2011-2012

KVS.BHARADWAJ M.Sc.Integrated Biotechnology Syllabus VI Semester

IV SEMESTER
BT 601 :: Eukaryotic Molecular Biology Unit I DNA Replication: DNA polymerases in eukaryotes. Origins and initiation of replication. Replication fork in eukaryotes. Mechanism of DNA replication Dissociation of chromatin, initiation, elongation and termination of DNA replication. Reassociation of chromatin. Fidelity of DNA replication. Telomerase: Maintaining the ends of chromosomes.

Unit II RNA biosynthesis and processing, Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases. General transcription factors. . Promoters and Enhancers. Transcription factor-binding sites. Eukaryotic repressors. Initiation of transcription by RNA Polymerase II. Transcription by RNA Polymerases I and III. Relationship of chromatin structure to transcription. Regulation of transcription by noncoding RNAs. RNA Processing and turnover. Posttranscriptional processing of hnRNA Capping, methylation, polyadenylation and RNA splicing mechanisms. Processing of tRNA and rRNA primary transcripts in eukaryotes. Alternative splicing, RNA editing, RNA degradation. Inhibitors of eukaryotic transcription.

Unit III Tranport of mRNAs into cytoplams. Initiation, elongation and termination of protein biosynthesis. Regulation of translation. Chaperones and protein-folding. Enzymes that catalyze protein-folding. Glycosylation. Attachment of lipids. Regulation of protein function. Regulation by small molecules. Protein phosphorylation. Proteinprotein interactions. Protein degradation Ubiquitin-Proteasome pathway. Lysosomal proteolysis. Unit IV Eukaryotic gene controls: Homeotic genes , Gene knockout, Sex chromosome Genes, Cancer: Gene expression out of control . Regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes: gal operon in yeast. Gene silencing technologies: antisenceRNA, siRNA, RNAcagin, microRNA. Terminator gene technology in cotton. Selective transport of proteins to and from the nucleus. Regulation of nuclear protein import. Transport of RNAs. Ribosome assembly; Protein sorting and transport: Endoplasmic reticulum and protein secretion. Targeting proteins to endoplasmic reticulum. Insertion of proteins into ER membrane. Protein-folding and processing in the ER. Smooth ER and lipid synthesis. Export of proteins and lipids from ER. Protein sorting and export from the Golgi apparatus.

VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY NELLORE

2011-2012

KVS.BHARADWAJ M.Sc.Integrated Biotechnology Syllabus VI Semester

BT 602 :: Animal Physiology Unit I Introduction - Scope and fields of Physiology; Food requirements - Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, water and vitamins. Digestion Intracellular and extracellular. Digestive enzymes and their role in digestion. Absorption. Respiration - External and internal (tissue) respiration; Respiratory pigments Disibution, composition, properties and functions. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide Anaerobiosis. Circulation Types, composition, properties and functions of blood. Types of heart. Human Cardiac cycle Cardiac rhythm, origin of heart beat, regulation of heart beat, ECG and blood pressure. Elements of aviation and space physiology. Unit II Excretion Organs of excretion in animals. Kinds of excretory products Ornithine cycle, mechanisms of urine formation in mammals, hormonal regulation of excretion. Homeostasis Regulatory mechanisms: osmoconformers, osmoregulators, organs concerned with osmo-ionic regulation, osmoionic regulation in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Thermoregulation Acclimation and acclimatization. Heat death, cold death. Poikilotherms, heterotherms, homeotherms. Temperature regulation in poikilotherms and homeotherms. Physiology of hibernation and aestivation. Biorhythms Definition, types and examples and adaptive significance. Unit III Nervous tissue Neuron: structure, types of neurons and their distribution. Giant nerve fibres Myelinated nerve fibres. Nerve impulse Definition, conduction of impulse, saltatory conduction, synapse and synaptic transmission of impulses. Neurotransmitters. Autonomic nervous systern. Muscle proteins Mechanism of contraction, Con cycle. Theories of muscle contraction, Muscle twitch. Muscle fatigue. Isotonic and isometric contraction. Aerobic and isometric exercises. Bioluminescence Definition, types, chemistry and adaptive significance. Chromatophores. Unit IV Endocrine glands Structure, secretions and functions of endocrine glands in vertebrates: Pituitary, hypothalamus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, thymus, islets of Langerhans, sex organs. Gastrointestinal hormones. Hormones of insects and Crustaceans. Receptors Classification. Chemoreceptors Touch receptors, equilibrium receptors. Photoreceptor Vertebrate mammalian eye, structure of retina and visual pigments. Physiology of vision Binocular vision, adaptation to darkness, Compound eyes and Mosaic vision. Phonoreceptors Mammalian ear, organ of corti, working mechanism. Phono reception .

VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY NELLORE

2011-2012

KVS.BHARADWAJ M.Sc.Integrated Biotechnology Syllabus VI Semester

Unit I Plant cell water relations: Translocation of water and solutes, Mechanism of water uptake and transport in plants; SPAC concept. Stomatal movements, Phloem transport of organic substances Phloem loading and unloading; passive and active solute transport; membrane transport proteins. Physiology of flowering: Photoperiodism, Photoinduction. Endogenous clockers and their regulation; Physiological signals of floral induction: Genetic and molecular analysis. Vernalization. Physiology of seed dormancy, seed germination and factors of regulation. Unit - II Photosynthesis: General concepts and historical background; photosynthetic pigments; photosystems and light harvesting complexes. Photooxidation of water Oxygen evolving complex. Water oxidation clock. Mechanisms of photosynthetic electron and proton transport; Photophosphorylation ATPase; Regulation of PSI and PS II activities, Energy spillover mechanism; Rubisco activation and its mechanism of action; Light activation of photosynthetic enzymes; chloroplast protein phosphorylation and enzyme regulation of photosynthetic carbon assimilation; mechanism, regulation and significance of photorespiration. Carbon assimilation Calvin Cycle, C4 cycle and CAM pathway. Biosynthesis of starch and sucrose. Unit - III Respiration : Brief overview of plant respiration. ????? Sporogeny and Embryogeny: Microspogenesis, Megasporogenesis, types of embryo sacs and development of monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic types, Fertilization. Endosperm types and development. Embryogeny development of dicot and monocot embryos, poly embryo. Stress physiology: Plant molecular responses and tolerance mechanism to abiotic stress such as water, salt, heavy metal and high temperature stresses. Changes associated with leaf senescence. Nitrogen and sulphur metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation, mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction, ammonia assimilation, sulphate uptake and assimilation. Unit - IV Plant growth regulators and elicitors: Physiological effects and mechanism of action of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, polyamines, Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Signal Transduction: Overview, receptors and G-Proteins, Phospholipid signalling, role of cyclic nucleotides. Calcium-calmodulin cascade, protein kinases and phosphatases. Specific signalling mechanisms two components sector. Regulator system in plants, sucrose, senescing mechanism. Hormone receptors signal transduction and gene expression.

VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY NELLORE

2011-2012

KVS.BHARADWAJ M.Sc.Integrated Biotechnology Syllabus VI Semester

BT 604 :: Computational Biology Unit- I Elementary Commands and Protocols, ftp, telnet, http, printer on information theory; BioinformaticsIntroduction, Scope of Bioinformatics and Applications. Strings, Edit Distance, String Similarity- methods; Alignment- local, Global Alignment; Gap- Gap penalty; Parametric Sequence Alignments- Sub Optimal Alignments; comprision of pair wise and Multiple Alignment. Unit- II Biological Information on the web- Introduction to Databases; Database Search; Algorithms Issues in Database Search; Information Retrieval from Databases; Sequence Database search- FASTA, LAST; Amino acid substitution matrices- PAM and BLOSUM; Data Mining and Visualization. Unit-III Understanding evolutionary process; origins of molecular phylogennetics. Common multiple sequence alignment methods; method of phylogenetic analysis, tree evaluation, problems in phylogenetic analysis, automated tools for phylogenetic analysis; ultrametrics trees and distances; maximum parsimony. Unit-IV DNA Sequencing Map assembl, cDNA sequencing, Genome Sequencing; Genome Mapping ; comparitive sequence analysis; basis of gene prediction, gene prediction- in microbial genomes, gene prediction methods, other gene pridiction tools, gene annotation; molecular prediction with DNA strings; human genome mapping (HGM.)

VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY NELLORE

2011-2012

KVS.BHARADWAJ M.Sc.Integrated Biotechnology Syllabus VI Semester

VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY NELLORE