Agricultural Statistics Experimental Designs Experimental Designs: Basic principles, Completely Randomized Design, Randomized Block Design, Latin Square Design and Split Plot Design, advantages and disadvantages of different designs. Question: © Discuss the randomized disadvantages,(16) © Explain the followin, a) Block D) Yield €) Experimental unit © Briefly describe randomized design, square design mentioning its advan © Discuss the split plot design mentic disadvantages(14, 13, 08) block design mentioning its advantages and g terms (14,16) Randomized Block design and Latin tages and disadvantages (15) ioning its advantages and © Discuss the principles of experimental design(15,14,08) © Briefly describe completely randomized design, Randomized Block design and Latin square design mentioning its advantages and disadvantages (13, 10) © Randomization (13) ® Split plot design(10) Experimental Designs © Discuss the principles of experimental design (15, 14, 08) Basic principles To reduce the experimental error we adopt certain principles known as basic principles of experimental design. ‘The basic principles are Replication, Randornization and Local control 1. Replication Repeated application of the treatinents is known as replication. When the treatment is applied only once We have no means of knowing about the variation in the results ofa ticatment, Only when we repeat several times we can estimate the experinental error. : : With the help ef experimental error we can deterinine whether the obtained lifferences between treatment means are real or not, When the number of replications i nereased, experimental error reduces is increased, sian Me SigivonthAd st ts Lies Experimental Designs Agricultural Statistics 2. Randomization imental When all the treatments have equal chance of being allocated to different experimenta units it is known as randomization. If our conclusions are to be valid, treatment means and differences among treat! means should be estimated without any bias. For this purpose ¥¢ use # of randomization. 3. Local Control o Experimental error is based on the variations from experimental unit to experiment Pr se experimental units into Bloc genous unit. This suggests that if we group the homog: the experimental error will be reduced experimental units into blocks is known as. ‘esti perimental error the principles o! randotnization are used, In-order-fo reduce the experimental erroy, 4 replicationrand local control-are used. In general to have precise, valid and accurate result we adopt the b: es and Soins the randomized block design mentioning its advantag disadvantages.(16) av) RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN (RBD) ——> Jeet Oe Jetely randomized fesign no_Jocal control measure was We have seen that.in a comp! adopted excepting that the experimental units should bachomogencous Usually, when experiments require a large number of experimental units, complete vendomized designs cannot ensure precision of the estimates off fi In agricultural field experiments, usually the experimental materials are not homogencous. In such situations the principle of local control 1s adopted and the s. The subgioup experiznental material is grouped into homogencons sub group: block. Since gach block’will conéist the entire set of treatments coramonly, termed a: @ block is equivalent toa replication, Sie blocks are formed with ynits having conimon characteristics which may influence the response unt Sr study. In agricultural field experiments the soil fertility mity trial is inp important character that influences the crop responses. The uniforr he uniforms Sis found foun in used to identify the soil fertility ofa field. If the fertilityGradiend Gne direction (say from north to south} then the blocks are Jormed in the opposite direction (from ggst to west) If the number of experimental units within ¢ ach group is same as the number of if every treatment appears precisely once in each group, then such treatments and an arrangement is called a randomized block design ‘derably. [Grouping of homoge focal control of error f replication and he principles of asic principles. Y 2 experimental area (Here number of treatrnent=6 | Number of block=4) shor photh aileom The Sixteenth ese eens SE Oarag aes ctu ear muReENeas amen ny: tintin ait iil carci he technique ,pe eae Pare) : z Experimental Designs Agricultural Statistics Now the Experimental area is divided by 4 block Gradient Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Now each block is divi ided into 6 plots in below-(hence the number of treatment is 6 and number of block is 4, therefore total number of plot should be 6«4=24) | Gradient i | 7 10 13 [16 | 19 [22 ie 8 1 14/17 20 | 23 le [° 12 is [18 [2 Br Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 | | Now the 6 treatments are randomly placed on each plot- ‘ i ris 7~ Tio 13e3|sx6 | 19 [22 ic gE A Cc [Paria E| al 2 5 8 11 14/17 20° [23 a B| |p D| 8B Clear 3 6 9 oe [A2a4{s | 15 alas 21 | 24 F A Fi8B Cc} = BT pi 8B Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Figure: Randomized Block: Design[i 2 page |S Agricultural Statistics Experimental Designs ______ Analysis of variance tabl cs Source of |Sumof [Degree of [Mean [Calculated ‘Tabulated Variable {square | freedom | sum of | frequency | frequency squai 5% | 1% | Replication Treatment Error Total Advantages: Any number of treatments and replicates can be usc is simple {geil Sees Le ‘This design helps in grouping of experimental materials into co e of homogencous units, This helps to reduce the error component d and statistical analysis ympact blocks If the experiment is partly damaged or data missing, it is possible to discard the block or to use missing plot techniques. epitome Disadvantage : “This design can be used only when the number of treatments is moderate. It je less efficient when the number of treatment is fairly large. @ RB D. is efficient only when the soil heterogeneity persists only in one direction, When the soil heterogeneity persist in all directions, these design is not recommended : Nice to know, Design of Experiments Choice of treatments, method of assigning treatments to experimental unils and arrangement of experimental units in different patterns are known as designing an experiment. We study the effect of changes in one variable on another variable. Por yzexam ple how the application of various doses of fertilizer affects the grain yield. Variable whose change we wish to study is known as response variable, Varia ble whose effect on the response vatiable we wish to study is known as factor. EGTA IIIA NAN NNN ATT led SITS Experimental error: Response from all experimental units receiving the same treatment may not be sane even under similar conditions. ‘these variations in responses may be due to various reasons, Other factors like heterogencity of soil, climatic factors and geuctic differences, xtzancous factors). ‘The Maka The Sicteent! slorphathepecs be L6 Experimental Designs Agricultural Statistics is experimental variations in response caused by extrancous factors are known aS GXPerICIS_ error. ‘ talent r. “Our aim of designing an experiment will be to minimize the experimental error Blocks: : it In agricultural experiments, most of the times we divide the whole experimental uni (field) into relatively homogencous sub-groups or strata. These strata, which are more uniform amongst themselves than the field as a whole are known as blocks. Treatments: Objects of comparison in an experiment are defined as treatments. The objects of comparison in an experiment are defined as treatments For example: i) Suppose an Agronomist wishes to know the effect of different spacings on the yield of a crop, different spacings will be treatments. Each spacing will be called a treatment. 3) If different of fertilizer are tried in an experiment to test the responses of a crop to © fertilizer doses, the different doses will be treatments and each dose will be a treatment. ii) A teacher practices different teaching methods on different groups in his class to see which yields the best results. ii) A doctor treats a patient with a skin condition with different creams to see which is most effective. Experimental unit: The object to which treatments are applied or basic objects on which the experiment is conducted is known as experimental unit. a : Exazuple: piece of land, an animal, ete or, Experimental unit is the object to which treatment is applied to record the observations. For example i) In laboratory insects may be kept in groups of five or six. To each group, different insecticides will be applied to know the efficacy of the insecticides. In this study different groups of insects will be the experimental unit. ii) If treatinents are different varieties, then the objects to which treatments are applied to make obscrvations will be different plot of land. The plots will be called experimental units. Yield: The me ALG by surement of the variable under the study on different experimental plotsExper Agricultural Statistics comp etely Randomised De ign (orD) > ONE ORD is the basic single factor design. In this design design. In t ; eo} oor ee strexpeximentaL nil has the 68 oerimenta g any one treatment. But CRD is appropriate only whe a material is horhogencous. As there is generally large variation a plots due to many factors CRD is not preferred i : geneity In laboratory experiments and greenhouse ‘studies it is easy 10 asl a be ’ of experimental materials ‘and therefore CRD is most useful in such (pene A,B,C, D and cach with 4 For example, suppose that there ane Perle ice te ne te i reryationa, we need experimenia unis Tere, ft Se penton a two digit random number of table will be consulted and ena Suppose, the Teal i ‘ {I B % A numbers will be taken excluding those which are greater SEtg. After this random numbers are 4 18,2,14,3/7,13,1,6,10,17,20,8,194) 1,5,9,12,16, the plots will be serially num tA will be allotted to the plots ‘bered and the treatmen' bearing the serial numbers 4,1 8, 2, 14 and so on. Advantages of a CRD Its layout is very easy. - rere $e compléteexibility in this design i.e. any number of.ggeatments and ications for each treatment can be tried. ; Whole experimental material can be utilized in this design. This design yields(maxirmom) degrees of freedom for experimental error. ‘The analysis of data is Sa aed Zompared to any other design. Bven if some values are Missing t ‘hissing the analysis can be done. ts and Disadvantages of a CRD @ homogeneous experimental units in all respec! units in ee It is difficult to find hence. @ “rd seldom suitable for field experiments as compared to other experimental designs. | @ It is less accurate than other d jesigns “She Sixteenth: NAAN NLR RSE RS mepsee kNi | | | | | | | | | Agricultural Statistics Split-plot Design ny ination with treatments Treatments requiring large experimental material in Sd is used.In requiring less a perimnental poterial are to be Tested, split into sub units so this design the experimental units would be further sub- nce that more treatments could be tested within each main treatment. sd different For example, if different levels of nitrogen are to be tested at each arid @© plots levels of moisture -depletion, then the depletion levels will be tested in mi and levels of nitrogen in subplots within each main plot. Fig. 16.21. Split plot design. Advantages and Disadvantages of Split-XIot Design : Advantages : —as @) Bigger experimental units may be utilized to compare subsidiary treatments, Gi) Increased precision is attained on the split-plot treatment and the interaction of split-plot and whole plot treatments in comparison with randomized block design of the pq treatments. Gii) The overall precision of the split-plot design relative to the randomized block design of the pq treatments may be increased by designing the whole plot treatments in a Latin square design— or in artncomplete Latin scuare design. Disadvantag G The whote plot treatments are measured with less precision than they are in randomized block design of pq treatments Gi) When missing data occur, the increase in completely of the analysis for the split-plot design is greater than for the randomized block design. The SixteenthExperimental Designs Agricultural Statistics Latin Square Design When the experimental material is divided into rows and columns and the treatments are allocated such that each treatment occurs only once in a row and once ina column, the design is known as Latin square design. 19 this design col eliminating fertility variations consists in an expetiinental Jayout which will cont#0 variation in two perpendicular directions. | In LSD the treatments are usually denoted by A BC D ete. /— Fora Sx SLSD the arrangements may be | AB] C[D B [e [> [E | | Blalele BIA Cp lE|A CiDIAlE CIE DE IA |B DIE |B [a4 | Dic EA [8 [¢ E\c |p |B ED 1B [C [D Square 1 Square 2 ~ Square 3 Advantages se of double grouping 1. LSD is more efficient than RBD or CRD. ‘This is becau that will result in Smal Experimental error. technique can be used and 2. When missing values are iB 2 | analysed. - Disadvantages J. ‘This design is uot as flexible as RBD or CRD as the umber of treatments is limited to the number of rows and columns. LSD is seldom used when the number of treatments is more than LSD is not suitable for treatments less than five. Nice to know, Because of the limitations agricultural experiments. Note: The number of sources 0 LSD. on the mamber of treatments, LSD is not widely used in {variation is two for CRD, three for RBD and four for MeAgricultural Statistics oe ey ioe i sD)? Dis i Difference (LS © Wl s Least Significance ficultural research. (13) ‘Short notes on LSD ao i ans LSD (Least signlfictt ESR s a statistic used to compare variely MEAT i i i isi jut ‘The Least Significant Difference (LSD) i ic used gmake decisions abo from analysis of variance (ANOVA) of a characteristic eat Ghether the varieties are significantly different from each oe nt petween {0 characteristic. In other words it represents the minimum differ ee ven significance varicty means that, the crop expert may declare to be different at a 7 nthe ANOVA: level. The LSD is calculated using an estimate bfrandom variation rom [X= The LSD is also called CD or Critical difference. 5 Equation of LSD ys LSD = tos |= Hea N He fr canes Lest nth cant n=number of replication t(0.05)=table value of t by using residual df. If the difference between two mean is equal or greater than LSD then we have to understand that there is difference between two considered treatment And if the difference between two mean is less than LSD we have to understand that there is no difference between considered treatment. Advantages of LSDs LSDs allow data to be ithout having training in statistics first. LSD is a simple calculation that allows the means of two or more pre-determined varieties to be compared. At a glance, the probability that the difference between the means is the result of chance can be evaluated and confidence is gained that the inference(s) drawn from the data are correct. . For plant breeders’ rights (PBR), LSDs are very useful in determining the distinctness of a candidate variety from successive comparator varieties considering, two varieties (candidate and one of the comparators) at a time. It is not legitimate to use the LSD when onc or more candidates need to be simultancously compared with multiple comparators. Disadvantages of LSDs Like many statistics LSDs have restrictions on their use. However, if the following nrecautions and recommendations ace considered LSD: * & LSDs must not be applied unless the F-test (or tte Gifferences between means are present propriate indicates that significant The SivteenthKEE LI LENT AEE TET TRIE LEI N MeM ON eT letter i meme LS AAA NAA NAA IAN ALAIN SANS I A AMARA A VOID Page |i Experimental Designs Agricultural Statistics Ra LSDs are only valid for testing mean comparisons that were pre-determined in the objective of the experiment™ wu LSD is reasonably satisfactory for comparing cach variety individually (when drawn from a set of varieties) with a standard control (for PBR the candidate variety would be considered the control}, We In its_strictest sense, LSDs are at their most robust if, when more than two varieties are involved, the LSD is used to compare adjacent variety means when varicty means are arranged in order of magnitude. Thanks a lot for their co-operation to make NEW... Mst. 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