LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE KEY STAGE: 09 GRAMMAR * GRADE 9 FROM THE BRITISH ONLINE SCHOOL PLATFORM. * THE FOLLOWING MODULES WILL BE DISCUSSED AND LEARNT HERE. 1) Active and passive voice Ifa sentence is in aetive voice, the subject performs the action, © The dog bit the intruder. The subject, the dog, performs the biting. Ifa sentence is in passive voice, the subject receives the action, © The intruder was bitten by the dog. The subject, the intruder, receives the biting. In passive voice, the verb phrase includes a form of to be plus a past participle. © In France, the Mona Lisa is called La Joconde. © We should have been notified about the change. am being taken is being taken are passive tenses are being taken 2) Nouns To form the plural of most nouns, add ‘s?. © one tree — two trees Ifa noun ends in ‘5’, ‘-ch’, ‘sh’, ‘x’, or ‘-z’, then add *-es? to make it plural. © one bush — two bushes Ifa noun ends in the consonant ‘-y’, change the ‘-y’ to “i? and add ‘-es? to make it plural, © one baby —> two babies Premier Edition - Spinnaker International 177LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE Ifa noun ends in -f" or ‘fe? and the /f/ sound changes to /v/ when it’s plural, drop the “for ‘-fe" and add ‘ves? to make it plural © one wolf two wolves Ifa noun ends in “-P or -fe” and the plural form keeps the /f/ sound, just add *-s? to make it plural 0 one chef — two chefs Ifa noun ends in *-0?, usually add *-s? to make it plural. However, add ‘-es’ for fomato, potato, hero, echo, tornado and voleano. the following exceptions: © One piano —> two pianos © One tomato — two tomatoes To form the plural of a compound noun, like sister-in-law, only plu word of the noun, The base word in sister-in-law is sister, so the plural form is sisters-in-law. © One secretary of state —> two secretaries of state ‘A plural noun names more than one person, place or thing. ‘A possessive noun shows who or what owns something or has something. When a noun is singular, add an apostrophe and ‘-s? (’s) to form the singular possessive noun, © Matt > Matt’s glove © the bird + the bird’s wings When a noun is plural and ends in ‘8’, just add an apostrophe (’) to form the plural possessive noun. © the boys > the boys’ camp ‘© the schools > the schools? teams When a noun is plural and does not end in ‘-s*, add an apostrophe and ‘-s? (’s) to form the plural possessive noun, © the children —» the children’s toys © the mice — the mice’s tails 178 Premier Edition - Spinnaker InternationalLONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE To form the possessive of a compound noun, make the last part of the noun possessive, omy sister-in-law’s career © the mayor of London's speech © the heads of states’ legacies © my great-grandmothers’ names When two nouns joined by and share possession of something, only the second noun should be written as a possessive noun, © Beeca and Lily’s room is larger than mine. Becca and Lily share one room. When two nouns joined by and do not share possession of something, both nouns should be written as possessive nouns. © Becea’s and Lily’s rooms are larger than mine. Becca and Lily each have their own room, 3) Pronoun types You can use a subject pronoun as the subject of a sentence or clause. It tells who is doing something, and it is usually at the beginning of the sentence. ‘You can also use a subject pronoun after a linking verb (am, is, are, was, were, or be). The subject pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we and they. ©. After finishing the experiment, I showed my teacher the results. rhe subject pronoun I is the subject of the sentence. © Yes, it was she who won first place. The subject pronoun she is used after a linking verb, was. You can use an object pronoun after an action verb. You can also use an object pronoun after a preposition (at, for, of, on, to, or with). The object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us and them. o. After finishing the experiment, my teacher showed me the results. ‘The object pronoun me is used after an action verb, showed. Premier Edition - Spinnaker International 179LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE © My teacher showed the results to me. The object pronoun me is used after a preposition, to. When a pronoun is connected to a noun with the word and (like Riek and I or Riek and me), it can be hard to tell which pronoun is correct. To tell which one is correct, look at the sentence without the other noun, 0 Rick and I discussed the results with the teacher. I discussed the results with the teacher. Tis used as the subject of the sentence. ©. The teacher discussed the results with Rick and me. ‘The teacher discussed the results with me. Me is used after the preposition, Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that end in ‘-self? or ‘-selves’. Subject (singular) Reflexive pronoun I myself you yourself she herself he himself it itself Subject (plural) Reflexive pronoun we ourselves you yourselves they themselves A reflexive pronoun is used to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause in which it appears. It should agree with that subject. Premier Edition - Spinnaker InternationalLONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS? GUIDE © We helped ourselves to some more soup. The subject of the sentence is we, so use ourselves. © After the guests left, Amy made herself a cup of tea. The subject of the clause in which the pronoun appears is Amy. Amy can be called she, so use herself. A reflexive pronoun can only be used to refer to the subject of the sentence or clause in which it appears. To refer to someone else or something else, a personal pronoun like me, you, him, her, it, us or them, should be used instead. © Jake wrote a note for himself. ‘The reflexive pronoun, himself, refers back to the subject, Jake. © Jake wrote a note for him. ‘The personal pronoun him must refer to someone other than the subject, Jake, Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause in which they appear. They are always objects of a verb or preposition. o Did Sarah save any of the biscuits for herself? The reflexive pronoun herself refers back to the subject Sarah, and it is the object, of the preposition for. Intensive pronouns emphasise, or intensify, the noun or pronoun they refer to. They can refer to any noun or pronoun in the sentence, not just a subject. Intensive pronouns are used for emphasis only, they are not objects of verbs or prepositions. © Noone else was home, so I brought in the groceries myself. The intensive pronoun myself emphasises the pronoun I. o After waiting in the queue all afternoon, we were finally able to meet the queen herself. The intensive pronoun herself emphasises the noun queen. Premier Edition - Spinnaker International 181LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE One way to tell if'a pronoun is reflexive or intensive is to try replacing it with an object pronoun, like me, her or us. If you can replace it with an object pronoun and still have a complete sentence, it is reflexive. If you can't, itis intensive. © Did Sarah save any of the biscuits for herself? © Did Sarah save any of the biscuits for her? You can replace herself with the object pronoun her and still have a complete ‘meaningfil sentence. This tells you that the pronoun herself is reflexive. © Noone else was home, so I brought in the groceries myself. © Noone else was home, so I brought in the groceries me. You can’t replace myself with the object pronoun me, The second sentence is not a complete meaningful sentence. This tells you that the pronoun myself is intensive. A relative pronoun introduces a relative clause that describes a noun of pronoun. ‘The five main relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, which and that. The relative pronouns who and whom give information about people. To figure out whether to use who or whom, restate the relative clause with a personal pronoun, If the clause uses a subject pronoun (he, she or they), use who. If the clause uses an object pronoun (him, her, or them), use whom. © The woman who lives next door grows tomatoes in her garden. She lives next door. © Peter, whom you met yesterday, has four younger brothers. ‘You met him yesterday, The relative pronoun that gives necessary information about things. Necessary information narrows down what you're talking about and is not set off by commas. © We walked to a park that has a tyre swing. The information narrows down which park we walked to. It is necessary. “The relative pronoun which adds unnecessary information about things. This extra information does not narrow down what you're talking about. It is always set off by commas. 182 Premier Edition - Spinnaker International4) LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE © We walked to Glendale Park, which has a tyre swing. ‘The information is extra. It does not narrow down which park we walked to, The relative pronoun whose shows possession. ‘© Emily, whose hair is quite long, likes wearing plaits. Do not confuse whose with who’s. Who’s is @ contraction for who is or who has. It does not show possession. o Emily, who's quite tall, can reach the top shelf. Emily, who is quite tall, can reach the top shelf. Verb tense Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Add ‘-ed? to form the past tense of most verbs, If a verb already ends in ‘-e”, add just “€”. If a verb ends in a short vowel and a single consonant, double the consonant before adding ‘ed’, Ifa verb ends in consonant -y’, change the ‘-y’ to ‘-i? before adding Sed’. Sam changed his clothes We watched the game. The audience clapped loudly, Alex qualified for the finals. 0000 Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past tense forms. © Peter ate the last cookie. © They kept busy all afternoon. ‘That means you don’t follow a rule. Instead, you must remember the past tense form of the verb. © Luis did his homework (Did is the irregular past tense form of do.) Most verbs are regular in the past tense. That means you follow a rule like add ‘- ed? or add ‘-d? to get the past tense form of the verb. Premier Edition - Spinnaker International 183LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE ‘The tense of a verb tells when the action takes place. Do not shift tenses within or between sentences unless to reflect a time change. o Kathy grew up in a small village, but now she lives in a large city. ‘The sentence shifts to present tense to reflect a time change. © Rachel grabbed the microphone and spoke to the crowd. There is no need to reflect a time change, so both verbs should be in the same tense. The perfect tense usually describes completed actions. It describes something that has, had or will have happened. To form the perfect tense, use a form of the helping verb to have with the past participle of the main verb. The present perfect tense describes something that has happened or has started already. It uses a present tense form of the helping verb to have (has or have). ©. The sun has broken through the clouds. © John and Erica have played the violin for five years. ‘The past perfect tense describes something that had happened before something else. It uses the past tense form of the helping verb to have (had). © We had finished dinner by the time Tim arrived. The future perfect tense describes something that will have happened by a certain point in the future. It uses the future tense form of the helping verb to have (will have). © The race will have started by noon tomorrow. ‘A participle is a verb form that sometimes acts as an adjective. Present participles always end in ‘ing’. Past participles are usually the same as the past tense form ofthe verb, but some, such as broken, taken, seen, grown and done are irregular. A participial phrase consists of a participle and all its modifiers. © That stunning bouquet of tulips was a gift from Olivia ‘The participle acts as an adjective modifying the noun bouquet. Premier Edition - Spinnaker InternationalLONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE The past participle of a verb is usually the same as its past tense form, but sometimes itis irregular. © Filled to capacity, the bus had no room for additional passengers. The participle phrase acts as an adjective modifying the noun bus. A gerund is a verb form that acts as a noun and ends in ‘-ing’. A gerund is often the subject ofa sentence or clause, an object of a verb, or an object ofa preposition. A gerund phrase consists ofa gerund and all its modifiers. | © Swimming is one of my favourite ways to get exercise. ‘The gerund is the subject of the sentence. © Peter enjoys cooking for his family and friends. The gerund phrase is the object of the verb enjoys. © Afier staying up all night, Tessa felt completely exhausted. mn after. The gerund phrase is the object of the preposi ‘An infinitive is a verb form that begins with to followed by the base form of the verb. An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive and all of its objects and modifiers. © To star on Broadway is Gabriel's dream. © Have we decided on a place to meet? © Many people add sugar to their coffee to make it sweeter. The progressive tense describes ongoing actions. It describes something that is, was or will be happening. To form the progressive tenses, use a form of the helping verb to be with a main verb ending in ‘-ing’. The present progressive tense describes something that is happening right now. Ituses a present tense form of the helping verb to be (is, am or are). © Julie is playing basketball right now. The past progressive tense describes something that was happening in the past It uses a past tense form of the helping verb to be (was or were). © Sam was talking to Mrs Jones when the phone rang. Premier Edition - Spinnaker International 185LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS? GUIDE The future progressive tense describes some ing that will be happening in the future, It uses the future tense form of the helping verb to be (will be). © Karen will be visiting London next June. G. Past perfect The Past Perfect describes an action completed before a certain moment in the past: © Thad met him before I went to New Delhi in 1996. If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which action happened earlier than the other. The Past Perfect is mainly used in such situations. ‘The Simple Past is used in one clause and the Past Perfect in the other: © Thad done my exercise when Han came to see me. Past perfect - had taken - had been taken I had spoken You had spoken He had spoken We had spoken eo o000 They had spoken H. Past Perfect Continuous The Past Perfect Continuous is used for an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time © Atthat time, he had been writing a novel for two months. Thad been speaking You had been speaking He had been speaking We had been speaking They had been speaking ©0000 186 Premier Edition - Spinnaker InternationalLONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE 5) Adjectives and adverbs An adjective is a word that deseribes or modifies a noun or a pronoun. © The faded brown belt hung over the back of the chair. © Robbie carried several books to the attic. ‘The words this, that, those and these are adjectives (determiners) when they modify a noun or pronoun, They are called demonstrative adjectives (demonstrative determiners). i ‘0 No, [haven't seen that documentary. © These photos are from our trip to Tahiti. An adjective can appear before or after the word it modifies. ©. Nell planted the fragile seedlings tenderly. © The seedlings were fragile, | Adjectives that come after the word they describe are usually connected by a linking verb like to be, to seem, to appear or to look. © He seemed eager for the post to arrive. Adjectives often describe what kind or how many. © The apples were delicious. ‘The adjective tells you what kind of apples they were. ‘You can use adjectives to compare people, places or things. ‘Comparative adjectives compare a thing or group to some other thing or group. They usually end in ‘er’. Superlative adjeetives compare a thing or group of things to the larger group that it is part of. They usually end in “est”. For most one-syllable adjectives, and for two-syllable adjectives that end in *-y’, the comparative adjective ends in ‘-er*. The superlative adjective ends in ‘est’. Base Comparative tall taller Premier Edition - Spinnaker International 187LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE 188 For most adjectives with more than one syllable, add more to make comparative adjectives, Add most to make superlative adjectives. Base Comparative Superlative imelligent more intelligent most intelligent ‘The adjectives good and bad are irregular. Base Comparative Superlative good better best bad worse worst An adverb is a word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective or adverb. It tells you how, when, where, to what extent or to what degree. © Grace ran really quickly. ‘The adverb really tells you how quickly Grace ran. Some adverbs tell you how. These adverbs usually end in ‘ly’. How well does she play the accordion? ©. She plays the accordion splendidly. You can’t always use ‘ly’ to tell whether a word is an adjective or an adverb, though. ©. She arrives soon, Soon is an adverb that doesn’t end in © Fred has a friendly dog. Friendly is an adjective that ends in ‘ly’, Some adverbs tell you when. When will he perform? © He will perform soon. Some adverbs tell you where. Where did she go? 0 She went downstairs. Premier Edition - Spinnaker InternationalLONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE Some adverbs tell you to what extent or degree. To what extent or degree is he reasonable? © You are absolutely right. ‘You can use adverbs to compare actions. Comparative adverbs compare the actions of a person, thing or group to the actions of some other person, thing or group. Superlative adverbs compare the actions of a person, thing or group to the actions of a larger group that it is part of, For adverbs that have one syllable, add ‘-er’ to make the comparative adverb. ‘Add ‘est? to make the superlative adverb. If the base ends in ‘-e”, drop the ‘-e before adding ‘-er” or ‘est’, Base ‘Comparative Superlative soon sooner soonest close closer closest For adverbs that have more than one syllable, add more to make the comparative adverb, Add most to make the superlative adverb. Base Comparative Superlative safely more safely most safely For the adverb early, change ‘-y’ to ‘-i" and add ‘er? for comparative and add ‘- est? for superlative adverbs. Base Comparative Superlative early earlier earliest ‘The adverbs well and badly are irregular. Base Comparative Superlative well better best badly worse worst Premier Edition - Spinnaker International 189LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS? GUIDE 6) Prepositions A preposition comes before a noun or pronoun (called the object of the preposition) and connects it to the rest of the sentence. A prepositional phrase is a phrase that begins with a preposition, ends with the object of the preposition, and includes all of the object’s modifiers in between. © Steam rose steadily from the enormous geyser. The preposition from connects the object the enormous geyser to the rest of the sentence. © Jonah’s article about North Sea oil drilling was incredibly well written. ‘The preposition about connects the object North Sea oil drilling to the rest of the sentence. Remember that prepositions introduce nouns, pronouns or noun phrases. They do not introduce infinitive phrases or adverbial clauses. © After the show, the dancers greeted their fans. Here, after is a preposition. It conneets the object show to the rest of the sentence. © Afier the show ended, the dancers greeted their fans. Here, after is a conjunction, It introduces an adverbial clause. Common prepositions include: about, above, across, after, against, along, around, beside, between, by, down, during, for, from, in, inside, into, like, near, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, through, to, under, up, with and without. Some prepositions like according to, across from, along with, in front of, in stead of and far from consist of more than one word. 190 Premier Edition - Spinnaker International* ANESSAY CONTAINING 200 WORDS IS REQUIRED FROM ANY OF THE BELOW MENTIONED TOPICS. ESSAY {4 2: 3i 4, 5. ELOCUTION * POEM AND SPEECH ARE TWO CATEGORIES UNDER ELOCUTION FROM WHICH STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO SELECT EITHER A POEM OR A SPEECH FOR THEIR EXAM. * THE CRITERIA TO BE MET ARE STATED BELOW, WHEN RECITING A POEM OR WHEN GIVING A SPEECH: POEM * UPON COMPLETION OF THE ESSAY, STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO SELECT A POEM FROM THE POEM BANK AND RECITE THE POEM, WHERE THE FOLLOWING WILL BE ASSESSED: peers SPEECH * STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO SELECT A SPEECH TOPIC FROM THE OPTIONS BELOW: iL 2: 3. 4. 5, LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE The Impact of Covid-19. ‘The differences between online and physi Deforestation is good. Do you agree or disagree? Should school children be allowed to use mobile phones or not? A healthy lifestyle is a must. I classes. Physical presence Voice, articulation & clarity Dramatic adequacy & facial expressions Evidence of understanding Overall performance One of the great places in the world I would like to visit. The importance of leaming The English Language. What is Artificial intelligence? Independence Day. Unity brings peace to us all. Premier Edition - Spinnaker International 191LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE VOCABULARY * THE SET OF VOCABULARY GIVEN SHOULD BE DONE AND COMPLETED BY THE STUDENTS UNDER THE FOLLOWING CRITERIA: DICTATION. 2. TEACHERS ARE REQUIRED TO ENSURE THAT THE STUDENTS HAVE THE CAPABILITY TO TRANSLATE THE RELEVANT WORDS WHICH ARE IN SINHALESE OR TAMIL INTO ENGLISH. Moustache Dreadlocks Sleigh Carton Referee Penalty Freezer Sponge Millipede Onion Aubergine Sweetcom Peas Radish Leeks Garlic Ginger Courgettes Chard Spinach Artichoke Cassava Rhino Gorilla Tram Mule Ferry Convertible Horse ‘Wagon, Piercing Harrowing | Headscarf Landline Brash Blunt Calculating | Cantankerous Sizzle Sieve Cuisine Avert Complexity | Opponent | Extravagant Resign Counterpart Rapport Traumatic | Stimulating Epitome Encore Merchandise | Lucrative | Ambulance Superficial Appraisal Diligent Vigilante | Immoderate Altruistic, Obnoxious | Cumulative Eulogy Flamingo Lanky Gangling Bough Chorister Grimace Scowled Leering Twitching Impetuous Effusive Prehistoric Introvert Disdainful Diffident Conceited Conscientious | Gullible Besotted Infatuated — | Conventional ~ ‘Argumentative | Coherent Decisive Discreet Plausible Orthodox Preferential Ripe Scrupulous Prolific 192 Premier Edition - Spinnaker InternationalLONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE Crotchety Irate Hound Livid Galling ‘Smouldering Flex Rumble Sprain Shrug Committee Collateral Retaliate Isolate Intereede Abstract Redeem Clark Buffet Mattress Cupboard Calamity Canvas Venice Spine Earnings Western Eastern Electoral Economist Efficiency Fitness Fatigue Fundraiser Italian Galaxy Ghost Headquarters Horse Wife Husband Intensity Invasion Investigate Jacket Jewish Knee Lawsuit Leather Lifestyle Lower Magazine Margin Mechat Evening Beach Ought Purple Panel Parking Phone Phrase Prayer Reservation Resident Sake Satellite Scandal Scenario Scope Audacious Evoke Recurrent ‘Authority Feasible Resilient Response Avid Focus Ban Formula Reverberate | Significant | Generation Bisect Gruesome Simulate Imminent Bizarre Impel Fortunate Inform Select Number Infer Temporary Predict Own Demonstrate Rarely Cause Compare Simplify Hundred Trouble Narrate Variable Violate Similar Legendary Abrasive | Consecutive | Abruptly Irrelevant | Acknowledge Consult Ludicrous | Mandatory Contrast Acquire Addict Mitigate Naive Correspond } Adequate Premier Edition - Spinnaker International 193LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY - TEACHERS’ GUIDE Dawadle Narrate Necessity Deceitful Affiliation Agitate Negligent Allocate Devastate Omit Opposition Trail Weapon Wedding Yardstick Bookease Awful Alphabet Disable Accountant Undress Exploitation Sew Sail Sale Represent Adaptation Brake Estimate Knew 250 WORDS PRESENTATION + IN ORDER TO COMPLETE KEY STAGE 9 OF THE LONDON ENGLISH PROFICIENCY, STUDENTS ARE REQUIRED TO PREPARE A ONE- MINUTE PRESENTATION ABOUT A TOPIC FROM THE LIST BELOW WHICH WILL BE ALLOCATED TO THE STUDENT TO PRESENT BEFORE THE PANEL OF JUDGES. 1) Television Presentation 2) Award Ceremony 3). Sports Meet 4) Celebration / Festival 5) Prize Giving “The teacher is required to explain the relevant areas with additional examples and add their value to each lesson. 194 Premier Edition - Spinnaker International