1.

EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions,
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.01 ACRONYMS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK Transportation Officials
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical ANSI American National Standards Institute
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS & DPWH Dept. of Public Works and Highways (Phil Govt)
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base USCS Unified Soil Classification System
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- AASHTO SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • classifies inorganic soils for suitability as subgrade
PROOFING
2.01 Termite materials in terms of good drainage and bearing capacity.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier AASHTO defines particle sizes as:
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait • Boulders – above 75mm
System
3. ROADS &
• Gravel – 75mm to No.10 sieve
PARKING • Coarse Sand – No.10 to No.40 sieve
3.01 Subgrade • Fine Sand – No.40 to No.200 sieve
and Base
Course • Silt-Clay Particles – passing No.200 sieve
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- ATTERBERG LIMITS
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • are tests performed on soils passing the No.40 sieve as
PROOFING follows:
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
Liquid Limit (LL) The liquid limit is that moisture content at
b. Chemical which a soil changes from the liquid state
Barrier to the plastic state, measured when soil in
c. Bait
System a shallow dish flows to close a 12.5 mm
3. ROADS & groove after 25 drops from 1 cm.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base Plastic Limit (PL) the water content at which a silt or clay
Course material will just begin to crumble when
Materials
a. Borrow rolled into a thread approx 3.2mm (1/8
Material inch) in diameter.
b. Base
Course
c. Choker Plasticity Index (PI) is defined as the Liquid Limit minus the
Aggregate
3.02 Paving Plastic Limit :
and LL – PL = PI , that is the range of water
Surfacing
a. Concrete content over which sediment behaves.
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control a. Fill materials - soil, crushed stone, and sand used to
Materials raise an existing grade, or as a man-made-deposit;
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING generally used under footings, pavers, or concrete
2.01 Termite
Proofing
slabs on grade; classified under the Unified Soil
b. Physical
Chemical
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Classification System (USCS) as:
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier • GW, GM, GP – Gravels with >
c. Bait
System 50% retained on No. 200 sieve
3. ROADS & and > 50% further retained on
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade No.40 sieve.
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base • SW, SM – or Sands with > 50%
Course are retained on No. 200 sieve
c. Choker
Aggregate and 50% or more passes
3.02 Paving
and
No.40 sieve.
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control b. Granular Fill or Filters – soil materials with sand
Materials equivalent of not less than 50%; used to prevent the
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING movement of fine particles out of soils and other
2.01 Termite
Proofing
natural materials through which seepage occurs;
b. Physical
Chemical
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
conforming to ASTM C 33, size 67.
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
c. Borrow Fill - selected laboratory-approved pit-run
Materials gravel, disintegrated granite, sand, shale, cinders or
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK other similar materials with not more than 35% fraction
PROOFING
2.01 Termite passing the No. 200 sieve.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control d. Base Course Materials -
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
hard durable fragments of
PROOFING stone and a filler of sand or
2.01 Termite
Proofing other finely divided mineral
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier matter, free from vegetable
Barrier
b. Chemical matter and lumps of clay,
Barrier
c. Bait complying with the following
System AASHTO METHODS T-11
3. ROADS &
PARKING and T-26 Grading
3.01 Subgrade Requirements:
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow Sieve Designation Percent Weight Passing
Material U.S. Standard Sieve Type "B" Base Course
b. Base
Course 1 - 1/2" 100
c. Choker 1" 85 - 100
Aggregate
3.02 Paving No. 4 20 - 45
and
Surfacing No. 200 5 - 12
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.02 DEFINITIONS, STANDARD TESTS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Local Borrow Fill materials:
Materials BANDA Y BANDA
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ESCOMBRO P5,000 per 15 16
PROOFING
2.01 Termite cum
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical ESCOMBRO – BULIK (for Riprap)
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.03 RIPRAP (ROCK LINING)
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - a constructed layer or facing of stone, placed to
Control
Materials prevent erosion, scour or sloughing of a structure or
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK embankment.
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing - term "riprap" also is frequently defined as the stone
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier used to construct such a lining.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.03 RIPRAP (ROCK LINING)
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - a special class of very large aggregate. Riprap
Control
Materials gradations range in diameter from 50mm (2 inches)
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK to 1148mm (42 inches). Because riprap is subject
PROOFING
2.01 Termite to significant energy, it is important that it be
Proofing sound and free from defects or entrained
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier substances such soil shale or organic materials.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
- resistance of riprap to displacement of moving
3. ROADS & water is a function of the weight, size, and shape of
PARKING the stone, the geometry of the channel or bank it is
3.01 Subgrade
and Base protecting, and the filter blanket over which the
Course
Materials
riprap is placed.
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.04 GABION SYSTEM
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - Wire-enclosed riprap
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK - consists of mats or baskets fabricated from wire
PROOFING mesh, filled with small riprap, and anchored to a
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
slope.
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.04 GABION SYSTEM
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - Wrapping the riprap enables use of smaller rocks for
Control
Materials the same resistance to displacement by water energy
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK as larger unwrapped riprap.
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.04 GABION SYSTEM
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
- is particularly advantageous in areas inaccessible to
Materials trucks or large construction equipment.
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite - wire baskets also allow
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical steeper (i.e., vertical)
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
channel linings to be
Barrier constructed.
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS & - gabion baskets or
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
mattresses can be made
and Base from commercially
Course
Materials
available wire units or
a. Borrow from available wire fencing
Material
b. Base material or may be
Course
c. Choker
fabricated from No. 9 or
Aggregate No. 12 galvanized wire.
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.04 GABION SYSTEM
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- - According to FHA guidance, the thickness of wire
Control
Materials mattresses used for channel linings is determined by
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK three
▪ the factors:
erodibility of the bank soil
PROOFING
2.01 Termite ▪ the maximum velocity of the water,
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
and
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical ▪ the bank slope.
Barrier Criteria for Gabion Thickness
c. Bait
System
Maximum Minimum Required
3. ROADS &
PARKING Bank Soil Type Velocity (ft Bank Slope Mattress Thickness
3.01 Subgrade per second) (inches)
and Base
Course Clays, heavy cohesive soils 10 <1:3 9
Materials
a. Borrow 13-16 <1:2 12
Material
b. Base any >1:2 18+
Course Silts, fine sands 10 <1:2 12
c. Choker
Aggregate Shingle with gravel 16 <1:3 9
3.02 Paving
and 20 <1:2 12
Surfacing
a. Concrete any >1:2 18+
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Construction materials consisting of synthetic
Materials components made for use with or within earth materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
generally are referred to as geosynthetics. Geosynthetics
2.01 Termite can be further categorized into the following components:
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier • Geotextiles
b. Chemical
Barrier • Geomembranes
c. Bait
System
• Geocomposites
3. ROADS & • Geonets and
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade • Geocells
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles are the most common geosynthetics, and
Materials consist of woven or nonwoven fabric made from polymeric
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK materials such as polyester or polypropylene generally used for
PROOFING
2.01 Termite reinforcement, separation, filtration, and in-plane drainage.
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier ✓ Reinforcement
b. Chemical when the geotextile fabric lends its strength to low load-
Barrier
c. Bait bearing soil to increase the overall design strength and
System
3. ROADS &
decrease the amount of sub-base and base course
PARKING material.
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
✓ Separation
2.01 Termite when the geotextile is placed between dissimilar
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical materials to prevent migration of one of the materials
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
into the other.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ Filtration
PROOFING
2.01 Termite when the geotextile is used to prevent the movement of
Proofing fine particles from soil through which seepage occurs .
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ Filtration has three separate categories:
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical ➢ Subsurface
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier those employed in sub-surface drainage
b. Chemical
Barrier applications, such as filters around under-
c. Bait
System
drains or edge drains, or under paving.
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ Filtration
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical ➢ Erosion Control
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier those employed to protect cut slopes or drainage
b. Chemical
Barrier features. When used in conjunction with a stone
c. Bait
System
lining or riprap, they would serve a secondary
3. ROADS & function of separation.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ Filtration
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
➢ Sediment Control
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical are exclusively those used for silt fence
Barrier
c. Bait
applications. While they serve the purpose of
System "filtering" runoff, the mechanism by which they
3. ROADS & function is different than subsurface drainage or
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade erosion control applications.
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Geotextiles
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ In-Plane Drainage
PROOFING
2.01 Termite particular thick-needled nonwoven geotextiles
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical having sufficient in-plane flow capacity for use as
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
flow conduits in drainage applications.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
b. Geomembranes are continuous polymeric sheets
Materials that are impermeable. The most frequently used for
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ground applications are:
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
Proofing
✓ thermoplastic products manufactured from high-
b. Physical
a. Chemical density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical (PVC).
Barrier
c. Bait
✓ thermoset polymer Ethylene propylene diene monomer
System (EPDM) frequently used for membrane roofing
3. ROADS & applications.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
b. Geomembranes
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK Different types of geomembranes have significantly
PROOFING
2.01 Termite different properties including :
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
▪ Strength
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical ▪ Longevity
Barrier ▪ resistance to ultraviolet light
c. Bait
System ▪ thermal expansion and
3. ROADS & contraction
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade ▪ chemical resistance, and
and Base ▪ ease of installation
Course
Materials
a. Borrow Geomembranes should not to be subjected to tensile
Material
b. Base
stresses and should be treated gently during
Course installation and subsequent use.
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
c. Geocomposites
Materials consist of a combination of geosynthetic
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK components; are usually sheet or edge drains
PROOFING
2.01 Termite consisting of a prefabricated core to which a
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical geotextile filter is bonded.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
c. Geocomposites
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK The core provides void space to which water can
PROOFING
2.01 Termite flow in-plane while the geotextile filter keeps soil
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical from filling the voids created by the core.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier Geocomposite sheet drains are available that allow
c. Bait
System flow in from one or both faces.
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
d. Geonet
Materials is a type of geosynthetic that consists of a continuous
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK extrusion of polymeric ribs that form void space
PROOFING
2.01 Termite through which provide in-plane flow capacity.
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical Geonets are available with or without bonded
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
geotextile filters. Geonets with bonded geotextile
Barrier filters are sometimes referred to as composite
c. Bait
System drainage nets (CDNs).
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
e. Geocells
Materials are three-dimensional prefabricated polymeric
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK systems ranging from 100 to 200 mm (4 to 8 inches)
PROOFING
2.01 Termite high. The geocell systems are collapsed for delivery
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical to the site. Upon arrival at a site, they are spread
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
open and filled to form a three-dimensional
Barrier reinforced mattress.
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.05 GEOSYNTHETICS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
e. Geocells
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK Originally developed to rapidly stabilize soft
PROOFING
2.01 Termite subgrades for mobilization of large equipment, they
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical are now frequently used for protection and
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
stabilization of steep slope surfaces and protective
Barrier linings for channels.
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.06 SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
These include materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK used for both temporary
PROOFING
2.01 Termite and permanent erosion
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical protection.
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
Temporary materials
c. Bait consist of open mesh
System
3. ROADS & polymeric systems,
PARKING biodegradable mesh
3.01 Subgrade
and Base system (e.g., coir jute), or a
Course combination of polymeric
Materials
a. Borrow and biodegradable mesh.
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 1. EARTHWORKS
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 1.06 SLOPE-EROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
Materials
The open mesh systems
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK serve as a semi-permanent
PROOFING
2.01 Termite mulch, anchoring seeds
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical and soil particles subject
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier to erosive flows in
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
channels. Greater flow
c. Bait rates and volumes usually
System
3. ROADS & require denser mesh and
PARKING more durable
3.01 Subgrade
and Base construction.
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap
1.04 Gabion
2.01 TERMITE PROOFING – there are three types:
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control a. Physical barriers
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING b. Chemical barriers
2.01 Termite
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical c. Colony Elimination (Bait) System
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion-
Control
a. Physical barriers: prevent termites from accessing
Materials the wood in a home. There are a variety of methods:
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
✓ Termite Resistant Sand - a
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
layer of sand with uniform
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier size particles. The sand
b. Chemical
Barrier
must be large enough to
c. Bait prevent the termite from
System
3. ROADS &
moving through it
PARKING effectively and of a
3.01 Subgrade
and Base consistency that prevents
Course its use in "tunnel"
Materials
a. Borrow construction. Sometimes
Material used around the
b. Base
Course foundation of a home
c. Choker
Aggregate during construction.
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Physical barriers:
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ Termite Mesh - steel mesh product that is fine
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
enough to keep even tiny termites from passing
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
through it. Termite Mesh is used in slab
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
construction (concrete slabs are poured over or
b. Chemical with the mesh). It is also used to wrap pipes and
Barrier
c. Bait other access areas.
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Physical barriers:
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ Home Construction - in particularly high-risk
PROOFING termite environments, homes are sometimes
2.01 Termite
Proofing designed on high concrete pillars to physically
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
separate the home from the distance termites can
b. Chemical travel from their colony.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers: The objective of this method is to
Control
Materials establish a continuous termiticide barrier or treated
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK area between potential soil access routes and the
PROOFING
2.01 Termite structure to either kill or repel subterranean termites
Proofing that attempt to reach the structure. A termiticide is a
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier type of chemical used to control termites.
b. Chemical
Barrier
c. Bait ✓ Pre-construction chemical barriers
System
3. ROADS & are almost always applied during construction, to the
PARKING soil and foundation. There are also termite resistant
3.01 Subgrade
and Base building products, from drywall to floor joists. These
Course are often treated with borates before use in home
Materials
a. Borrow construction. Pre-construction applications must
Material
b. Base use enough insecticide (often 100 gallons or more)
Course at a sufficient concentration to erect an adequate
c. Choker
Aggregate barrier.
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • Vertical barriers
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
are created by applying 4 gallons of termiticide per
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
3 linear meters by rodding or trenching around the
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
base of foundations, plumbing, utility entrances,
b. Chemical expansion joints, and where two slabs will join.
Barrier
c. Bait
System
3. ROADS &
If areas to be treated are more than 300mm (one
PARKING foot) deep, then each 300mm of depth should
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
receive 16 liters (4 gallons) per 3 linear meters.
Course
Materials
a. Borrow Treatment of trenches involves digging a trench, no
Material
b. Base
wider than 150mm (6 inches), applying termiticide
Course to the trench, and mixing with soil as the soil is
c. Choker
Aggregate
replaced.
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing Hollow block voids of foundations should also be
a. Concrete treated with 16 liters (4 gallons) of termiticide per 3
b. Bituminous
Surfacing linear meters .
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • Horizontal barriers
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
are made by applying 4 liters
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
(one gallon) of termiticide per 3
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
square meters. The treatment is
b. Chemical usually accomplished by
Barrier
c. Bait applying a coarse spray at low
System
3. ROADS &
pressure. All termite treatments
PARKING to slab construction should
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
include horizontal barriers,
Course which are relatively easy to
Materials ✓ Slab treatment - involves
apply.
a. Borrow
Material drilling through the slab floor
b. Base
Course
and injecting termiticides into
c. Choker the soil at regular intervals.
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Chemical barriers
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK • Horizontal barriers
PROOFING
2.01 Termite ✓ Basements and Crawl
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical Spaces - trenches are dug
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
around the foundation,
Barrier termiticide applied and the
c. Bait
System
trench filled back in.
3. ROADS & Chemicals may also be
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
injected into the soil in the
and Base crawl space/basement and
Course
Materials
around the foundation. The
a. Borrow walls and foundation of the
Material
b. Base home are also treated, as
Course
c. Choker
well as around piers, pipes,
Aggregate and other access point.
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 2. TERMITE AND BUKBOK PROOFING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 2.01 TERMITE PROOFING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- c. Colony Elimination (Bait) System
Control
Materials The objective of this method
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
PROOFING is to attract the termite
2.01 Termite
Proofing
workers to forage on a slow-
b. Physical
Chemical
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
acting insect-growth regulator
Barrier
b. Chemical (IGR) called hexaflumuron
Barrier that will work to eliminate the
c. Bait
System termite workers population
3. ROADS &
PARKING
and eventually result in the
3.01 Subgrade death of the queen and any
and Base
Course
subsequent future queens,
Materials and therefore the entire
a. Borrow
Material colony.
b. Base
Course The system employs baiting
c. Choker
Aggregate and monitoring devices,
3.02 Paving
and
installed where evidence of
Surfacing infestation is found: on the
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous ground outside the house, on
Surfacing walls, floors, ceilings inside
 ASPHALT
Definitions

1. ALLIGATOR CRACKS - interconnected

cracks forming a series of small blocks
resembling an alligator’s skin or chicken wire.

2. ASPHALT CONCRETE – high quality,

thoroughly controlled hot mixture of asphalt
cement and well-graded, high quality
aggregate, thoroughly compacted into a uniform
dense mass.
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.01 SUBGRADE AND BASE COURSE MATERIALS
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Borrow Material
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
b. Base Course Material
PROOFING
2.01 Termite c. Choker Aggregate:
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
A "choker" course is a
Barrier filter layer of finer
c. Bait
System
material that is installed
3. ROADS & over a coarse road base
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
material. The purpose
and Base of the choker course is
Course
Materials
to provide a stable
a. Borrow foundation of fine-
Material
b. Base grained aggregate for
Course
c. Choker
the construction of a
Aggregate pavement.
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- a. Concrete (See Div 03 Concrete)
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK
b. Bituminous Surfacing
PROOFING
2.01 Termite ✓ HOT MIX ASPHALT or ASPHALTIC CONCRETE – a
Proofing
b. Physical
a. Chemical dark brown to black cementitious material, solid
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
b. Chemical
or semi-solid, composed of bitumen's which
Barrier when mixed with graded aggregates is used as
c. Bait
System paving material by placing, shaping, and
3. ROADS & compacting while hot over a prepared base.
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Bituminous Surfacing
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ COLD MIX ASPHALT OR ASPHALTIC CONCRETE –
PROOFING is asphaltic concrete prepared with a relatively
2.01 Termite
Proofing light and slow-curing asphalt, placed over a
b. Physical
a. Chemical
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
prepared surface without heat. This hardens to a
b. Chemical state that is less firm and durable than hot-mix
Barrier
c. Bait asphaltic concrete.
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Bituminous Surfacing
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ ASPHALTIC MACADAM – paving for roads and
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
other surfaces formed by grading and compacting
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
layers of crushed stone or gravel, then the top
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
layer is bound by asphalt to stabilize the stone,
b. Chemical provide a smoother surface, and seal against
Barrier
c. Bait water penetration.
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
1. EARTHWORKS
1.01 Acronyms
1.02 Definitions, 3. ROADS AND PARKING
Standard
Tests
1.03 Riprap 3.02 PAVING AND SURFACING
1.04 Gabion
1.05 Geosynthetics
1.06 Erosion- b. Bituminous Surfacing
Control
Materials
2. TERMITE/BUKBOK ✓ ASPHALT OVERLAY – when one or more courses
PROOFING
2.01 Termite
or layers of asphalt an asphalt leveling course
Proofing
b. Physical
Chemical
made of an asphalt and aggregate mixture of
a.
c. Bait System
Barrier
Barrier
variable thickness to correct the contour of
b. Chemical existing surface, are placed on existing
Barrier
c. Bait pavement.
System
3. ROADS &
PARKING
3.01 Subgrade
and Base
Course
Materials
a. Borrow
Material
b. Base
Course
c. Choker
Aggregate
3.02 Paving
and
Surfacing
a. Concrete
b. Bituminous
Surfacing
SIEVE SAMPLES
 End of
SITEWORKS
 BUILDING STONES

Engr. Rhodora A. Bustamante

Class Instructor
Stone
a natural, hard substance formed from
minerals and earth material which are
present in rocks.

Rock
the portion of the earth’s crust having no
definite shape and structure
To qualify as a construction material, stone
should have the following qualities:
Strength: Most types of
stone have more than
adequate compressive
strength. The shear
strength of stone,
however, is usually
about 1/10 of its
compressive strength
Hardness: hardness is
important when stone
is used for flooring,
paving, and stair
treads.
 Hardness:
Talc, easily scratched with the thumb-nail: 1
Gypsum, scratched by the thumb-nail: 2
Calcite, not scratched by thumb-nail but easily cut by knife: 3
Fluorite, can be cut by knife with greater difficulty than calcite: 4
Apatite, can be cut only with difficulty by knife: 5
Orthoclase, can be cut w/ knife w/ great difficulty on thin edges: 6
Quartz, not scratched by steel, scratches glass: 7
Topaz: 8
Sapphire: 9
Diamond: 10
Durability: Resistance
to the weathering
effects of rain, wind,
heat, and frost action
is necessary for
exterior stonework
Workability: A stone’s
hardness and grain
texture must allow it to
be quarried, cut and
shaped
Density: A stone’s
porosity affects its
ability to withstand
frost action and
staining
Density:

Porosity of Stones

24-hours Water Absorption of Stones by Volume

Appearance:
Appearance factors
include color, grain,
and texture
CLASSIFICATION OF STONES
(according to geological origin):

◼ Igneous rock

◼ Metamorphic rocks

◼ Sedimentary rock
Igneous rock is formed by the crystallization of
molten magma, as granite, obsidian and
malachite
Igneous rock also known
as primary, unstratified
or eruptive rocks
Metamorphic rocks has undergone a change in
structure, texture, or composition due to the
natural agencies, as heat and pressure,
especially when the rock becomes harder
and more crystalline, as marble and slate
Metamorphic rocks:

Examples of Transformation of Rocks

Sedimentary rock is formed by the deposition
of sediment by glacial action, as limestone,
sandstone and shale
Sedimentary rocks are also known as
aqueous or stratified rocks
As a load bearing wall material, stone is similar
to modular unit masonry. Although stone
masonry is not necessarily uniform in size,
its laid up with mortar and used in
compression. Almost all stone is adversely
affected by sudden changes in temperature
and should not be used where a high degree
of fire resistance is required.
Stone is used in construction in the following
forms:

◼ Rubble

◼ Dimension stone

◼ Flagstone

◼ Crushed stone
Rubble - consists of rough fragments of broken
stone that have at least one good face for
exposure in a wall.
Dimension stone - is quarried and squared stone
2’ or more in length and width and of specified
thickness, used commonly for wall panels,
cornices, copings, lintels and flooring.
Flagstone - refers to flat stone slabs used for
flooring and horizontal surfacing.
Crushed stone - is used as aggregate in concrete
products.
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Argillite – formed from

clay, dark blue with faint
shades of green.

Used for:
floor tile
stair threads
coping stones
interior wall base
interior window
stools of exterior
window sills.
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Granite – igneous origin,

hard, strong, durable and
capable of taking high
pressure polish. Red, pink,
yellow, green, blue, white
and brown.

Used for:
flooring
wall paneling
column
mullion facing
stair threads
flagstone
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Limestone – sedimentary
rock like dolomite, no
cleavage lines, low in
absorption, smooth, uniform
in structure & composition.
High compressive & tensile
strength

Used for:
wall & floor surfaces
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Travertine – sedimentary rock,

pleasing texture with small
natural pockets on a cut
surface.

Used for:
interior decorative stone
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Marble – metamorphic rock, a

re crystallized limestone
forming into carrara, parian,
onyx and vermont.

Used for:
flooring
wall & column facing
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Serpentine – igneous with

mineral serpentine.
Typically olive green to
greenish black but
impurities may color the
rock.

Used only for interiors due to

weathering
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Sandstone – class of
rock of cemented silica
grains with texture
ranging from very fine
to very coarse. Colors
vary from buff, red and
light brown. Porous
where as 30% of
volume composed of
pores
TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

Slate Rock –
metamorphosis of clays
and shale's deposited in
layers. May be separated
into thin, tough sheets
called slates . Colors are
black, green red, grey, or
purple.

Used for:
flooring
window sills
stools
stair treads & facing
STONE CONSTRUCTION
Largely used as facing for building material with steel and concrete
frames.

Application Categories :

1. Paneling
2. Ashlars
3. Rubblework
4. Trim
Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension
and thickness to cover back up walls and
provide finished exterior

◼ Running Bond - a
masonry bond formed
when all units are laid in
stretcher position, with
a half-unit overlap
Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension
and thickness to cover back up walls and
provide finished exterior

◼ Stack Bond - a masonry

bond formed when there
is no overlapping of all
units and all horizontal
& vertical joints are
aligned
Ashlars – work requires the use of cut stone
that includes broken ashlars, regularly /
irregularly coursed.

◼ Coursed Ashlar - Ashlar

masonry laid out in
courses of equal height;
blocks of various sizes
may be combined to
make up the height of
the course
Ashlars – work requires the use of cut stone
that includes broken ashlars, regularly /
irregularly coursed.

◼ Random Ashlar - Ashlar

masonry laid without
regular courses but with
an overall effect of
horizontal orientation
Rubblework – random & no attempt to
produced an orderly course either
horizontal or vertical.. Small spaces are
filled with smaller stones.

◼ Coursed Rubble - Fieldstone

or roughly dressed stone,
with or without mortar,
assembled to give a effect of
courses
Rubblework – random & no attempt to
produced an orderly course either
horizontal or vertical.. Small spaces are
filled with smaller stones.

◼ Fieldstone - Stone found on the

ground (i.e., not quarried) that is
a suitable size and shape for use
as drywall or rubble masonry
Trim – stones cut for specific purposes like:

jambs
sills
copings
cornices
lintels
steps
arch stone (voussoirs)
Stone Finish
◼ Rusticated - A term describing stone masonry
with a recessed cut margin, so a channel is
formed when the blocks are aligned
◼ Sand Finish - A stone finish that is granular and
moderately smooth, varying with the
characteristics of the specific stone
◼ Sawn Face - A term describing stone exhibiting
the marks left by the saw used to cut it
◼ Rock Face - A stone finish with emphasized
face-plane shifts and rough corners,
exaggerating the natural look of the stone
◼ Split Face - A stone finish exhibiting the natural
quarry texture resulting from splitting the stone
Stone Pavers
◼ Cobble stone - A stone used in paving. It may
be rectangular, or naturally rounded
◼ Durex Blocks - Roughly cubed, usually granite
blocks used for paving
 CE 264

Engr. Rhodora A. Bustamante

Class Instructor
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

- a proportioned mixture of siliceous materials (sand, crushed stone)

and cement (lime, Portland) which, after being prepared in a plastic
state with water, hardens into a stonelike mass.
• Mortar is cement mix used to glue masonry units to each other, or
other surface finishing materials like tiles, bricks, stones to a
receiving structure like a wall or floor.
• Plaster is mortar applied to wall surfaces as a preparation or a hard
finish coat.
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.01 CEMENT MORTAR

- is a proportioned mixture of cement, fine aggregate and water.

- For first-class mortars 1 part of cement should be added to not more

than 3 parts of sand.

- Replacing 10 or 15 percent of the cement by volume with hydrated

lime gives greater workability and increases the strength of the mortar.

- For rubble stonework, 1 : 4 will be much stronger than lime mortar.

- For the top surface of floors and walks, use 1 : 1 to 1-1/2.

- Mortar made with fine sand requires a much larger quantity of cement
to obtain a given strength than mortar made with coarse sand.
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.01 CEMENT MORTAR

- Mortar may be mixed by hand or mechanical mixers, the latter

being preferred for large quantities.
- When the mixing is done by hand, it should be done on
platforms made watertight to prevent the loss of cement.
- The cement and sand should be mixed dry in small batches in
the proportions required on a clean platform.
- Water is added and the whole remixed until it is homogeneous
in color and leaves the mixing hoe clean when drawn out.
- Mortar should never be retempered after it has begun to set
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.02 PLASTER

- is a mortar of cementitious material ( lime, gypsum or cement),

sand and water which is applied in coats (layers) to masonry
surfaces, lath or various types of plaster board to give a hard finish
surface to interior or exterior walls and ceilings.
- the word “plaster” refers to gypsum plaster and the words gypsum
and plaster are often used interchangeably.
- Fiber or hair is sometimes added to the mixture to give increased
strength as when used for the first coat.
- Plastering is done according to two basic methods: two-coat and
three-coat. A three-coat job consists of :
• a first binding coat called scratch coat;
• a second straightening coat called the brown-coat; and
• a final coat called the finish coat.
In the two-coat work, the scratch and brown coats are combined into one.
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES

a. Lime Plaster

Lime putty (hydrated lime and water), mixed on the job with sand
and gypsum plaster, used for two and three-coat finish surfaces
for interior walls and ceilings.
Scratch coat : 1 part lime putty, 1 part Portland cement or
Keene’s cement, 2-3/4 parts sand by weight.
Brown coat : 1 part lime putty, 1part Portland cement or
Keene’s cement, 3 parts sand by weight.
Finish coat:
Hard finish : 1 part lime putty, 1/3 gypsum plaster by volume
Sand float : 1 part lime putty, ¼ gypsum plaster, 2 parts sand
by volume
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES

b. Gypsum Plaster

• Gypsum plaster. Plaster of Paris mixed with clay, lime and

other materials in combinations covered by trademarks or
patents. Mixed on the job with water, sand, lime putty, hair or
fiber for two or three-coat finish surfaces for interior walls and
ceilings; or used dry as ingredient for hard or sand float finish
with lime plaster (see above).

• High-strength gypsum plaster. Same as gypsum plaster but

mixed to meet established standards. Mixed on the job with
water, sand, lime putty, hair or fiber for two and three-coat finish
surfaces for both exteriors and interiors.
- Scratch and brown coats : 1 part high-strength gypsum
plaster to 2 parts sand by weight.
- Hard finish : ¼ lime putty to 1 part high-
strength gypsum plaster by volume
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES

b. Gypsum Plaster

• Fibered gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster premixed with

fibers. Mixed on the job with water and sand for scratch coat for
three-coat plastering job

• Prepared gypsum plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with fine

white sand. Used for two and three-coat finish surfaces for
interior walls and ceilings .
- Scratch and brown coats : mix per manufacturer’s instructions.
- Finish coat: Any type of final coat plaster
(gypsum, Keene’s cement, lime or
prepared finish coat
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES

b. Gypsum Plaster

• Bonding plaster. Gypsum plaster mixed with ingredients

develop more adhesive strength in combinations covered by
trademarks or patents. Used for interior finish for smooth
concrete walls or ceilings. Mix and apply as per manufacturer’s
directions

• Lightweight gypsum plaster, fire-resistant plaster. Gypsum

plaster mixed on the job with water, perlite, vermiculite or other
suitable mineral aggregate. Lightweight gypsum plaster is used
when weight is important, and for fire-proofing other materials
such as steel. Applied on lath. For interior use only .
- Scratch and brown coats : 2 sand, 2 cu. ft. perlite or vermiculite per 100 lb.
of plaster.
- Brown coat: 3 sand, 3 cu ft. perlite or vermiculite per 100 lb.
of plaster.
- Finish coat:
Hard finish: 1/3 gypsum plaster, 1 lime putty by volume
Sand Float Finish: 1 gypsum plaster, 1-1/2 sand by volume
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES

b. Gypsum Plaster

• Keene’s cement. Plaster of Paris mixed with alum or borax or

other materials and burned (calcined) at 932F. Mixed on the
job with water, lime putty and fine white sand as hard finish for
two and three-coat gypsum plaster. For interior use only
- Hard finish : 1 Keene’s cement, ¼ lime putty,
1/10 fine white sand by weight .
- Sand float finish : ½ Keene’s cement, 2 lime putty, 4 ½
sand by volume.
• Plaster of Paris. For ornamental plaster work and castings.

• Molding plaster. For ornamental plaster work and castings. Mix

with water as per manufacturer’s directions.

• Acoustics plaster. For acoustic treatment of interior walls and

ceilings. Applied on gypsum plaster base coats. Mix with water as
per manufacturer’s directions.
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES

c. Portland Cement Plaster

• Mixed with water, sand and lime putty. Used for two and three-
coat finish surfaces for exterior and interior walls and ceilings
- Scratch and brown coats : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3 sand.
- Sand float finish : 1 cement, ¼ lime putty, 3 sand.
• Thickness of plaster coats depends on the type of material to
which the plaster is applied. Generally, the total thickness is
5/8” on metal lath and ½” on lathing board and gypsum block.

• In three-coat plastering work, the scratch and brown coats are

¼” thick at minimum; the finish coat is 1/8” with a minimum of
1/16” at any point.

• For two-coat work, the base coat is ½” and the finish coat is the
same as three-coat work.
1. MORTARS AND PLASTERS

1.03 TYPES OF PLASTER AND THEIR USES

d. “Sgraffito”
• is highly decorative type of plaster work developed in Italy during
the Renaissance. This type of technique consists of applying two or
three thin coats of plaster different colors and then cutting away
certain areas of one or two coats to produce a three-dimensional
colored design.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.01 DEFINITION
Masonry - is a built-up construction or combination of building
materials as clay, concrete, or stone set in mortar; or
plain concrete.

Masonry Terms:
a. Bed – The horizontal surfaces on which the
stones or bricks of walls lie in the courses.

b. Course – A continuous layer of bricks, stones,

Course
or other masonry units

c. Wythe or Tier – Each continuous, vertical

section of the wall, one masonry unit thick.
Wythe
or Tier
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.01 DEFINITION

Masonry Terms:

d. Bond – That connection between bricks, stones

or other masonry units formed by lapping them
one upon another carrying up the work, so as to
form an inseparable mass of building, by
preventing the vertical joints falling over each English Bond
other (also called a breaking joint).

e. Stretcher – A brick or block masonry laid

lengthwise of a wall Stretcher

f. Header – A brick or block masonry extending

over the thickness of the wall
Header
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.01 DEFINITION

Masonry Terms:

g. Heading course – A course in which the bricks

or other masonry units are all headers.

h. Soldier – A unit laid on its end with its face

perpendicular to the face of the wall.
Soldier

i. Quoins – The corner stones at the angles of

buildings, usually rusticated so as to project
from the normal surface of the wall.

j. Bond Stones – Stones running through the

thickness of the wall at right angles to its face,
in order to bind it together.

k. Blocking or Blocking Course – A course of

stones placed on top of cornice crowning the
walls
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.02 STONE

- Stone, together with wood and clay, are the basic building material
of man. The history of architecture until as late as 1900 was largely
the history of stone in architecture,

- Stone was the structural material, the

exterior and interior finishing material,
the flooring material and in many cases
the roofing material.

- It was also used for all types of

sculpture, statuary, and decorative and
ornamental applications.

- Today, stone is largely used as a

surface finishing material for both the
exterior and interior of buildings.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.02 STONE

- Stone commonly used for architectural purposes include

granite limestone

marble sandstone

travertine slate.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.02 STONE

They are commonly classified as:

a. Rubble Stone. Stone

delivered from the quarries
rough and irregular shape.

b. Dimension Stone. Stone

cut into specific size,
squared to dimensions, and
to a specific thickness
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.02 STONE

- STONEWORK: The types of stonework are based on the shape

and the surface treatment of finish of the stone :

a. Rubble work. Masonry of

rough, undressed stones.

When only the roughest

irregularities are knocked off, it
is called scabbled rubble, and

when the stones in each course RUBBLE WORK

are rudely dressed to a nearly

uniform height, range rubble .

b. Random work. Stones fitted

together at random without any
attempt to lay them in course.
RANDOM WORK
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.02 STONE

- STONEWORK:
c. Ashlar. Squared stones in regular courses, in contradistinction to
rubble work .

• Ranged work or coursed

ashlar – Uniform courses with
stones uniform in size.

BROKEN
RANGED WORK

• Broken range ashlar – Course

laid with the horizontal joints
uninterrupted but the width of the
courses and the length of the
stones are varied to produce a
wall with a less regular pattern.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.02 STONE

- STONEWORK:
c. Ashlar
• Random course their rectangular
shape and are laid on horizontal
beds but no effort is made to RANDOM
COURSE WORK
continue the horizontal beds
through in an uninterrupted
manner. Large stones combine with
small ones in a convenient and, if
possible, an interesting manner.
• Rustic or Rock work - RUSTIC OR
Courses of stone face which ROCK WORK

is jagged, so as to present a
rough surface. * Rustication occurs when heavier
stones or areas of stone project
from the normal face of the
surrounding wall or of the joint
themselves.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.03 BRICKS

- are structural units of clay or shale formed while plastic and

subsequently fired.

- The manufacture of brick consists essentially of screening,

grinding, or working the clay to the desired consistency for
moulding, whether by hand or machine.

- After moulding, the bricks are dried and then burned in kilns for
many hours at high temperatures, approximately 2000F.

- These processes purify the raw products, make it uniform and

homogeneous, burn out all combustible matter, and result in a
product which is both stable and physically permanent .

- Standard size of brick is 3-3/4” x 2-1/4” x 8”.

2. UNIT MASONRY

2.03 BRICKS

The types of bricks most frequently used in architecture are :

a. Common or building brick. Used for all

purposes, including facing.

b. Facing brick. Specially processed to give certain

specific surface characteristics. Used for
exposed masonry surfaces.

c. Glazed brick. These have a smooth outer

surface with a dull satin or high gloss finish. They
are load bearing, fire resisting, and impervious.
They are usually formed with vertical hollow
cores through the body with scoring on the back.

d. Fire (refractory) brick. These are ordinarily

made from a mixture of flint clay and plastic clay,
and are used for the lining of furnaces,
fireplaces, and chimneys.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.03 BRICKS

BRICK WORK. The usual methods of laying brick are as follows :

a. Common Bond. Consists of five

stretcher courses and then a
header course. It is generally
begun with a row of headers at
the bottom course COMMON BOND

b. English Bond. Consists of

alternate courses of stretchers
and headers .

c. Flemish Bond. Consists of ENGLISH BOND

alternate headers and stretchers

in each course .

d. Herringbone. The bricks are

laid diagonally to form a herring-
bone pattern. FLEMISH BOND
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.03 BRICKS

Mortar joints
between brick
courses are
usually from
4.5mm (3/16”)
to 12mm (½”).
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK

• Concrete Hollow Block (CHB) is a hollow masonry unit, with two

or three cells or cores, made of the following ingredients: water,
Portland cement, and various types of aggregate such as sand,
gravel, and crushed stone.

• Lightweight concrete hollow blocks are also manufactured with

such aggregates as cinders, expanded slag, expanded shale or
clay. Expanded blast furnace slag rates the highest in fire
resistance, and due to its cellular structure, has high sound and
thermal insulation quality.

• These are manufactured by machine-mixing the ingredients,

pouring the mix into molds, and curing the block by air drying. A
steam-and-pressure curing process is also used which can
produce concrete hollow block in a few hours.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK

• Standard CHB sizes are from

thicknesses of 100mm (4”), 150mm (6”)
and 200mm (8”) x height of 200mm (8”)
x length of 400mm (16”).

• CHB of 100mm (4”) thickness should

be used only for interior partition walls
where weather-tightness is not
required.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK

• The different types of concrete hollow block

include:

a. Stretchers c. Corner blocks e. Beam or lintel

blocks

b. Headers d. Jamb blocks

2. UNIT MASONRY

2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK

• Concrete hollow blocks should be laid on a full bed

of mortar with horizontal and vertical joints 10mm
(3/8”) thick.

• Reinforcement for 100mm (4”) and 150mm (6”)

thick wall shall be 10mm vertical bars at 600mm
on centers and 10mm horizontal bars every third
course.

• Reinforcement for 200mm (8”) thick walls shall be 12mm vertical bars
at 600mm on center and 12mm horizontal bars every third course.

• All horizontal reinforcement shall be tied to the vertical reinforcement at

their intersections.

• Dowel bars should be placed into the piers, columns, slabs, leaving 20
bar diameters exposed to splice with the reinforcement of the hollow
blocks.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.04 CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK

• Block cells with reinforcement are filled with cement mortar.

• Concrete hollow block walls should have a reinforced concrete lintel

or beam block course every twelfth course; and a concrete column
stiffener at every 4.80 meters length.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.05 “DURISOL” BLOCK

- “DURISOL” block is lightweight block

made from fiber and cement.

- “DURISOL” block units are two-core,

100mm (4”) or 150mm ( 6”) x 87mm (7-
1/2”) x 600mm (24”).

- Reinforcement shall be 10mm  vertical

bars at 720mm (36”) on center and at
every 4th course. Every 4th course
should be a beam block course. Cores
shall be solidly filled with cement mortar.
2. UNIT MASONRY

2.06 PLASTER BLOCK

- also known as gypsum partition blocks, are usually made of gypsum,

vegetable fibers as binders, and reinforcement.

- used for lightweight, fire-resistant interior partitions and for furring and
fireproofing columns.

- Gypsum hollow blocks are manufactured in units of 75mm (3”), 100mm

(4”) or 150mm ( 6”) thicknesses, x 300mm (12”) height x 700mm (30”)
length.

- Gypsum solid block is manufactured only with a 50mm (2”) thickness.

2. UNIT MASONRY

2.07 STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE

- Structural clay tile are hollow masonry units, open at two ends with
interior webs or partitions 19mm (¾”) to 25mm (1”) dividing the block
into longitudinal cells.

- In its manufacture, the various shapes of clay tile are formed through
special dies and then wire-cut into the required lengths.

- It may have a smooth or scored (grooved) surface. Structural clay tile

is classified into:
a. Load-bearing wall tile. 300mm x
300mm x 300mm (12” x 12” x 12”)
b. Non-load bearing, fireproofing,
partition, and furring tile. 100mm
(4”) or 125mm (5”) x 200mm x
300mm
 End of
Div 04 MASONRY