 Data is undervalued.  Data is given importance.
 Procedure is given importance.  Procedure is driven by data.
Class V/s Structure
Class Structure
1. Contains data and functions as members. 1. Contains only data as members.
2. Access specifiers are used for members. 2. No access specifiers are used.

1 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Basic Concepts of OOP
1. Data abstraction: Showing only the essential features and hiding the details.
2. Data encapsulation: Binds the data and functions together.
3. Polymorphism: The ability to process objects differently.
4. Inheritance: Creating new classes by deriving properties from existing class.
5. Modularity: Partitioning a program into small segments.

Types of Polymorphism: Compile time polymorphism & Run time polymorphism.

Function overloading and operator overloading are examples for compile time polymorphism.
Types of Inheritance: Single level, Multi level, Multiple, Hierarchical

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Chapter 3
Data Structures and Operations
Data structure is a way of organising logically related data items which can be processed as a single
unit.
Classification of data structures:

Operations on Data Structures: Traversing, searching, inserting, deleting, sorting and merging.
Stack: Data structure that follows LIFO (Last In First Out) principle.
Push Operation: Inserting a new data item into the stack at Top position. Attempt to insert an item
in a filled stack is stack overflow.
Pop Operation: Deleting an element from the top of a stack. Attempt to delete an item from an
empty stack is stack underflow.

Queue: Data structure that follows the FIFO (First In First Out) principle. A queue has two end points
- Front and Rear.
Linked list: It is a collection of nodes, where each node consists of two parts – a data and a link.
Linked list is a dynamic data structure. It is created with the help of self referential structures.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Chapter 4
Web Technology
Web server: A powerful computer that hosts websites. It is always switched on and connected to a
high bandwidth Internet connection. Example for server operating systems – Linux (Ubuntu).
Example for web server package – Apache Server.

2 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Static web page V/s Dynamic web page

Client side scripting V/s Server side scripting

Client side scripting languages: JavaScript, VB Script

Server side scripting languages: PHP, JSP, ASP, Pearl
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): It is a style sheet language used for describing the formatting of a
document written in HTML.

HTML Tags
Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose
<HTML> To start an HTML document
<HEAD> To specify the head section of an HTML document.
<TITLE> This tag pair contains the text to be displayed in the title bar of browser.
Bgcolor Colour for the background of a web page.
Background Image as the background of a web page.
Defines the body
Text Colour of the text in the web page.
<BODY> section of the web
Link To specify the colour for the link unvisited.
page.
Alink To specify the colour for the link on click.
Vlink To specify the colour for the link visited.

Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose

<H1> ….. To provide different
Align “left”, “right” and “center” are the values.
..… <H6> levels of headings.
<BR> To break the current line of text and continues in the next line. No attributes.
<P> To create a paragraph leaving a blank line.
To draw a horizontal Size To specify the thickness
line across the width Width To reduce the width of the line
<HR>
of the browser Color To specify the colour for the line
window Noshade To avoid shading to the line
<CENTER> To bring the content to the centre of the browser window. No attribute.

3 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Text formatting tags
Tags Use
<B> and <STRONG> To make the text bold face.
<I> and <EM> To make the text italics or emphasis.
<U> To underline the text
<S> and <STRIKE> To strike through the text
<BIG> To make the text big sized
<SMALL> To make the text small sized
<SUB> To make the text subscripted
<SUP> To make the text superscripted
<Q> To enclose the text in “double quotes”
<BLOCKQUOTE> To indent the text
<PRE> tag: The text enclosed will be displayed in its original form.
<ADDRESS> tag: The content of this tag can include name, phone numbers, PIN numbers, e-mail
addresses, etc. Most of the browsers display the texts in italics.

Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose

Height To set the height of the scroll area.
Width To set the width of the scroll area.
To specify the direction of scrolling. “left”,
Direction
To scroll a text “right”, “up”, “down” are the values.
<MARQUEE> or image in Behavior To specify the style of scrolling.
the browser Scrolldelay To slow down (delay) the scroll
Scrollamount To speed up the text scrolling
To specify a colour for the background of the
Bgcolor
scroll area.
<DIV> To define a section in the document with separate alignment and style
To change the Color To set the text colour
size, style and Face It specifies the font face like Arial, Calibri, etc.
<FONT>
colour of the
Size It specifies the font size
text enclosed
Src To specify the file name of the image
Height To specify the height and width to display the
To insert Width image.
<IMG> image in a To put a border for the image. A numerical
Border
web page value specifies the thickness.
To specify the text to be displayed in the
Alt
absence of the image.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

4 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Chapter 5
Web Designing using HTML

Different types of Lists in HTML

There are three kinds of lists in HTML - unordered lists, ordered lists and definition lists.
Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose
To specify the type of bullet. “Disc”, “Circle”
<UL> To create bulleted list Type and “Square” are the values for ●, ○ and ▪
To specify the type of numeral. The values are
Type
To create numbered “1”, “I”, “i”, “a” and “A”.
<OL>
list To specify the starting number. The value
Start
should be an integer.
To specify an item in the unordered or ordered list. Used inside the pairs <UL>…</UL>
<LI>
and <OL> … </OL>
<DL> To create a definition list
<DT> Used inside <DL>… </DL> to specify each data item (or term) in the list
<DD> Used after each <DT> to describe the term

Links in HTML
A hyperlink (or simply link) is a text or an image in a web page, on clicking which another document
or another section of the same document will be opened. The <A> tag, called anchor tag is used to
give hyperlinks. Href is the main attribute of <A> tag. The URL (address of the web page/site) is given
as its value. There are two types of linking – internal linking and external linking.
The following is an example for e-mail linking:
<A Href= mailto: "scertkerala@gmail.com"> SCERT</A>

Creating Table in Web page

Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose

Border Thickness of the border line around the table.
Bordercolor To set the colour to the border
<TABLE> To create table Cellspacing To specify the space to be left between cells.
To specify the space in between the cell
Cellpadding
border and cell content.
<TR> To specify a row in a table
<TH> To specify the To span a cell over 2 or more columns in a
Colspan
heading cell. row.

To span a cell over 2 or more rows in a

<TD> To specify the Rowspan
column.
data in a cell.
<CAPTION> To add descriptive text to a table as its caption.

Dividing the Browser window

The browser window can be divided into two or more panes to show different pages. <FRAMESET>
tag is used to partition the browser window into different sections.

5 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose
To specify the number of vertical frames in the
To partition the Cols
frameset.
browser window
<FRAMESET> Rows To specify the number of horizontal frames.
into different
To specify the thickness of border for the
frame sections. Border
frames
To define the To specify the html file to be loaded in the
Src
frame for frame.
<FRAME>
including the web
Name To give a name to target the frame
page
Used to display some text content in the window if the browser is unable to
<NOFRAME>
support frames.

Forms in Web pages

Tags Use Attributes Values and Purpose

<FORM> To provide a container for Form controls.
To specify the control type. The values:
Text creates textbox,
Password creates textbox in which typed
To make Type characters are displayed as asterisks (*),
different types Radio creates radio buttons for selection,
of controls such Submit creates submit button to upload data,
<INPUT> as Text Box, Reset clears the entries in the Form.
Radio Button, Name To give a name to an input control.
Submit Button Value To give an initial value to a control.
etc. To specify the size of the text box and password
Size
box.
To specify the maximum length of characters in
Maxlength
text box and password box.
To provide Name To give a name to the control
space to give Rows To specify the number of rows in the area.
<TEXTAREA>
text in more
Cols To specify the number of characters in a row.
than one line.
Name To identify the control
To create drop
<SELECT> Size To specify whether it is a list box or combo box.
down list box
Multiple To allow selection of multiple items.
To specify the
<OPTION> items in the Selected To indicate the item for default selection.
SELECT list
<FIELDSET> To group related controls in the Form.
<LEGEND> To set a caption for FIELDSET group

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

6 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Chapter 6
Client side Scripting using JavaScript

Data Types in JavaScript: Number, String, Boolean

Variables: Used for storing values. Declared using the keyword var as: var x;

Operators
Arithmetic operators + – * / %
Increment, decrement ++ ––
Assignment operators = += –= *= /= %=
Relational operators < <= > >= == !=
Logical operators || && !
String concatenation +

Control Statements

if (test_expression)
Statement;
if (test_expression)
statement_1;
else
statement_2;
if (test_expression1)
if statements
statement_1;
else if (test_expression2)
statement_2;
:
:
else
statement_n;
switch (variable/expression)
{
case value1: statement1; break;
switch case value2: statement2; break;
statement :
:
default: statement;
}
for (initialization; test; update)
for loop
body;
initialization;
while (test_expression)
{
while loop
body;
update;
}

7 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Built-in Functions

Function Use Syntax / Example

alert() To display a text in a message window. alert(“Welcome”);
isNaN() Returns True if the given value is not a number. isNaN(“welcome”); and
That is, the argument contains a non-numeric isNaN(“A123”); return True.
character. Returns False is the argument is isNaN(“13”); and isNaN(13);
return False
numeric.
toUpperCase() Returns the upper case form of the given string. Output of
“Java”.toUpperCase(); will be
JAVA.
toLowerCase() Returns the lower case form of the given string. Output of
“JavaSCIPT”.toLowerCase(); will
be javascript.
charAt() Returns the character at a particular position. “JavaScript”.charAt(4); gives S,
charAt(0) gives the 1st character of a string. the 5th character.
length property Returns the length (number of characters) of “JavaScript”.length will give 10.
the string.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Chapter 7
Web Hosting

Stages of web hosting: (i) Selection of hosting type (ii) Purchase of hosting space (iii) Registration of
domain name and (iv) Transfer of files to the server using FTP.

Types of web hosting

(i) Shared hosting: Most suitable for small websites that have less traffic. Cheaper and easy to use.
Services will be slow.
(ii) Dedicated hosting: Dedicated servers provide guaranteed performance, round-the-clock power
supply, and fast access. But they are very expensive.
(iii) Virtual Private Server (VPS): VPS provides almost the same services at a lesser cost than that of
dedicated hosting. Some popular server virtualization softwares are VMware, FreeVPS, etc.

Free Hosting: Provides web hosting services free of charge. The size of the files that can be uploaded
may be limited.
Content Management System: CMS refers to a web based software system which is capable of
creating, administering and publishing websites. Advantages: Provides standard security features,
CMS is economical. Eg: WordPress, Drupal and Joomla!
Responsive web design: Responsive web design is the custom of building a website suitable to work
on every device and every screen size, no matter how large or small, mobile phone or desktop or
television.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Chapter 8
Database Management System

Database is an organized collection of inter-related data stored together with minimum redundancy,
which can be retrieved as desirable.

8 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Database Management System (DBMS) is essentially a set of programs which facilitates storage,
retrieval and management of database.
Advantages of DBMS:
 Data redundancy (duplication of data) is controlled.
 Data inconsistency is avoided.
 Data are efficiently accessed.
 Data integrity is maintained.
 Data security is ensured.
 Data sharing is allowed.

Components of DBMS: Hardware, Software, Database, Users, Procedures:

Data organisation:
 Field: The smallest unit of stored data.
 Record: A collection of related fields.
 File: A collection of all occurrences of same type of records.
 Database: A collection of files associated with an organisation.

Three levels of Data abstraction:

a. Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data is actually stored.
b. Logical level: The next-higher level of abstraction describes what data is stored in the database.
c. View level: It is the highest level of database abstraction and is the closest to the users.

Two types of Data independence

a. Physical data independence: It refers to the ability to modify the schema at the physical level
without affecting the schema at the conceptual level.
b. Logical data independence: It refers to the ability to modify a conceptual schema without
causing any changes in the schema at view (external) level.

Types of Users of database

 Database Administrator (DBA): The person responsible for the control of the centralized and
shared database.
 Application Programmers: Computer professionals who interact with the DBMS through
application programs.
 Sophisticated Users: They interact with the database through their own queries.
 Naive Users: People accessing data by invoking one of the application programs.

Relation: A relation is also called Table. Data are organized in the form of rows and columns
Tuple: The rows (records) of a relation are known as tuples.
Attribute: The columns of a relation are called attributes.
Degree: The number of attributes in a relation determines the degree of a relation.
Cardinality: The number of rows (records) or tuples in a relation is called cardinality of the relation.
Domain: It is a pool of values in a given column of a table.
Schema: The description or structure of a database is called the database schema.
Instance: An instance of a relation is a set of tuples in it.

9 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Types of Keys:
 Candidate key: It is the minimal set of attributes that uniquely identifies a row in a relation.
 Primary key: It is one of the candidate keys chosen to uniquely identify tuples within the relation.
 Alternate key: It is a candidate key that is not chosen as the primary key.
 Foreign key: A key in a table can be called foreign key if it is a primary key in another table.

Relational algebra
The fundamental operations in relational algebra are SELECT(σ), PROJECT (), UNION,
INTERSECTION, SET DIFFERENCE, CARTESIAN PRODUCT, etc.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Chapter 9
Structured Query Language
Components of SQL: Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation language (DML) and Data
Control Language (DCL).
DDL commands: CREATE TABLE, ALTER TABLE, DROP TABLE, CREATE VIEW, DROP VIEW.
DML commands: INSERT INTO, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE FROM.
DCL commands: GRANT, REVOKE.

SQL Data Types: INT or INTEGER, DEC or DECIMAL, CHAR or CHARACTER, VARCHAR, DATE, TIME.

Operator/
Purpose Example
Function
LIKE To identify pattern matching. SELECT * FROM Student
WHERE Name LIKE “%Kumar”;
BETWEEN To identify value that falls in a SELECT * FROM Employee
... AND given range. WHERE Salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;
IN To identify value from a given list. SELECT * FROM Bank
WHERE Branch IN (“Trivandrum”,
“Ernakulam”, “Kozhikode”);
IS To identify null values in a column. SELECT * FROM Stock
WHERE Tax IS NULL;
AND To select rows when two or more SELECT * FROM Student
conditions are TRUE. WHERE Batch = “Science” AND Marks > 50;
OR To select rows when any one of the SELECT * FROM Players
conditions is TRUE. WHERE Game = “Cricket” OR Game = “Hockey”;
NOT To select rows when the given SELECT * FROM Stock
condition is FALSE. WHERE Tax IS NOT NULL;
Aggregate Functions
COUNT() To count the non-null values of a column. SELECT COUNT(Fee) FROM Student;
Also used to get number of rows SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Student;
SUM() To find the sum of values in a column. SELECT SUM(Fee) FROM Student;
AVG() To find the average of values in a column. SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employee;
MAX() To find the highest value in a column. SELECT MAX(Marks) FROM Student;
MIN() To find the lowest value in a column. SELECT MIN(Marks) FROM Student;

View: It is a virtual table that does not really exist in the database, but is derived from one or more
tables.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

10 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Chapter 10
Server side Scripting using PHP

Output statements – echo() and print()

vardump(): To display both data type and value of variables.

Variables in PHP
A variable in PHP starts with the $ sign, followed by the name of the variable.

Data Types in PHP

(i) Core data types – Integer, Float/Double, String, Boolean
(ii) Special data types – Null, Array, Object, Resource

An example for String concatenation:

$x = “PHP”;
$y = “Script”;
$z = $x.$y;
The . (dot) operator will add the two strings.

Arrays: (i) Indexed arrays, (ii) Associative arrays and (iii) Multi-dimensional arrays.
Indexed arrays: Arrays with numeric index are called indexed arrays. The function array() can be
used to create an array.
Associative arrays: Arrays with named keys are called associative arrays.
$array_name = array(key=>value, key=>value, key=>value, etc.);
Eg: $marks = array(“hari”=>54, “ravi”=>45, “mini”=>56);
echo $marks[“hari”]; gives 54 as output.

foreach loop
It is used when we have an array with unknown number of elements. The foreach loop works only
on arrays and has two formats.
foreach ($array as $value)
{
//code to be executed;
}
Built-in Functions

Function Use Syntax / Example

date() To display a date in given format date(“d-m-y”) displays a
date as 09-11-2017
chr() Returns a character from the specified ASCII chr(65) returns A
value.

11 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
strlen() Returns the length of a string. strlen(“hello”) returns 5
strpos() Finds the position of the first occurrence of a strpos (“hello”, “e”)
string inside another string. returns 1
strcmp() Compares two strings strcmp (“he”, “HE”)
returns False

Form Methods – Get and Post

Connecting PHP to Database (MySQL)

Connection to a MySQL database is done through the following steps:
1. Open a connection to MySQL.  mysql_connect()
2. Specify the database we want to open.  mysql_select_db()
3. Retrieve data from or insert data into database.  mysql_query()
mysql_fetch_array()
4. Close the connection.  mysql_close()
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Chapter 11
Advances in Computing
Serial Computing V/s Parallel Computing
Serial Computing Parallel Computing
(a) Single processor is used. (a) Multiple processors with shared memory.
(b) Instructions are executed sequentially. (b) Instructions are executed concurrently.

Grid Computing
It is a world in which computational power (resources, services, data) are readily available which we
can access as required. Grid computing is mainly used in disaster management, weather forecasting,
market forecasting, bio-informatics etc.

Cluster Computing
It is a form of computing in which a group of personal computers, storage devices, etc. are linked
together through a LAN so that they can work like single computer

Cloud Computing
It refers to the use of computing resources that reside on a remote machine and are delivered to the
end user as a service over a network
Cloud services are grouped into three – Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

12 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Applications of Computational Intelligence
Biometrics: It refers to the measurements (metrics) related to human characteristics.
Robotics: It is the scientific study associated with the design, fabrication, theory and application of
robots.
Computer vision: It is the construction of meaningful description of the structure and properties of
the 3-dimensional world from 2-dimensional images.
Natural Language Processing (NLP): It is branch of computer science that focuses on developing
systems which allow computers to communicate with people using human languages such as
English, Malayalam etc.
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR): It refers to the AI methods of communicating with a computer
in a spoken language like Malayalam.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Handwritten Character Recognition (HCR): The task of
OCR and HCR are integral parts of pattern recognition.
Bio-informatics: It is the application of computer technology to the management of biological
information.
Geometric Information System (GIS): It is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and
displaying data related to various positions on earth’s surface.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Chapter 12
ICT and Society
Interactions in e-Governance: Government to Government (G2G), Government to Citizens (G2C),
Government to Business (G2B), Government to Employees (G2E)
e-Governance infrastructure: In India, the e-Governance infrastructure mainly consists of State Data
Centers (SDC) for providing core infrastructure and storage, State Wide Area Network (SWAN) for
connectivity and Common Service Centers (CSC) as service delivery points.
e-Business is the sharing of business information, maintaining business relationships and conducting
business transactions by means of the ICT application.
Electronic Payment System (EPS) is a system of financial exchange between buyers and sellers in an
online environment.
e-Banking or electronic banking is defined as the automated delivery of banking services directly to
customers through electronic channel.
e-Learning tools: Electronic books reader (e-Books), e-Text, Online chat, e-Content, Educational TV
channels.
Intellectual property rights (IPR) refers to the exclusive right given to a person over the creation of
his/her mind for a period of time.
Industrial property right applies to industry, commerce and agricultural products. It protects patents
to inventions, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications.
Patent is the exclusive rights granted for an invention.
Trademark is a distinctive sign that identifies certain goods or services produced or provided by an
individual or a company.
Industrial design refers to the ornamental or aesthetic aspects of an article. A design may consist of
three-dimensional features such as the shape, surface of an article or two-dimensional features,
such as patterns, lines or colour.

13 Joy John’s CS Essential

Computer Science – XII
Geographical indications are signs used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and
possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that place of origin. Eg: Aranmula Kannadi and
Palakkadan Matta Rice.
Copyright is a legal right given to the creators for an original work, usually for a limited period of
time.
Intellectual Property Infringement is the unauthorised use of intellectual property rights such as
patents, copyrights and trademarks.
Cyber space: It is a virtual environment created by computer systems connected to the Internet.
Cyber Crime: Cyber crimes include phishing, hacking, denial of service attacks, etc.
Cyber crimes against individuals:
 Identity theft occurs when someone uses another person's identifying information, like their
name, credit card number, etc. without their permission to commit fraud or other crimes.
 Harassment means posting humiliating comments focusing on gender, race, religion, nationality
at specific individuals in chat rooms, social media, e-mail, etc. is harassment.
 Impersonation and cheating: Impersonation is an act of pretending to be another person for
the purpose of harming the victim.
 Violation of privacy: Violation of privacy is the intrusion into the personal life of another,
without a valid reason.
 Dissemination of obscene material: The Internet has provided a medium for the facilitation of
crimes like pornography. The distribution and posting of obscene material is one of the
important cyber crimes today.
Cyber crimes against property:
 Credit card fraud: Credit card fraud involves an unauthorised usage of another person's credit
card information for the purpose of payments for purchases or transferring funds from it.
 Intellectual property theft: The infringement of IPRs comes under this category. Violation of
copyright, patent, trademark, etc. are intrusions against property.
Cyber crimes against government:
 Cyber terrorism: Cyber terrorism is a cyber attack against sensitive computer networks like
nuclear power plants, air traffic controls, gas line controls, telecom, etc. Cyber terrorism focuses
on the use of the Internet by anti nationals to affect a nation's economic and technological
infrastructure.
 Website defacement: It includes hacking of government websites and posting derogatory
comments about a government in those websites.
 Attacks against e-governance websites: These types of attacks deny a particular online
government service. This is done using a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS).
Cyber Forensics
It is the discipline that combines elements of law and computer science to collect and analyse data
from computer systems, networks, communication systems and storage devices in a way that is
admissible as evidence in a court of law.
Infomania
It is the state of getting exhausted with excess information. It is the excessive enthusiasm to for
acquiring knowledge. This may result in neglecting the more important things like duties, studies,
family etc.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

14 Joy John’s CS Essential