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SS U-1 Combined Notes

signal system unit 1

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
40 views102 pages

SS U-1 Combined Notes

signal system unit 1

Uploaded by

riya.rraj870
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So (suber sicnatsysrem Bele NAM ELE 1-19 Cece ann ur Pe Tae) ae tr) WA aa SSR Oe iS 4 i an ae ore ee petra rete ye t Ba near eem ear eee re Pe ee eee cd ee ona phenomenon.” G) lea rear oa nd Pant Cee eC etn as 7 + on (i) Continuous time Signal (CT signal) /\ ; 1w) ee sane an) a f aad x a) () CT Signal ~A signals said to be a continuous-time signalitit Ex Speech E “a Pee eek ae aoe ee ~ M 4 Itis defined by x(¢), where tis the time domain index. aes nv era ae az a = 4 cae) at 1) Spach 7 EC ~ =>0ct) esa > Car eee) aaa = bs CHAE = W3Ct) a cS] (ii) Discrete time Signal x(n) Be Oo Ue DOr ius Cea Note :- DT Signal is defined only for integer values of the independent variable (n) Basic Operations on Be Dae) Fen VA) fovsnemone pertubted on ton aap ‘tvs it een 7) \(a) Time Shifting oo an At ete aa) y \/ (€) Time Reversal © ” ors am Time Shifted signal is given by y(t) = _x(¢ — to) and y2(t) = x(t + ¢,),where t, is a Pe amet omnes Rare ata x(t t,) means signal x(t)is shifted by t, to the right hand side. x(t +t,) means signal x(t)is shifted by t, the left hand side. cS] ey a PaetD) or aed d a eo ee rrr a) | * re ~2) a rao es aa 2 +R aa ed i ae: RY ae ATC Re a Pm a Note: In time shifting Amplitude and Shape of waveform will remain the same. Meee n ae cS] (ii) Time Shifting for DT Signal ean os eee Or ay PT eis) n Cee aL TL Gers in LHS eae) ee OMe nN ce eae uy C8) aoe) Ree RR ee CR ee ae a a Dac aac Sh al od a Peay Eare Peal a on } Cea ee ") q<¢l aa rue eee cer) ras @ ae) CON Cis ea ee a u a) S cera eae ae y é men in DES Oe eae eee ae cS] Oe ae A aa Pare et Tata aN ral ) Ea ie yy cS] (c) Time Reversat- Ct) ot £4) ==" (i) For CT time reversal signed is given by y(t) = x(—t), folding signal xet) pee) ea ar ior oi a ees ies PCE eer Lee (ea) ae aay to t70 a r(? Oe ee ee aS rag n) Roch ann a aoe) a) Sy - = acne) &_ 1: For signal x(t), Draw x(2t + 1)and x(—-t + 1) err 7 D Nace DES o— roo LOG ft zee) Py py vp. fl, 4s ica irl ) eee Paes xctt) cana iF 7 y aan xQtY | Ane ioe tat ate A nn ima R 2 CRW nae oar sen aD eae > nites — XC) ] tis 7 Pre . “ ia _ ~ PRleu i ifs cane) 26 Es) or d ' bare rates) Cpa } XC-2 443) XC2t+3) a a VEY ARYZ a 7A J eee el earns) th Pas case) eaRe tar ees) Dy} Peter) i) Ty) arin Ee) ce sewer ta) =i Tap UP IES Wee UME I LS Gu) Oma | Vk% oe 2 vy v ea Meiet) Ea) Go (subject :sicnarsvsem a eT ca ae) Today’s Target a eet. Basic Operations on signal (On Dependent Variables) cujp 1 Amp Acalin Rian any Onn On ee ie ae CA earn (“ie eae ace ees) Bacal ey paca) h ee ee eds Dreamed ek Pe) eee pre ce2) Pes ee ad fe fy. 4] Pay iit re lg ea Ela) Pics Sy ea 2) 3 RoCCt) a OR [Sean (xe ] ey aan Paov-f Pere ‘calang eta) f rere) Ee) PTE Pa ha aks Coa Ce eae ae Ee a2 a eee) OA deca Ul pene 4 ory tear Pt aaa Peon, Prema) D fom-1 +o See belo ees OFGEO > from 2 ay ana he eee ene fdmeos ie i Pore comes fsorm 0 FoQ ae Rg ier ee nt ere erator cS] wetier) Paria eta A aa |r" az) ni rRO ae aca aa o ier cS] Mierke ne pa is es A eee ae Sener sa) pera) 1 Patel al obey bias Pg aie a —t| y ro) i) aan Bs Te xict) es re) ea) ese: om (ere Mae‘ Caan eo exe >a tt)-4f=O-1 | a 9) iso) a, 1 [LAE Z an Rais a near Sy mien) PreReD) wane XD) a cy yas (cn ALLA Cy Today’s Target STE aa utr Decne t9) cy SUC raaaid cS] Saas 2 Te) Pee ea ao) cemnvr aT aa Sen ee 1a (CD) eae Des) rae) Pate aad x eae bla aaa ee mie xen) ra ad ee = oe and i” Ry errs a é Cy ot he rare Te7) eT ee 4 wn Cay eel IA a eae Per v Rico Conca seca) ce Ge ce) —=7 NSa es oD YA) Decne 09) ma 6? aN Paes my a a aa y > aie 2 + an F (eo . | manure’) t ae be eX ae Ct) —> A tee) = 1 SCE?) + LSC) cas dx) aces LTS eR ICOrE IC™) a Meal) tea ee eae niapetien) 2) a az a. eel 7 giawas th 4(b) Suet) GS Te ae OPRSeAC BIZ vee aseae) = $¢tt1)-4a) = a Ge) g Ny ie > aoe 7 one ae i i 7 = RY cS] CBR ar er tnt | AneTU-2022-23 cS] @ 2u(t +2)—2u(t—3) (ii) r() —r(t- 1) -r(e-3) +r(e—4) uce ray - 24 (exer 7 v ea a rool PRU CER AUCEY ) db ais ears Cnt @) see Yeas} ee ee aos Oye) *) eae) ol aaa o+0 ani -t+3+0 cy yas (cn ALLA Cy Today’s Target Se Cee eae Bury BA aU Ge race ° Monn ECU tard + Classification of CT & DT See UU ee Rs url @) CTE LC ec CP LRT) a in eS Coptinuous Amplitude Signal: - If the signal possesses all possible amplitude levels Rn a Ou ue ae ee ec or CTE a an Cen et oe ns om i. aac eee > ak i es Sy Mee ut Ua ence a ) a eR ec ea eR no. of Amplitude levels within a given limit at infinite no. of time instants (or for all values of time crt) ee Paves aA on} See ee Dee ee ene Oe a Te Re ce ec = ri i) Sy Pee CCR ae ae a ee ad Pe d rete ni Ce RU RRR et Sa nn Pian Amplitude signal. — pal seek. 2g n Wee ee Me Rm cd aad Cea a elie tat A ee en eR - bs Pen eee aC ee 5 Prey ere mua emcee a aC i a ean a Ls a Amp. Signal: - if the signal has finite or discrete no. of amplitude levels for specific values of time, then it is called DT Discrete Amp. Signal. A DT signal having a set of discrete values is called a Digital Signal. x) —> OPDASIGnd q eae ic MutiGanne i hidimensional signs ose Sy ‘Multichannel Signals: - in some applications, signals are generated by multiple sources or multiple a sensors, such signals can be represented in vector form, aes eee (ea) We refer to such a vector of signals as a multichannel signal. a Ere) ueslas ood ao ia act) For Example: - in electrocardiography, 3 Headhand 12-leaq electrocardiograins are often|used in practice eT LES nr retinas ar el a a ns er aaa) ct) i Multidimensional Signals:- yaaa) Oo) Cer oe ue ao “ ea mie eile ee rs) Sy Bae eee uy uy a oe, Ifa signal is a function of more than one independent variable, then it is called a multidimensional signal. ad aameeeat eeee tC, a, TS aia Deterministic and Random Signals ees Sinker a a oni inwt hie +8) Deterministic Signals: - A signal whose complete physical Pee mA ype Ca I HIM of such a signal at any time can be predicted. The pattern of such a eal halle rath a a ee For Example: - Sine wave DE OS ae eee We OO Ea Pee ee OR Lg For Example: - Thermal Noise cS] Classification of CT & DT Signals: Even and Odd Signals Peon c ran) (i) CT even and oda signal ACT x(6) is said to be an even signal if{x(—t) = x(0for all 4 Wee ee et ee a a ramen e Set ad i a Rann LHs wind pan £0 ACT x(t) is said to be an odd signal acca 7 lL By aie are anti-symmetrical about time origin or about a Tro cS] Classification of CT & DT Signals: Even and Odd Signals re PTE (Oe aeu kee aol ELE eu cur eee cur ae a’ _/Even signals are symmetrical about time origin oF about a vertical | i cos van eo xen) 7 aaa Euan signals are anti-symmetrical about time origin or abou sedi alae ce co cS] Question:-Determine the even and odd components of unit step function u(t). Also, draw cS] Pe Laue os ) ie Tia Eteo) i AN a ga ae ke Se ae) aaah al VAR arene Cec arta ated eed Sanaa a oo al aA oe Cu Eien fox Ea) o) sens she eka) Ban a en aaezee a ao PECL ventana cca) Seana Case crea) tana etapa) : Ko} d ; rophrenae au a) ys re aay Cae ae 2{x ny cx CCC a . 7 Ca cele a cy yas (cn ALLA Cy Bele NAME -14 * Numerical Problems based on Even and Odd Signals cS] ORO CeT C Re ee eee Le ee ae OMe Sy —_ etl a oat $8) ee cil ad oe uct) ra os p ee cre a ore 0) ae aes Te arene $ [mre] (0) tio ee leo Go roa Par? ae t CoCr EmlORO) eres) Sy meat co oe een 6 eer sen Varn gen ol Sy Q.2 Find the even and odd components for the signal x(t) = e~" aects a on call e.4 seal = Poi hd ral re eS ra re (Conn (eal mae ae Ph Saale NS) Ean va icone ae ee or faecal ey eee eae a =O) a ieee areal > + fen 7 room mc) Cre eran) ae ASE Terres cS] OMSg ute CRT Red ee te eat Le PS ee eee ae cS] SU ole Ea as recent Se er aa yaaa E é aan Ae ert R eer _ Ss i ea Sian ae Cona) oa Pnreenys arr QE ats ue) “SMe Ae fare atta cS] OC Te TO Te cS] a Bey cy yas (cn ALLA Cy Bele AM EL -18 OR et EL Et er * Numerical Problems Based on Periodic and Aperiodic Signals al er el Ur CO eer eae aoe > A signal x(t) is said to be periodic if it repeats itself after some time period. > Aperiodic signal has a waveform that repeats over and over with the time, the time between the repeats is defined as the period of the signal. act) ic if and only if x(t + T) = x(t),for allt Where T is positive and is the period of the signal. Nee aes tau Bedatc 9) ForExample:-(Asint ov Asidut+e) A vals ae aR), Cor he cS] al er el Ur (CO Reg cue a > Asignal that isnot periodic willbe referred to as an aperi eee acs itself is called a non-periodic signal. (O) nH ca) ds ACT signal x(t)is non-periodic if i : ®, (ew cS] Q.11s the signal x(t) = 10cos?10nt a periodic signal ? If yes, what is its funda xet) aN ae cS ae OTe Cee sy ie ta io i 2 CET a Se date a oe oN ee rf ‘| ? ect rors ratcul cS S + & Cor20h (447) Tro eee vi ic aiala Moe eee tes i 7 Soy nate aeD) Sp Copan Le = en SUS) Bite ta avs EE 6 Cn aL eee sess os Oy 9-90 Ce eS & 7" LS wee ee sche Ba = s[ aed i Be arid Ex tcuksas oo, Lents tea 72 one RL os PAST ce lr 9 oe aeeeias fet C4) ip dae 4 fanmade Syn Tytrvey tes cae oe) rae yr ee ee oT rv) oe a See — ee SOE Male Cnt) nam poy ae 1) co ror a N Sans. Res =f a —) ear cs 2 wi Q.2 Show that x(t) = e/** is periodic signal and its fundamental period is aaa wi a ee seen ese eo Peas a awe Paid id Eda tap eiednd aie aes an ei eee a EL LB. ieoarrral “7 gate 8 Fs de eee an eae ea aa WT = 2hm eet aU eee Cy a9 as eae > ae Nv We cea Lm) tea cae Car ee aod Bo Ce uray LOT with T = are 7 eet aed penedic’ a a Fe eee MaRS i Ee ue Ro] ies eT ee ae cs] Q.3 Show that x(t) is periodic or not.If periodic, what is its fundamental period? a — mye j x© eugy Daan an : p y Tae eer o 2) a ape ere EY “LL, = abt u fener Te Pretec“ CTa) pores oer eel) [costae A ec er are) rs ame Sree coed : a ou ee eas aud y (eo ae a Te ce a nn a Cer aS Se ef Sy Q. 4 Show that x(t) is periodic or not. If periodic, what is its fundamental period? wi Soe Bey) x(t) =Gsiné} cana ad potaa) Deets - 807s a ue PATS PETE NCO S Gb a > en ee eee ey ABA f - ae cot ark Evy aes ee Lae ee fo SN ies SOE GLE LLY L 2 2 aT Herc) L al er el Ur ae oa yaa x(n) is said to be periodic if it repeats itself after some time period. ee ny ee ee repeats is defined as the period of the signal. \ADT signal x(n)is periodic if and only if(x(n + N) = x(n), for alln Where N is positive and is the period of the signal. a ec oe ela) ee cayne o oe ne amen f = +Ve Integey al er el Ur Oui a 6 ee ee ad Peo eae ear ea) BCR Eee om as rd Cutan Ac) eae naa OE Urecoats a ceed Yon) cn) cS] Ce ea a LT rt cate ROE aT ttn cS] ae Ter tate gtr vy vad (x(n) = 2sin(0.8mn) (ii) x(n) = 3cos4n sh aa eee ee cde CeO a Paar eae CED) Pra Gree ES TS + Copa BAN Earth sated , cn tw) Te ene) ae Seaton enti Save] OKT 2 Sead A hel K ra NeaeT) 7 ey ade % pe 28 be oO’ aa er x ror uae — ane i a a AEs Peri: Pee Eyal vy ffl On ir Pv Be Jum oT SLD Wa ceas J oo = Wy oe Ff eer ee g Mee Ce Car omc) ona LT tees ae cS Q.6 Determine the signal is periodic or not a ro) sna are, oa Nj TY DL ae aH ee gunnfp Eas > wt. ro Ta NT Coa oa NRT CX can i Ta ehiteats A aN en Re) 7 Determine the signal is periodic or not Demet ery cS] x(n) =(cos (Fn) » cos ( Ans. Periodic signal with fundamental period(N) is 8 Eee ye eee al raga a bs cy yas (cn ALLA Cy Bele AMEE 19 See ee url Bae Cun Rare UEC ins cS] ieee tau a are ae ce mR \ — Penne ance) ome f [=] hed Dre eA ee eco rail ics 2 ‘A power signal is one whose average power p,, is finite ica Le =- Eze 4t-(D = Peer ct ee eee ee male ® 7 wo oo oe Pony oly kK ie 7) cay) 3) Pan Nd Pas ire Cree If0 corns , P lina 1 (T-2 | = 5 ae cy Cee Panur car ea Carat erated nf eae eed cS] ta = — 2 Pal) PaeeLse 3 sd Ie —s iol a Exe aDctELs ; ined oe , = lim A caTEXat Sena oe 41 ERT smeo) Pare aa ae a ae an of 2 ome oe a ea Oe Cem tonne e Lene re a cara aoc) er) Con = Pataca ae weer =f eo dt “Ble tse stu a + ale eee | (een A le ae oe rca Paes A aa oberon ea ER aio ao) Cae ma EO 5 orn. ees a SAE gimem ih fousy oS ee cS] Q4:- Determine whether the following signals are power or energy signals cS] ns L ) co) fz a [en] "Sem Exam ree aay un) ae, a a x Sat, Baa rane aL a G ) pe neo CORO et Laden nie een eT, v y 3 COO aC a Ou a. nea) eae Ae roe 4 em . os a " i 7 avis (Crane lien t= XY. af aay) eee cne 2. FGnune aD aay a A ey rine Oa Cy See dred a ca A mal ee K ay ae Mi SVEN oleate) ar aos a Cy air: faa es = > DPP Car tetea st) eu UY ee ae a oe | Sem am obaorre) aes ao Uns a OR ee ua em a Bat ee ae ee ee Cig One | Sem Exam iN ae rire odie a cy yas (cn ALLA Cy Today’s Target PUES Ue ACA ee eur) Pte) a eet (A)Linear Systems and Non-Linear Systems (B) Time-varying and time-invariant systems Peer jusal Signal: - A Signal that does not start before t = Ois a ae se a Perera In other words, x(t) is a causal if x(t) = 0,to <0 | Ce) & \ Anti causal Signal : - The signal is anti causal if x(t) = 0, ¢>0 ral eae <<) a , y gir Ere) sce NOD eS eee Ue oko dee 8 OC causal signal. Cara cS] BSA EE Eee Maske ec keane SASS oe cS] Creme ac 1:3 A system can be viewed as a process that results in transforming input signals into output signals. a a ae a aaa) Bieri pb eee een evs TT St)] Xen a FA. (muereanea) Airoilehy a GUT CLE yaw ENG) oiad = or aaa eteaiS a() 7 ee) eer corres a , New cae eos ? Sy (ORCC G TU EU RU oc cy pl Ain a system is time-invariant if the behavior and characteristics of the'system are fixed over time. V/ In other words, a system is said to be time-invariant if a time shift in the I/P signal causes an CoRR cesT OS Rained eal Cn) Ty yon) b-B) Ty 9¢4-42) | %0-™) Eo yer-ne) -@) ET CE aer an CONN ared es eee TED) er aed time differentiator is given by y (n) = [x(n) — x (n—1)] ~=—" Is this system es oe Vor Cao iM L OO ee ae re Eetecinic dois iets os a ner eit ee ay) aes SDE SNe tee A OO aR aC eo pees 7 CO Ea aT ETT EN) 5 aia) = Caen) ~XCa-n0-1)-G) aan ae cena Be) Bay TT Cee =) cee ata) ® oe a Puen) Seco Ey CC N-Ne) ae 0) Re Ex en), aL ae saree naa ae ce ae “Xen DPP Garrerexentcttr) Q.1A simple discrete time differentiator is given by y (t) = x(2t) Pena CE CU Le (b)Linear or non Linear? ve ey aia vount 0.2 Asimple discrete time dif ferentiator is given by y(n) = e™| Deca (a)Time Invariant or time variant? (b)Linear or non Linear? pera) aa SET a cy yas (cn ALLA Cy Today’s Target Coe Nee \& Systems with and without memory Pa ees valet) ==" system is said to be causal or non-anticipatory (also known as physically realizable ) if the output at any time depends only on the values of the input at the oa Cuan dees era BT x Pee ee Cha ue Acuna ts alte aoa ld ae ol abun V7 ered rer OO eee i ee ed CM rf ) the conesponding system is causal Bin i (a) ym) = nx(n) (b) y © = x(2t) (y(t) = x cos (t +1) (CORO M Lae aC)) Oyncres) ot ) Sco) Ean 4a) a " 5 i an an ed a open bine oP Signe epamds yon Peat IP | _y(-2) eae ee Ae ee I ae re ers oy SS ee eh coe eer a anne ee aoe Reve Futung s/p Futunes|P ara Oy a aa ne ee ape omy, nia a ara eal Te Sethe an oT 2 4 nT atm © =(© le nia) ata ee) Pee ss Pepe Cae prayer) pea > » crys ea) cnesp —> oD rary Aa) >) Male A) OAD = Ex7 3) Poe) —> 1 a= PRYOR Seu eS) ROY TE Bae a oo eee an Tne Ser O) yey = Sin (em) cy de-LteL ay OSE mESING an) aia Y= S1n (XE) —> Peng BYR INeco as Siam system ip 4 cased Syston NA a bead Tn a ee i RU eC tS 6 eS es ic ae to be bounded input bounded output(B | BO) stable if and only if every bounded input results in a Rae yy Sis Be ur ey a oe ‘ol [P EOL rakes dO eeeeed) Ee caners v A Se eS caste, 4 a oe system is BIBO stable if, for any bounded input x(t) the response y{t) is also bounded. That is SOE Cia eae Oey Se ar he oY Ls Sex) 2 “nage Eso] re. mata cy Oe rao eee eu eee ad Sy WOPOEItC) SET 7m Aid y (= eX pane COO TORS Ces ESTCnes) Panne aes a) WAC ON Cua) a ye) CTA Eanes) £200 CV eee a 1G) ieee 8) pee Lod Ci maRleN ets Een aA ear a ic <¥8tom beconp, TI) is tt se) eee I rae $f erie | Lia a ieee carwano) Leon Econ Ae veee en ed ay ec, S Ela Pecan ae)) hye eg é eee _ |2 Pe Genre) vn ae ; ; ‘i ri ‘i ra oe } aa i sia eas rm > barr ee |S 1} yon) = a wm eta) STO) ans xen Pro) es Io" i yea ED =% hd kate opr Ca ee ae ie Cee oy 9 Lak a Sa ca When Systems with and without memory cS] Sig fgg canals > eda SS Cun ROR ea AC BU CUO RASA ume VCCI) F ifits 0/p signal depends on the past or future values of the I/p Signal. (axe) ——eeeeOeee—e—eee_ eee ewe A system is said to be memoryless (static or instantaneous) if its 0/p signal depends only Ce sae acs cy Q.3 Determine whether the corespondeing system is static or dynamic wi JS Wy (© = cos (x(t) I) ao eee alte) eer JS Wi) yO =x(t+1) e-LiebL + sakcn) V/ (lidy(n) = 2x(n) + 3x%(n) yer = 20) TPR) tebe Dears eacces)) SD sap OR a hte eee rr Oa aata) Aor eas 2 ne ie ae ada a Caer tH ‘he Rees YD= MI) hora” ome ger fa Oe SCip= ate) ee dia ov aa a cram 7 —_ a ere iy RS lanes an Re a | ie ie di) = ne ag A SoM Se om an i) cS] ag —— egeateek etter.) v4 See eee ee ee ee (@)y(t) = at?x(t) + btx(t — 4) eee e) con v Oe ee ee Or ee ed Check whether the the following digital systg@ire BIBO stable or not? OO ernOnay ee ) e con Download Gateway Classes Application From Google Play store Link in Description Next Lecture:- Operating System Structure

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