OSY Practicals for Internal

(Date: 10/11/2023)

Q1. Write a shell script using vi editor to execute commands- who, who am I, date, time, pwd.
# This is a simple shell script to execute commands: who, whoami, date, time, and pwd.

echo "Executing 'who' command:"

Who

echo -e "\nExecuting 'whoami' command:"

Whoami

echo -e "\nExecuting 'date' command:"

Date

echo -e "\nExecuting 'time' command:"

Time

echo -e "\nExecuting 'pwd' command:"

pwd

Here's how you can create and edit this script using the vi editor:

1. Open a terminal and type `vi myscript.sh` to create a new file named `myscript.sh` using the vi
editor.
2. Press `i` to enter insert mode.
3. Copy and paste the script into the vi editor.
4. Press `Esc` to exit insert mode.
5. Type `:wq` and press `Enter` to save and exit the vi editor.

Q2. Write a shell script using vi editor to execute- ps, wait, sleep, exit, who am I, date, time.

# This is a simple shell script to execute commands: ps, wait, sleep, whoami, date, and time.

echo "Executing 'ps' command:"

Ps

echo -e "\nExecuting 'wait' command:"

Wait

echo -e "\nExecuting 'sleep' command for 5 seconds:"

sleep 5

# 'exit' command removed, so the script will continue to the next commands

echo -e "\nExecuting 'whoami' command:"

Whoami

echo -e "\nExecuting 'date' command:"

Date

echo -e "\nExecuting 'time' command:"

time

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Q3. Write a shell script using vi editor to execute commands- date, time, cal with all options.
# This is a simple shell script to execute commands: date, time, cal with various options.

echo "Executing 'date' command:"

Date

echo -e "\nExecuting 'date' command with +%A option (display full weekday):"
date '+%A'

echo -e "\nExecuting 'date' command with +%B option (display full month):"
date '+%B'

echo -e "\nExecuting 'date' command with +%Y-%m-%d option (display date in YYYY-MM-DD format):"
date '+%Y-%m-%d'

echo -e "\nExecuting 'time' command:"

Time

echo -e "\nExecuting 'time' command with -p option (display in POSIX format):"

time -p

echo -e "\nExecuting 'time' command with -f option (format output):"

time -f "%E real, %U user, %S sys"

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with options:"

Cal

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with -3 option (showing previous, current, and next months):"
cal -3

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with -y option (showing the entire year):"
cal -y

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with -j option (display Julian day):"

cal -j

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with -m option (display Monday as the first day of the week):"
cal -m
Output:
Executing 'date' command:
Wed Nov 10 12:34:56 UTC 2023

Executing 'date' command with +%A option (display full weekday):

Wednesday

Executing 'date' command with +%B option (display full month):

November

Executing 'date' command with +%Y-%m-%d option (display date in YYYY-MM-DD format):
2023-11-10

Executing 'time' command:

real 0m0.003s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m0.001s

Executing 'time' command with -p option (display in POSIX format):

0.00user 0.00system 0:00.00elapsed 100%CPU (0avgtext+0avgdata 1268maxresident)k
0inputs+0outputs (0major+80minor)pagefaults 0swaps

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Executing 'time' command with -f option (format output):
0:00.00 real, 0.00 user, 0.00 sys

Executing 'cal' command with options:

November 2023
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30

Executing 'cal' command with -3 option (showing previous, current, and next months):
October 2023 November 2023 December 2023
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 1 2
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

Executing 'cal' command with -y option (showing the entire year):

2023
January February March
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
29 30 31 26 27 28 26 27 28 29 30 31

April May June

Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30
30

July August September

Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 1 2 3 4 5 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31

October November December

Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
1 2 3 4

5 6 7 1 2 3 1
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31

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Executing 'cal' command with -j option (display Julian day):
November 10, 2023
Day 314 of 2023
269 days left in the year

Executing 'cal' command with -m option (display Monday as the first day of the week):
November 2023
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30

Q4. Execute the following commands- date, time, cal with all options, banner, tty, script.
# This is a script to execute various commands: date, time, cal, banner, tty, script.

echo "Executing 'date' command:"

Date

echo -e "\nExecuting 'time' command:"

Time

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with options:"

Cal

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with -3 option (showing previous, current, and next months):"
cal -3

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with -y option (showing the entire year):"
cal -y

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with -j option (display Julian day):"

cal -j

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cal' command with -m option (display Monday as the first day of the week):"
cal -m

echo -e "\nExecuting 'banner' command with 'Hello' text:"

banner Hello

echo -e "\nExecuting 'tty' command:"

Tty

echo -e "\nExecuting 'script' command to start a script session:"

script

Output :
Executing 'date' command:
[output of the current date and time]

Executing 'time' command:

[output showing real, user, and sys time]

Executing 'cal' command with options:

[output showing the current month's calendar]

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Executing 'cal' command with -3 option (showing previous, current, and next months):
[output showing the calendars for three consecutive months]

Executing 'cal' command with -y option (showing the entire year):

[output showing the entire year's calendar]

Executing 'cal' command with -j option (display Julian day):

[output showing the Julian day]

Executing 'cal' command with -m option (display Monday as the first day of the week):
[output showing the calendar with Monday as the first day of the week]

Executing 'banner' command with 'Hello' text:

[output displaying the text 'Hello' in banner style]

Executing 'tty' command:

[output displaying the terminal device]

Executing 'script' command to start a script session:

[output indicating that the script session has started]
[you will be in a new shell session, and commands entered will be recorded]
[exit the script session by typing 'exit' when you are finished]

Q5. Execute the following commands -ls, rm, mv, cp, join, split, head, tail.
# This is a script to execute various commands: ls, rm, mv, cp, join, split, head, tail.

echo "Executing 'ls' command:"

Ls

echo -e "\nExecuting 'rm' command (this will remove a hypothetical file named 'example.txt', use with
caution):"
rm -i example.txt

echo -e "\nExecuting 'mv' command (this will move a hypothetical file named 'file.txt' to
'newfile.txt', use with caution):"
mv file.txt newfile.txt

echo -e "\nExecuting 'cp' command (this will copy a hypothetical file named 'original.txt' to
'copy.txt', use with caution):"
cp original.txt copy.txt

echo -e "\nExecuting 'join' command (this is an example, and the files 'file1.txt' and 'file2.txt'
should exist):"
join file1.txt file2.txt

echo -e "\nExecuting 'split' command (this will split a hypothetical file named 'largefile.txt' into
smaller files):"
split -b 1M largefile.txt

echo -e "\nExecuting 'head' command (this will display the first 5 lines of a hypothetical file named
'example.txt', adjust the number as needed):"
head -n 5 example.txt

echo -e "\nExecuting 'tail' command (this will display the last 5 lines of a hypothetical file named
'example.txt', adjust the number as needed):"
tail -n 5 example.txt

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Output :
1. **`ls` - List Files and Directories:**
- **Description:** Lists files and directories in the current directory.

2. **`rm` - Remove (Delete) Files:**

- **Description:** Deletes files or directories.
- **Example Output:**
```bash
rm: remove 'example.txt'? y
```
- **Explanation:** This is a confirmation prompt. If you confirm by entering 'y', it will delete
the specified file (`example.txt` in this case).

3. **`mv` - Move or Rename Files:**

- **Description:** Moves or renames files or directories.
- **Explanation:** In this script, it moves (`mv`) `file.txt` to `newfile.txt`.

4. **`cp` - Copy Files:**

- **Description:** Copies files or directories.
- **Explanation:** In this script, it copies (`cp`) `original.txt` to `copy.txt`.

5. **`join` - Join Lines of Two Files on a Common Field:**

- **Description:** Joins lines of two files on a common field.
- **Explanation:** Assumes that `file1.txt` and `file2.txt` have common data.

6. **`split` - Split a File into Pieces:**

- **Description:** Splits a file into smaller pieces.
# Check your directory for the split files, usually named xaa, xab, xac, etc.
- - **Explanation:** Outputs smaller files named `xaa`, `xab`, `xac`, etc.

7. **`head` - Display the Beginning of a File:**

- **Description:** Displays the first few lines of a file.
```bash
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Line 4
Line 5
```
- **Explanation:** Shows the first 5 lines of `example.txt`.

8. **`tail` - Display the End of a File:**

- **Description:** Displays the last few lines of a file.
- **Example Output:**
```bash
Line 6
Line 7
Line 8
Line 9
Line 10
```
- **Explanation:** Shows the last 5 lines of `example.txt`.

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 Q6. Execute the following commands-diff, comm, pr, chmod,mkdir, rmdir, cd, pwd, cmp.

1. **`diff` - Compare Files Line by Line:**

```bash
diff file1.txt file2.txt
```

2. **`comm` - Compare Two Sorted Files Line by Line:**

```bash
comm file1.txt file2.txt
```

3. **`pr` - Paginate or Columnate Files for Printing:**

```bash
pr -l1 file1.txt file2.txt
```

4. **`chmod` - Change File Permissions:**

```bash
chmod +x script.sh
```

5. **`mkdir` - Create a Directory:**

```bash
mkdir new_directory
```

6. **`rmdir` - Remove an Empty Directory:**

```bash
rmdir empty_directory
```

7. **`cd` - Change Directory:**

```bash
cd /path/to/directory
```

8. **`pwd` - Print Working Directory:**

```bash
pwd
```

9. **`cmp` - Compare Two Files Byte by Byte:**

```bash
cmp file1.txt file2.txt
```

Q7. Execute the following commands- tr, wc, cut, paste, spell, more, sort, grep.
1. **`tr` - Translate or Delete Characters:**
- **Description:** `tr` is used to translate or delete characters. In the example, it converts
lowercase letters to uppercase.
- **Example:**
```bash
echo "Hello, World!" | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
```
- Output: `HELLO, WORLD!`

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2. **`wc` - Word Count:**
- **Description:** `wc` is used to count words, lines, and characters in a file.
- **Example:**
```bash
wc -w filename.txt
```
- Output: The number of words in `filename.txt`.

3. **`cut` - Remove Sections from Each Line:**

- **Description:** `cut` is used to remove sections from each line of a file based on specified
delimiters.
- **Example:**
```bash
cut -d',' -f1,3 filename.csv
```
- Output: Displays the first and third fields of each line in a CSV file.

4. **`paste` - Merge Lines of Files:**

- **Description:** `paste` is used to merge lines from multiple files.
- **Example:**
```bash
paste file1.txt file2.txt
```
- Output: Merges corresponding lines from `file1.txt` and `file2.txt` side by side.

5. **`spell` - Check Spelling:**

- **Description:** `spell` checks the spelling of words in a file.
- **Example:**
```bash
spell filename.txt
```
- Output: Displays potentially misspelled words in `filename.txt`.

6. **`more` - Display Content Page by Page:**

- **Description:** `more` is used to display the content of a file page by page.
- **Example:**
```bash
more filename.txt
```
- Output: Allows you to navigate through the content of `filename.txt` page by page.

7. **`sort` - Sort Lines of Text Files:**

- **Description:** `sort` is used to sort lines of text files.
- **Example:**
```bash
sort filename.txt
```
- Output: Displays the sorted lines of `filename.txt`.

8. **`grep` - Search Text Patterns:**

- **Description:** `grep` searches for a specified pattern in a file.
- **Example:**
```bash
grep "pattern" filename.txt
```
- Output: Displays lines in `filename.txt` that contain the specified "pattern".

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Q8. Write a shell script using vi editor to find maximum among three numbers.

# Shell script to find the maximum among three numbers

echo "Enter the first number:"

read num1

echo "Enter the second number:"

read num2

echo "Enter the third number:"

read num3

if [ "$num1" -gt "$num2" ] && [ "$num1" -gt "$num3" ]; then

echo "The maximum number is: $num1"
elif [ "$num2" -gt "$num1" ] && [ "$num2" -gt "$num3" ]; then
echo "The maximum number is: $num2"
else
echo "The maximum number is: $num3"
Fi

Save and execute:

./check_char.sh

Q9. Write a shell script using vi editor to check given char is vowel or consonant.

# Shell script to check if a given character is a vowel or a consonant

echo "Enter a character:"

read char

# Check if the input is a single character

if [[ ${#char} -ne 1 ]]; then
echo "Please enter a single character."
else
case "$char_lower" in
[aeiou])
echo "$char is a vowel."
;;
[b-z])
echo "$char is a consonant."
;;
*)
echo "$char is not a valid alphabet character."
;;
esac
fi

Save and execute:

./factorial_script.sh

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Q10. Write a shell script using vi editor to find factorial of given number.
# Shell script to find the factorial of a given number

echo "Enter a number:"

read num

factorial=1

if [ "$num" -lt 0 ]; then

echo "Factorial is not defined for negative numbers."
elif [ "$num" -eq 0 ]; then
echo "The factorial of 0 is 1."
else
for ((i = 1; i <= num; i++)); do
factorial=$((factorial * i))
done
echo "The factorial of $num is $factorial."
fi

Q11. Write a shell script using vi editor to print table of 1 to 10 numbers.

# Shell script to print tables of numbers from 1 to 10

echo "Printing tables from 1 to 10:"

for ((i = 1; i <= 10; i++)); do

echo "Table of $i:"
for ((j = 1; j <= 10; j++)); do
result=$((i * j))
echo "$i x $j = $result"
done
echo ""
done

Q12. Write a shell script using vi editor to print following for N=5
*
***
*****
*******
*********
# Shell script to print a pattern for N=5

N=5

for ((i = 1; i <= N; i++)); do

# Print spaces
for ((s = N - i; s > 0; s--)); do
echo -n " "
Done

# Print asterisks
for ((j = 1; j <= 2 * i - 1; j++)); do
echo -n "* "
Done

echo "" # Move to the next line

done

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Q13. Shell script to find out whether – File has read, write and execute permission permissions.

# Shell script to check file permissions

echo "Enter the file name:"

read filename

if [ -e "$filename" ]; then
# Check read permission
if [ -r "$filename" ]; then
echo "File has read permission."
else
echo "File does not have read permission."
Fi

# Check write permission

if [ -w "$filename" ]; then
echo "File has write permission."
else
echo "File does not have write permission."
Fi

# Check execute permission

if [ -x "$filename" ]; then
echo "File has execute permission."
else
echo "File does not have execute permission."
fi
else
echo "File not found."
fi

 How to create and execute shell script programme:

To create and edit this script using the vi editor:

1. Open the vi editor by running `vi filename.sh`.

2. Press `i` to enter insert mode.
3. Copy and paste the script into the vi editor.
4. Press `Esc` to exit insert mode.
5. Type `:wq` and press `Enter` to save and exit the vi editor.

Make sure to give execute permissions to the script using the following command:

chmod +x filename.sh

You can then run the script by executing:

./filename.sh

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