AVL TREES

Binary Search Trees AVL Trees

AVL Trees

Binary Search Trees

A binary search tree is a binary tree T such that - each internal node stores an item (k, e) of a dictionary. - keys stored at nodes in the left subtree of v are less than or equal to k. - Keys stored at nodes in the right subtree of v are greater than or equal to k. - External nodes do not hold elements but serve as place holders.
44 17 32 28 29 54 76 80 65 82 88 97

AVL Trees

Search
The binary search tree T is a decision tree, where the question asked at an internal node v is whether the search key k is less than, equal to, or greater than the key stored at v. Pseudocode:
Algorithm TreeSeach(k, v): Input: A search key k and a node v of a binary search tree T. Ouput: A node w of the subtree T(v) of T rooted at v, such that either w is an internal node storing key k or w is the external node encountered in the inorder traversal of T(v) after all the inter nal nodes with keys smaller than k and before all the internal nodes with keys greater than k. if v is an external node then return v if k = key(v) then return v else if k < key(v) then return TreeSearch(k, T.leftChild(v)) else { k > key(v) } return TreeSearch(k, T.rightChild(v))
AVL Trees 3

Search (cont.)
A picture:
nd(25) nd(76)

44 17 32 28 29 54 76 80 65 82 88 97

AVL Trees

Insertion in a Binary Search Tree

Start by calling TreeSearch(k, T.root()) on T. Let w be the node returned by TreeSearch If w is external, we know no item with key k is stored in T. We call expandExternal(w) on T and have w store the item (k, e) If w is internal, we know another item with key k is stored at w. We call TreeSearch(k, rightChild(w)) and recursively apply this alorithm to the node returned by TreeSearch.

AVL Trees

Insertion in a Binary Search Tree (cont.)

Insertion of an element with key 78: a)
17 32 28 29 54 76 80 65 82 44 88 97

b)
17 32 28 29

44 88 65 54 76 80 78 82 97

AVL Trees

Removal from a Binary Search Tree

Removal where the key to remove is stored at a node (w) with an external child:

44 17 32 54 29 76 80 78 88 65 82 97

28

(a)

AVL Trees

Removal from a Binary Search Tree (cont.)

44 17 28 29 54 76 80 78 65 82 88 97

(b)

AVL Trees

Removal from a Binary Search Tree (cont.)

Removal where the key to remove is stroed at a node whose children are both internal:

44 17 88

w
28 29 54

65 82 76 80 78

97

(a)

AVL Trees

Removal from a Binary Search Tree (cont.)

44 17 28 29 88

w
54

76 82 80 78

97

(b)

AVL Trees

10

Time Complexity
Searching, insertion, and removal in a binary search tree is O(h), where h is the height of the tree. However, in the worst-case search, insertion, and removal time is O(n), if the height of the tree is equal to n. Thus in some cases searching, insertion, and removal is no better than in a sequence. Thus, to prevent the worst case, we need to develop a rebalancing scheme to bound the height of the tree to log n.

AVL Trees

11

AVL Tree
An AVL Tree is a binary search tree such that for every internal node v of T, the heights of the children of v can differ by at most 1. An example of an AVL tree where the heights are shown next to the nodes: 4 44

2 17 1 32 1 48 62 2 50 1 78

3 1 88

AVL Trees

12

Height of an AVL Tree

Proposition: The height of an AVL tree T storing n keys is O(log n). Justication: The easiest way to approach this problem is to try to nd the minimum number of internal nodes of an AVL tree of height h: n(h). We see that n(1) = 1 and n(2) = 2 for n 3, an A tree of height h with n(h) minimal VL contains the root node, one AVL subtree of height n1 and the other AVL subtree of height n-2. i.e. n(h) = 1 + n(h-1) + n(h-2) Knowing n(h-1) > n(h-2), we get n(h) > 2n(h-2) - n(h) > 2n(h-2) - n(h) > 4n(h-4) ... - n(h) > 2in(h-2i)
h/2-1 Solving the base case we get: n(h) 2

Taking logarithms: h < 2log n(h) +2 Thus the height of an AVL tree is O(log n)
AVL Trees 13

Insertion
A binary search tree T is called balanced if for every node v, the height of vs children differ by at most one. Inserting a node into an AVL tree involves performing an expandExternal(w) on T, which changes the heights of some of the nodes in T. If an insertion causes T to become unbalanced, we travel up the tree from the newly created node until we nd the rst node x such that its grandparent z is unbalanced node. Since z became unbalanced by an insertion in the subtree rooted at its child y, height(y) = height(sibling(y)) + 2 To rebalance the subtree rooted at z, we must perform a restructuring - we rename x, y, and z to a, b, and c based on the order of the nodes in an in-order traversal. - z is replaced by b, whose children are now a and c whose children, in turn, consist of the four other subtrees formerly children of x, y, and z.

AVL Trees

14

Insertion (contd.)
Example of insertion into an AVL tree.
44 2 17 1 32 1 48 1 54 3 50 2 62 5

z y x
78

4 1 88

T3 T2

T0
4 3 17 1 32 1 48 2 50 1 54

44 2

x
62

z
78 2 1 88

T2 T0
AVL Trees

T1

T3
15

Restructuring
The four ways to rotate nodes in an AVL tree, graphically represented: - Single Rotations:

a=z b=y c=x T0 T1 T2 T3

single rotation a=z

b=y c=x T3 T0 T1 T2

c=z b=y a=x T3 T0 T1 T2

single rotation a=x T3 T2

b=y c=z

T1

T0

AVL Trees

16

Restructuring (contd.)
- double rotations:

a=z c=y b=x T0 T2 T1 T3

double rotation a=z

b=x c=y T2

T0

T1

T3

c=z a=y b=x T3 T0 T2 T1

double rotation a=y T2

b=x c=z

T3

T1

T0

AVL Trees

17

Restructuring (contd.)
In Pseudo-Code:
Algorithm restructure(x): Input: A node x of a binary search tree T that has both a parent y and a grandparent z Output: Tree T restructured by a rotation (either single or double) involving nodes x, y, and z. 1: Let (a, b, c) be an inorder listing of the nodes x, y, and z, and let (T0, T1, T2, T3) be an inorder listing of the the four subtrees of x, y, and z not rooted at x, y, or z 2. Replace the subtree rooted at z with a new subtree rooted at b 3. Let a be the left child of b and let T0, T1 be the left and right subtrees of a, respectively. 4. Let c be the right child of b and let T2, T3 be the left and right subtrees of c, respectively.

AVL Trees

18

Removal
We can easily see that performing a removeAboveExternal(w) can cause T to become unbalanced. Let z be the rst unbalanced node encountered while travelling up the tree from w. Also, let y be the child of z with the larger height, and let x be the child of y with the larger height. We can perform operation restructure(x) to restore balance at the subtree rooted at z. As this restructuring may upset the balance of another node higher in the tree, we must continue checking for balance until the root of T is reached.

AVL Trees

19

Removal (contd.)
example of deletion from an AVL tree:
z
44 1 17 2 50 1 1 54 0 4

y
62

x
78

2 1 88

T0
32

48

T2 T1 y
3

T3

z
44 2

62

x
78 0 1 48 54 50 1

2 1 88

1 17

T2 T3

T0 T1
AVL Trees

20

Removal (contd.)
example of deletion from an AVL tree
z
44 1 17 2 50 1 4

y x
1 54 62

3 78 2 1 88

T0
32

48

T1
4 50 2 1 17

T2 x y
62

T3

z
44 1 48 1 54

3 2 1 88

78

T0

T1

T2 T3

AVL Trees

21

Implementation
A Java-based implementation of an AVL tree requires the following node class:
public class AVLItem extends Item { int height; AVLItem(Object k, Object e, int h) { super(k, e); height = h; } public int height() { return height; } public int setHeight(int h) { int oldHeight = height; height = h; return oldHeight; } }
AVL Trees 22

Implementation (contd.)
public class SimpleAVLTree extends SimpleBinarySearchTree implements Dictionary { public SimpleAVLTree(Comparator c) { super(c); T = new RestructurableNodeBinaryTree(); } private int height(Position p) { if (T.isExternal(p)) return 0; else return ((AVLItem) p.element()).height(); } private void setHeight(Position p) { // called only
// if p is internal

((AVLItem) p.element()).setHeight (1 + Math.max(height(T.leftChild(p)), height(T.rightChild(p)))); }

AVL Trees

23

Implementation (contd.)
private boolean isBalanced(Position p) {
// test whether node p has balance factor // between -1 and 1

int bf = height(T.leftChild(p)) - height(T.rightChild(p)); return ((-1 <= bf) && (bf <= 1)); }

private Position tallerChild(Position p) {

// return a child of p with height no // smaller than that of the other child

if(height(T.leftChild(p)) >= height(T.rightChild(p))) return T.leftChild(p); else return T.rightChild(p); }

AVL Trees

24

Implementation (contd.)
private void rebalance(Position zPos) {
//traverse the path of T from zPos to the root; //for each node encountered recompute its //height and perform a rotation if it is //unbalanced

while (!T.isRoot(zPos)) { zPos = T.parent(zPos); setHeight(zPos); if (!isBalanced(zPos)) { // perform a rotation Position xPos = tallerChild(tallerChild(zPos)); zPos = ((RestructurableNodeBinaryTree) T).restructure(xPos); setHeight(T.leftChild(zPos)); setHeight(T.rightChild(zPos)); setHeight(zPos); } } }

AVL Trees

25

Implementation (contd.)
public void insertItem(Object key, Object element) throws InvalidKeyException { super.insertItem(key, element);// may throw an
// InvalidKeyException

Position zPos = actionPos; // start at the

// insertion position

T.replace(zPos, new AVLItem(key, element, 1)); rebalance(zPos); } public Object remove(Object key) throws InvalidKeyException { Object toReturn = super.remove(key); // may throw
// an InvalidKeyException

if (toReturn != NO_SUCH_KEY) { Position zPos = actionPos; // start at the

// removal position

rebalance(zPos); } return toReturn; } }

AVL Trees 26