CHEMICAL

CONFIGURATION Physical Properties CATALYTIC PROPERTIES Melting & Boiling point

REACTION
They have high melting and boiling CHEMICAL REACTION LANTHANOID CONTRACTION
[noble gas]ns 1-2
(n-1)d 1-10 Due to variable oxidation point.
state.
3d Series: 21Sc to 30Zn . They are hard. Due to stronger metallic bond and With halogens
LnX3
• Steady decrease in the size of lanthanoid
. They show metallic Ex: Finely divided ion in presence of covalent bond by metals (from La to Lu) with increase in
4d Series: 39Y to 48Cd Haber'sprocess. unpaired d- electrons.
characteristics atomic number. It is due to poor shielding of
With acids
. They have low volatility H2 d and f.
5d Series: 57La to 80Hg M.P increases upto middle of series
except Zn, Cd, Hg and then decreases. (Mn is an
6d Series: 89Ac to 112Cn exception). heated with S Ln2S3
OXIDES Consequences
heated with N
ALLOY FORMATION Lower oxidation states
oxides are basic. LN LnN • Zr and Hf have similar sizes.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Due to similar Higher oxidation states
ATOMIC SIZE with H2O
Ln(OH)3 + H2
• Seperation of lanthanoids elements.
Elements / ions having atomic sizes oxides are acidic
or amphoteric
Atomic and ionic radii of
d-block elements decreases • 5d series have high ionisation energy
unpaired e- = Paramagnetic. with C than 4d series.
irregularly across the series LnC2
2773 K
Elements / ions having no
unpaired e- = diamagnetic.
with increase in atomic
number.
burns in O2
• Basic srength of oxides of lanthaneim
COLOURED COMPLEX IONISATION ENTHALPY Size Sc > Ti > V > Cr ≈ Mn ≈ Fe ≈ Ln2O3 decreases across the series.
Magnetic moment (µ) Co ≈Ni ≈Cu < Zn .
Due to d-d transition. increases from left to
= n(n + 2 ) B.M. Size 3d << 4d ≈ 5d .
right in a period

LANTHANOIDS
OXIDATION STATE ELECTRONIC
Standard Electrode Potential CONFIGURATION
Transition metal shows OXIDATION STATE
variableoxidation state.
E°M2+
/M : E°M 3+
/M : Due to participation of +3 is the most +3 is the most salt
both ns and (n - 1) elements. common oxidation stat common oxidation
1) All ions of 3d series have
-ve E°RP except Cu2+
Co3+ , Fe3+ , Mn3+ have +ve
values of E°RP rest other Scandium and zinc dosen't d and F Some elements also 4f1-14 5d0-1 6s2
show variable oxidation state. shows +2 and +4 f BLOCK ELEMENTS
2) Generally E°M2+/M increases
have -ve ERP.
Higher oxidation states are
stablize by highly
Block oxidation state INNER TRANSITION Total 14 element
Ce(58) to Lu (71)
across the 3d series. ELEMENTS
( Mn and Zn are exception)
electronegative elements
like 0 and F. Elements
ELECTRONIC
STRUCTURE CONFIGURATION RADIO ACTIVITY

Actinoids are
Due to variable oxidation
state. Ex: Finely divided
4f1-14 6d0-1 7s2 ACTINOIDS
mostly radioactive
ion in Haber's Consist of 14 elements
process
O Th(90) to Lr(103)

Mn d BLOCK ELEMENTS OXIDATION ACTINOID

O O- (TRANSITION ELEMENTS) STATE CONTRACTION
O Potassium Most statble oxidation
Tetrahedral purple Colour dichromate K2Cr2O7 state is +3.
Gradual decreae in the
ion. size of actinoids element
Actinoids also show +4, across a period
Oxidising Properties +5, +6 and +7 also
STRUCTURE
2-
Oxidising Properties Cr 2O 27− + 14H + + 6e−  3+
→ 2Cr + 7H2 O O O O
Potassium O Cr 126° Cr O LANTHANOIDS ACTINOIDS
It oxidises I+ to I2, H2S to S, SO32- to
Permanganate KMnO4 IN NEUTRAL OR FAINTY SO42-, NO2- to NO3-.
O O
Dichromate ion
ALKALINE MEDIUM . In addition to +3 oxidation . In addition to +3 oxidation
state, They exhibit +2 and +4 state, They show +4, +5, +6
MnO4− +2H2 O + 3e− 
→MnO2 + 4H 2 O Prepared from chromite ore. Oxidation states only. and +7 Oxidation states.
Preparation 4FeCr 2O 4 + 8NaL 2CO3 + 7O2 
→ 8Na2 CrO 4 + 2Fe 2 O3 + 8CO2
Preparation

It oxidises S2O32- to SO42-, I- to IO3-, . Most of their ions are . Most of their ions are
Prepared from mineral pyrolusite 2Na2 CrO 4 + H2 SO4 
→ Na 2Cr2O7 + Na2 SO4 + H2O colourless. coloured.

IN ACIDIC MEDIUM 2Na2 Cr 2O 7 + 2KCl 

→ K 2 Cr2 O 7 + 2NaCl . Their compounds are less . Their compounds are more
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 
→ 2K 2 MnO4 + 2H 2O + - 2+
MnO4 + 8H + 5e 
→ Mn + 4H2 O Chromates and dichromates are interconvertible. basic. basic.
− +
→ 2MnO4- + MnO2 + 2H 2 O
3MnO2 + 4H  It oxidises I2 to I2, NO2- to NO3-, Fe2+ to Cr2O72 −
acidic medium

+ H2 O 
 2CrO4
2-
+ 2H+ . Except promethium, they are . They are radioactive.
2
Fe3+, C2O42- to CO2. dichromate ion
basic medium
Chromate ion non-radioactive.
(orange red) (yellow)