| | le : Book Operating System Concepts - Abraham Silberschatz Petr Baer Galvin Definition: An apereding system can be arfind os the interate bawen usar and hordwvu. Coane} —soprtng stem} asd) Goad +1 Convenience 2) Ejicient 23 Maximum throughpuk yum Con bt divided roug! mS hee cues plicakion programs and A computer sys the hoxdwoort , HL operig ysion, te apt The VAG. ere memory and Ent inpuk [output duvices- Hoxdwoxt- The CPL, providus Hu basic Compuking WLAOULLES. The application proguam- guth os word Processors, apreadsheets » Compiluy » defines Ene w in which hae © Pyowun ort used to solve Ent Computing problems of tru Udutd. 8 The operating Atm Controls and coordinatiy Ent use of the hadiouet among the various application proqaams jor tre yortious UAL. ;(a) [ee todoos (CO) (KAM) a i An 08 isa Progtarn that acks ax an inttrpoLe bebusten the User and Computer hordwart and contrals the execution of ol kindy Of progtams. Functions Following ork the some of important tundtions of an OS. ac Mamory Management — Process Managerent / Provess Syndhront ‘zation > Device Management — File Management — Seeuni — Control over systern DexLormance — Tob a.twounting — Error dueling olds —> Coordination beween ether Softwau ond Vsu4.3 -Mumory Managunent nefow bo thanagem- Main rnemory 16 & Memory Managiment ent of primasuy memory or Main memory. lergt orviay of uords or bytes, wshou each word or byt ho» its own address. Main memory providis 4 fost storage : direcky oy the GPU: For a Progaam to be executed , it muat in the main memory. An 0S dow te following activity Keep tracks of pri Toumory ie what port of it ou fn Use y ushom, ushak Pat ou Not in Use. In multiprogamming, te OS daddes uabich Process sill get Memory usin and how much. : — Allocettos Ew rnemory whun a process Teguusts it to do do. => De- allocates the memory ushen a, proves no longer needs it or has been terminated . thot can be accessed Provesa Managemen =Tn multiprogramming environment, Ene O$ dtcidus ushich process ger the Processor when and. for how mudh time This Lunction ws called Proveas acheduling (CPv). An 0 dow tu following aukiviti \or Processor mgmt. keeps trades Of Proceator cand statis of proces. The progiam Fesponsible for this task js known ay traffic one — Allocater thu protessor (CPL) to a process. — De- De-allecats processor ushen a process is no longer ruguired. eeDevice Managiment-—An og rranags device communication Via their suapective tive. TE does the following activi- Ae ker device Management. keeps racks of all davites. The program rusponsible for this task is known as I]o Controller. — Deca ushidh proves ges the device shin and for how much time — Allocates the device in the mont efficient usouy. — De allocates devices File Management ¢— A file aysten is normaly onganized into directori¢a Jor easy Navig akion. These directories Contuin files and other directions. An O§ dow Ent following activities for File Management: — keeps track of information , location, cat ete. The Coll- ective Louilitia au often known os bile aysten, — Dads voho gts the resources. —Allocatys the resowrees — De- allocates the resources: Other Important Activities— Following ant dome of Eh important activities that an OS purfoms : — Security By Means 0 Password and Jimilwr ather technigues it prevents unauthorized acceas to Progam cata.ee * Control over System Performance ;— Rewrding days be ween Puuast Lor a dutvice Gnd susponse from the syste Job auounting 5 — keeping track of tirne and row Used by vortiow Jobs and Users. Error duteching aids ;— Production of tracts, trror mesceyss, and other dabuga ing and detecting cds. Coordination between other Arf twat and VALU + and assignment of Lompilua interprdves , assembl bof twee to the Vasuious USOLs oh Compute systun. Clausifieation of 05. ] Types of 0S — Coordination ous and other —Batch os _» Distributed i r \usteved. —2Mubtipregeamrn ny Z ead ~>Mulkituskirg 08 | Time Shasting 0$ — Moltiproceasirg 0s = fealtine 0S Batch Operating System <= The vsue do bakeh OS do Not frteract with computor dlirectly. fe Each Laer prepous hia job on an ofj-ttine device Like Punch | Cougs and submits if to the Computer operator: | To speed up protesting joba voikh similar Needy cou batched ogtther and run ay a group j— Th Progkanmmer Leave their progsams with He opurator And opurator then sorts the progtoms with asfmilar Sqguirements fh to batches. The problems with Bokeh Sytem cou oy Polloss:— > Lack 4 interaction between the User and tht job. CPO is Hen idle, becouse the ppeed of mechanical L10 Awvices is slower than CU. = Diicutt to providt the dusired Prioritiv. Mult Jaaking 05 | Time-shoring OS Time shevung Iho Juchnious ushich Enables many pesple, douated at vorious touminal, to use a. porcine Computer bystun ak the same Lime. Time shesting or malltitauking is a Logical extension oh multiprogsamm) i ~ Processor's dfme which i shared cumong multiple usses imultancously Th tered os Hme- Shovulng.. * Tht mah difference bebusten tmultipreptammed Batch System and Time Shaving systums is that fr cove o Multiprogrammed, badeh system, thu cbjuative I to moximize Processor Use, Lohouy fn Time shaxting systems, the objective ja to minimize suaporue time.OQ) ___—_——————————————E————_—_—i—s—‘—SS > Multiple jobs au executed by the CPU by auoitching between thom, but the Awitthy @caue Ao |rquantty. Thus, Hue user Can receive On immediate Husponse. —> The 08 use Cru Acheduling and pul brogenny do Providt each user with a Amal portion of a time. — Computor systems that wou designed primasuily ax bakch ystems have been modified to Ime shoving aystons. Advantagu o Time-sharuing OS >Providuy tre odvanteu 4 quick dusponse — Reduce CPv idle time. Disadvantage o| Time-shauing 0S > Problem q rebiabili — Problem o dala communi catien. — Guntion Gf Scawuty and integrity 4 uptr programs and data. Digtributia 0:$ — Distributed nystuns use mobiple Centrak protesor to suwe multiple Hal- time applications and multiple user. — Data process jobs ou distributed among the procesor accor dingy —> The processors comenunicate sith one other through vontous cornmun)cation Lines Csuch a nigh- Apeed buses or telephones Jina). Thise au ru ooud ws Loosdy Coupled systems or distributed ayuctems — Processors in a dlstribukive ays tm Yoo in size and fundions. These proceuors wu ou AltLS, Nod , Computuy and d0 on.9 is Advantages distributed Systumg ou a4 Pollowss- : at Bale ay facility, a user at one aite > Spe € able to we’ thy susouxies available ak anothwr. | Reh the Gxchange q data usith one another via. eudronic oh one bite fails tna D-S, the Temaining Altes can potintily continu operating . — fBettur purice to the Customer. — Reduution of the Wout Load on the host Computer. — Reduuttion gf delays in data protesting. | Network Operating System —> A network O§ runs on a duit and providls the aurver tL Capability to manage dota, wou, ginup, Aeuniily cpplications and other nuworking funchions. > Th primary purrpose of tre Niu OS { oblowed shaved File and printer otctas arnong multiple Comput ino. ndworks typically © LAN and privokt network or to other ndknorks, Examply ~Microsel t Usindow Abwver 1008, Micra unindow auiver2oo8, UNIX LINUX, Mac Of tke Advantage > Centralized AUWO OL Highly table —y Seusnity is Autwur mat — Lpguds to new technologies and hordwot can be couly Integuatad tito tru aystum Remote acess tp Auer Ip possible Lrom diff ount Jotakions and types of Austen.4. Disadvanta us > High cont 6} buying and Yunning 4 AUIVUL ae “> Dependunyy on 0 Central Location for most is — Regular maintenance and. updatts oO waguired Real-Time Operating Stem A real-time aystem is dined os a, dataprotessing system in which the time interval suguired to protesa and sugpond. to inputs iy 40 Amal that it Control thu environment: => The time Laken by Et aysten to rupond to an Inpuk and Giplay of nequived updakid informakfon is tomed 04 Hu sUspome time The reponse time ts Nowy Los a3 Compaud to online provatiy. — Real-time systems au used vshtn Ehud oul stigia Hime suguire- Tents on Ene opuration qf @ processor or the flow a aad real- Lime austoms Can be Uaed to Control divice In a dudicatid capplication. — A vuaal-time 0S must have vou-ditined , xed Hene constraints othurwine tnt aystern vsill fail. ‘There cow tuso- types of real-time OS Hond Real-time Systems - Hod real-time system ntee thok critic task Complett on inne. In hed pele Lime syskems, Aecondavry Store is Limited or missing and the data stored in ROM. bn thue systems, \irtaal Merory Is amos never bound.Soft Real-Time Systems Soft real: time dystums OU sustrictive — A critical real time ctouk gels priority over otper tasks ond retain tht priority UNI it Completis. —> Soft real time Aust have Limited ulility than haxd real- Lime systuns. & Multimedia, Virtually reality , advanced scient pie projeds Like Undvt- sea. exploration and planekony rove ck. Multipregrarming 08 Sharing the O8 Processor, ushtn two OF More preggers esiot in Temory ok Ent Aarne He» is supooud Os, progearnming - *Maliiprogeammirg GMUMes O bi Sharud rocestor. ae * Muldiprogiamming freresses CPU ‘Ukitizabion by organizing 4 So that Hw Cov cuLwveuys hos one to exert Engage the process Chot to remain ide) PEMA EI os Job! Job 2 TL aim ts to \ [| Empty Space Memo) out of Multi-Proytamming Systemsn An 0S dow the following activitis rulatid to rnudl: programming >The 0S keeps sevowl jobs in memory at a time ; >This atk qh jobs is a subset of jobs Kept fn thu job pod >The OS picks and begins fo execula one of te jobs inthe Memor — Mukipromamming OS monitor the stab of oll active progtams and systern TULOWILS USING Memor! Management prone do nsw thak the CPU iy nevet iu, Unless thuu @u ho jobs to process. Multiprocessing 0S / Paratlu System In OS , to t6 Improve the purformance more than one Cpu Can be Used with fh one compubt bystern Cold Multiprovewor OS. Multiple CPL wu inturtonnedtd so that a job Can be divided among them for cxeuubion. Lalhen a job Linishe, yusult brom GW CPL aut collected and compiled to give the final outpus. — Tob needid to shot mein Memory and thy May also shart cthur OS rusousres Among thunselves — Multiple Cpus can also be used to run multiple jobs Simultomously o- unix Working o}. Multi rovessor SystemTo employ a haere OS qhectivedy JERE Compile systen Ny 3 Most have® the following | >A rothoibowd ia Capable o| handing multiprocessor fn a. Multiprovasing 0:5 — Processor ont ado capable of being used (ry roubkiprocessing buster Adwantags of. Mulkiprocessing 0S wu > Tncrased Reibiity - Dw to rmultprotessing aygtem, provesing | tak con be distributtd among Aevuwal processors. This inc- = PROSE TUobility as i} one protessor fails, tht task can be given to another protessor Lor completion. > Increased Throughput s- As Aevural processor fnerease , more work can be done tr Ls Lime. The Economy Vitus + - As rouliprocess or sytem shane pouphoals, Atcendaruy storage duvices, and power supplica, thuy Oo Teakivedy Chinpor than single - procesor syste. Disodvant Mustiprocessing O°$ my Memory reywired : aaa as Ty tore Complix and sophisti ota Os it takes Core of multiple CPUS ok the Same ties > Trereased Expenses Even though multiprocessor syttems ont Cheaper in the long Tun than multicompusing syste , gill they WL quite Cxpensive.“Types of Multiprocessing Systems - * Syrmebrical Multiprocessing 0 - In & Summericol pated OS each processor executts tre bame Copy of OS and. takes iG ovon datision and Cooprratt usith other processes to smooth tne entire functioning oO the system. The CPv Sunedulng palides axe vou simple. 2 Any Tuo job oubmitted by & User Can be cusigned to ony processor that 4s Jest bwrolined. — Tt abso suwult fn a system tn which all processor oe equally budined ak any time Th synmedric: multiprocessing OS Is abo known os & f shoud eveuy- thit ” system , because the processor Share memory and ‘Input /output bus or data Path. Chantacteristic of Symmetrical Mulllprotesing os — In ths system any proceser can Tun any job or proteys > In this ayster, any proves or initiotts an inpuk output optration.Advantages mmetrical. Mubdiprotessing 0-8 Thee systems ou fault tolerant. Fou lu a. few processor dow Not bring the entire System to @ halt. Disadvantages of Symmetrical 0: *Ttis Vou dificult to balance tht workload arnong protesor Vationalty. * Speciakized synchronization achume, wt necessaxy for managing multiple processor: + Auymmutric Multiprocessing 0S In gymmadrte multiprocessing system, thew fs 0 master Slove relationship between tne processor. Fustther, one protessor Tay act as Master protessor or Supervisor prolexor Cpu ni CPT) [CPT > Jn obave digwu, the aaynetric. procasing system shows thak CPU nd acts as a bupuwuisor Lshoae Lunctton Contro| fotewing Processors. > Tn thi ype of aystur , tach provesser js wasigned a ape} dosk and tou Lo disignatid master procesor that control Hu autivitles of other processors,for Cxample ; Inc have a math Co-protessor that Can handle mathuinabical Jed better than the mafn Cpu ~ Similarly, we have a M Mx protessor that iA built ta Nandle Mmaltimedia relatid jobs. ce Inlnen 0 user submits a new job, tht 0S haa to decid which processor Can perform it betty, and thun that processor 9 cusignid thad Newly ootived job This processor acts a» the Masttr and control tht syatim. All other processor Look for Mastos Lor instructions or have predipned oni 6 Lt stu susponuibility 4 master ta alloca voor! other Processor: Advantages 0} Asymmetric Mubliprocesiing 0S Tn this type of buster execudion q Input and urd operation OF ary application program moy be faster 1'n gorne situakions because of Many processors may be avatlable br a of my job. Disndven Asymmobue Mulliprotessing 0S >In this type of Multiprocessing OS, the prevessors ce ONequaly bundunad. One Processor Moy be having a job quaus, while anebhin one be siding ite In this system , if the proves handling a spent Usork foil, the entiu AystIm will ge down. eeThe but 05 th multiprocessor paral Computing envinonment Ts UNIX, because 1 has many advantages Such a4- ~Tt J a multtwer . Stele portable “i good for rule tasking ~ TE has Gxganised file Aystem “Tt hoy clouice tndependunce - Utilitin wu brie) and operation Commands Can be combined. fn a Single Lhe. ~ Unix provids Various auevites os ik hos built tn administrative tools - Unix can show bile over eLutron’, network with many voxfous kinds o equipment Mudithreaded Opesatting 4g terms The Concept | Mullt- threading needa proper undiratarding of the two terms- oO process and a thread. A proveas Is a Proqiam being executid. A procear can be furtthur dividsd into fndipendint units known as threads A thread is Like a Arnall eae ht proceas within & process. Or use Can AdY a Collection of thread {4 ushat 1s known Gs @ process. Ginglt- threadid Provess Multi-Threndsd Process Threadso | _, eration |? | =|} =| ae) @ Single Tretrucion Steam" Mutkiple Instruction Stream' Spooling > Spooling is am acronym tor simultaneous puuphoral opvuadions on Line Spocling rou to putting data of Various Lo jobs in a eee This bud}oc yo Apedal awa in Memory or hand disk ushich 3 accessible Jo To davices. An 0-$\ dow tha following activitiy reat to Apocling > Handly To dayice dca pooling a davices have dijount data access rates — Maintains the spooling bullor ushich providus a voaiting Atoll whouw dota can rest ushile the slower davice Catches, up ~ Maintains poxallt Computations becouse &pooli Process as a Computer can Pedorm To in poral | hion. Tt becomes possible to have the com Yeod dota }rom tape , uorite data to disk ang to usrite but to a tape printer ushile it is doing its Computing ‘tak. | | Cord Printer Adan: 2 >The pecking optrakion Uy a disk as a Voy Large buffer > Spooling is Capable 4 overlapping TO operation or one job with provesor opuation for another job.Operating System Services An aperali et providis axrvices to Stoves to Huang; DY Ha waa re fo te progiins HUser Interface :- UL «an be 4 dual jorms Auch OS Command | sLine intogace (C4) ushich uss, text Commands and a Method for entering thum * Batch Intogace BZ) Commands and directives to contro) those Commands and entered tnto jile and those piles ant extcubsd. “Graphical user intoyace.- 4 wuindow system with a pointing davice to duvice Lo, choose jrom menus, and make seWuctiona and keyboard Is enter text. 4) Proplam execution :- Suptem must be able to Load a. progiam into Memory and run that progam. The Progam rust be able to end iH exeuuHish, either normally or abnormally Undicating error) 3) Yo operations :- A running Pegi may nequire Lo, whith may fnvolue pile or an Lo device. For effitierey and, problem, uuu. Ceunnet control Jo devices directy Thowlore, the ds must prowide a means to do Llp. 4) File system Menigulastion ?- Now proiams Need to read and write tiles and divecoriu. They alo need to Create and delete then by name, search Jor any fie, Liat o file epee OS Indude purmissions managament to or cluny aatteas to dily OF Aivectories based on file ousnership . a5) Communicalian’- Thou may be Circumstances fh uchich One peneeny Process Needs Lo exchange information with another procers . Such comm* May ocuunr buween processes that wu executing oh Aame Computur or on Ci} Unt Compuctur System tied togtthur by © Compuilor Nekwork Communication may be fmnplemented Nial= * Shared Memory: tin which Ho or more processes read and vsritt to a Shwud section of memory * Tlessage Parsing :- packets af trfermation tm prediined Jorma Ot Moved blu Processes by OS. ) Error dutectign - Errors Mrauy occur fr CPU, memo hlw, Zo davices and fr Hu user progsam: for each pe qf trror, thu OS showld take He appropri acon to enswe correct cand Con bis tence computing. Debug LU Hes Can realty enhance the Use and propa. amu olbilitias to use the Auster aficienty. Sowvices 4o the Suton’ - i Resowue allocation’ When twu wu multiple jobs Tunning et the Same Hme, ruowtes must be allocatd to each a tha. Resourses :- CPU cytls, rain mumory, bile storay and tl devites. cpu scheduling Voutinws ’- to eletuimine hous but fo se the Cbu. Roukines to alloca printus, modums, USB storage dove and ober pou phew dtutes,2) Atcounting Keep a track "| which uses au Using how > Mavs and what kind a) Comput rsources Can be used for Accaunting or simply for Gccumubating Usage Atakistes . Ubege AtecListty 3- "Configures the system to improve Computing ABIVICE. ® Protein and ely Pratuton ene a de Aces to system HUL0WrXLES 1b Controlled. To make ¢ system Ate, the vaur needs to authenticate hime or howl the system. Uden a.nobhoit Propams ) GUI |Commandline Uaur Intut face Call System aeMultiuser, OS > "A multi -usor 0S 1s a Compute 08 which allows mublple Wou 49 dues He Single system with One Os it It ts gervally Used oh Large mainframe computur & Linvx, Unix, Windows , Ubuntu, Mac os de 7 Tn the multiuser os, difount unow connedtud ak difJount tuminas and we can ieess, Hhuse Users Hprough nebwork. Feats o} the Malbtivaer 0s * Mullitasking - Using mubli-vser 05, we Can perform mubdiple teks ak a time ie we can run more Eran one progzam at a time. # Resource Sharing -he can share diount puriphoals Like printer, Now drives or we can shot oa file or dota. For this, ath wer In given a AmaLk time alice of CPU time. * Backgiound Proving Tt means that when commands. av not Processed pirstly tun thoy wt exewuted in the b ound Gohile anothur Programs or interacting with Ene Ji tem in the real time. "3 ¢ « Time Shovuing® Types of Multi-Vaor 0S I Dishribultd Systeme Time- sliced Systm ~In this, a short period i assigned to toch task, ie each Used ths given a time shice of He CPU time As we know thue time slice au diny , Ao It appears to the uae that oll ae Using main|rame Computirs ak tnt Sams time. rd 4 " Advant Multiuser Os A multi-user 08 can be used. fn printing process to allow multiple use to aueat the same printer, which a Nontnal OS : Moly Not do- 7 0n @ Sin Compullr 6 Au Usew Can aces Hu Sarne Copy oh dowments. For inakance, if a PPE pile 14 Kept on one Computir, other uaut can see it ovur othe aystum, HL one computix al th its own nework syshum , the entire bystum dots Not Corre to halt. — Arrlinw] Ticket reservation aystim uses multiuser OS. Disaduant Muldiuser 08 > Virws attack ocowt Simaltaneously on all o| thom as te Compubr ort shoud. As a dust, iL one machine Ls opp ectid , the othr vuill be as usell. AM cwompalur eta ig shaved publidy, and your peuonal tnformétion ia accessible to eveupone on the Pte. — Mulltipl atounts on a Single compulin, may Not be Autoble for al usou. Thus , butun te have multiple pcs gor tach vy9 ——E—————E——————————_Srlressts— Opurating System Strudiwur eae ened a well dijined An 0S hos a Complex Atruduny, 40 ; Mia atrucdwus to assist us tn applying it to our. UNIQui repuiremsn — Just break down a bi problem into small, easier to Aolve pubproblems, dusigning on OS in pars is a simple approach to do it. Each Aechion is an OS components. — Tht approach of inturcennecting and integrating multiple 0S Components into the Keine can be cubed as an OS strucdwu. eee Simple Srudue Tt is the dimplut Of struc and is not wt dupined. yf FE tan only be used Jor small and Limited systums. Tn this struc, tu intoyates and Livels of functionality Mu not voell Atporated; hence progsams Con acceas L/0 Youdines uohich Can couse Unauthorized Guus to To routine. THis strudue 1s implomented in Ms- Dos os cand Original, Unix. “The MS-Dos os iy modu up al, Vaxtous Loupoes , etch usith i own Ate oh functons. : : *Thuse Laps cou + Applicaction progiam + System Program * MS-DOS davice dive | * ROM BTOS duvite couve oe > It is easier to disign , Maintain and update the aystem i it ta Mad in oyou: fo,Ehad's ustuy Limited aystems uaith Las Comp- laxity can be Construcked easily using bimple struckury. > I} one usu progtam foil, the intre Os gets Crashed.—> The abstraction Level in Ms- Das system is low, 40. programs and Z/o routines cou visible to the end-user, 60 that uate Can have unawthorized cuicess. Applicabion Pro Device Driver BIOS Device Drive Advant > Tt is easy to duydop because of the Limited number of interares and Loyou. — 7 Ojo good putormane duu fo Lus Layo bekween hls and applications. Disadvantages — 4 one vaue pro fails, tru entire O8 Crashes. — Abstrostion of doki hae Not prant os Joya on Conneta and Communi with each othue SL Con ouess te processes geing In the 08, Which Con Itad to dala modipicabion and Can couse aystem to crash.a Monolithic Struc Tht monabithic OS In which the kutnel acts a 0. Manage by managing all things Like file Management memory Management 5 cutee maneyment and opucatonal processes of the OS. — In monolithic systums, koinds Con directty access al 3 Fesoutes of the OS Like physical Hod wart (ex- kuybo L Mouse ec) oe — The monolithic kutnel ig anothax name for the monolithic OS. — The monolithic keine Junctons ods virtual machine by working on top of Eu OS and controlling al hard work Components. ~ This is an eutdatid Of that was Used In banks to auomplish Minor actvitla puch as batch protesing and tire shoxing , vohich enables many, People ak various dtuiminaly to ccs te O-S. Application Applicatton tab. noes ! Monditytc Kouet pete b= ee icine | |a Adan Tt is simple Jo dusign and implement because al oplrattony qu Managed by keine only» and layourg is not needed. AS avwites Auch Os memory management , Lile management Proves scheduling ete axe Ymplemented in tre Sous adds Anata, the exeutOn of monolithic Kuunel 1s SULAH vely fost Qs Compared to Petite a Aarne address Saves Lene for addouss cation for News processes und mokes it poster Disadvan alt ONY Avice In Ee monolithic kutnel fou, the entire eas betause In adduss apace, the Aurvices ort connected to cach otwr and ofp ext each othe > Tt in not [Uxible and to Introdude a new AULWICE.In this type 9 Structwu, 0S 16 divided i'n to lays or levels. * The hodwwu 14 6n the bottom Layyr Clayur 0) while ths Laer intuyace i on Lop Lowy. Lays N). Thise Layers ov Cuoangud in hieraxchical way th which the top Layus use the Junctionalitus o} their Lower -Livd Lor. * In this approach, Junctionalitie o} gach Layne Or igolalud., Gnd. abstrackion is alo available * In structs , dadugaing is eauily as it fh a hieranchicol Modil, 40 all Lower-Livel Is , and Hun the Upper ts chucked. So, all the ts fs ou cbready Cheeked, and tne current Loy is to be Checked only. 5 - User Proguarn Layo Llo Franogement Lay 3- Cpoeey Fancakion | 2- Munory mgmt 4- CPU Scheduling Lay 0 - HordeAdwant 4+ Coch Lavy hos i qundionalities, 40 work tasks arg 1Selattd, and, abatractish Ls pracnt up to Same Live * Debug th Cosion ay Lower Layuu ou debugged, and Han Upper ida Ou checked. ‘a Disadvan * In toyed Atrudune , Layorirg Couses degtadasion tn Povormance . « Ik toky ¢ pLanni Lo combrutt Hu Lawyers bince | highur Jayou only utilize Hw jandHons 4 dower Hac