INDEFINITE INTEGRAL FORMULAE

 cosec x cot x
n +1
1. x 7. dx = cosec x + c 13.
 x dx = + c, n  −1
n

n +1
2.
 cos x dx = sin x + c 8.

dx
= sin −1 x + c
14.

dx
= log x + c
1− x2 x
3.
 sin x dx = − cos x + c 9. 15.
e dx = e x + c
x

4.
 sec x dx = tan x + c 10. dx 16. ax
2

 1 + x 2 = tan x + c
−1
 a dx = +c
x

log e a
5.
 cosec x dx = − cot x + c 11. 17.
2

6.
 sec x. tan x dx = sec x + c 12.
x
dx
= sec −1 x + c
18.
x 2 −1
19. 20.

21. dx 1 x−a 22. dx 1 a−x 23.

x 2
−a 2
=
2a
log
x+a
+c a 2
−x 2
=
2a
log
a+x
+c

24. 25.

26 27 x 2 a2 x
 a 2 − x 2 dx =
2
a − x 2 + sin −1 + c
2 a
28 x 2 a2
 x 2 − a 2 dx =
2
x − a2 +
2
log x + x 2 − a 2 + c

29.

II Integration using Trigonometric Identities

1 − cos 2 x
 
(Even Powers of sinx) sin 2 x dx , sin 4 x dx , sin 6 x dx put sin 2 x = 
2
1 + cos 2 x
(Even Powers of cosx)  cos 2 x dx ,  cos 4 x dx ,  cos 6 x dx put cos 2 x =
2
 sin x dx ,  sin 5 x dx ,  sin 7 x dx write  (sin x) sin x dx and put sin
3 2 n
2
(Odd powers of sin x) x = 1 - cos2 x,
Let t = cos x

 sin ax sinbxdx ,  sin ax cosbx dx ,  cosax sinbxdx ,  cos ax cosbx dx

use transformation formulae 2sinAsinB, 2sinAcosB, 2cosAsin B, 2cosAcos B

III dx dx
Integrals of the type  ax 2
+ bx + c
,  ax + bx + c
2
Need to express denominator as a sum or difference of perfect

squares and use special integrals.

IV ( px + q )dx ( px + q )dx
Integrals of the type  ax 2
+ bx + c
,  ax 2 + bx + c
Working Rule: px + q = A (2ax + b) + B, Find A and B.

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 Separate into two integrals and integrate using substitution and completion of squares.
V p(x )dx
Integrals of the type  ax 2
+ bx + c
where degree p(x)  2

Working Rule: Carry out long division and write

p( x)dx ( px + q )dx
 ax 2
+ bx + c
= a polynomial +  ax 2
+ bx + c
(type IV)

VI
dx dx dx dx
Integrals of the type  a + b cos 2
x
,  a + b sin 2
x
,  a sin 2
+ b cos 2 x
,  a + b sin 2
x + c cos 2 x

Working Rule: Divide N and D by cos2x. Put t = tan x, dt = sec2 xd x

VII dx dx dx
Integrals of the type  a + b cos x ,  a + b sin x ,  a cos x + b sin x
2 tan x 1 − tan 2 x
Working Rule: Put sinx = 2 , cos x = 2
1 + tan 2 x
1 + tan 2 x
2 2
x
Substitute t = tan , then
2
VIII  a sin x + b cos x 
Integrals of the type   dx
 c sin x + d cos x 
Working Rule:  N = A (Denominator) + B (Derivative of denominator)  Numerator = A (c sin x + d cos x) + B
(c cos x - d sin x)
Integrals of the type
Working Rule: px + q = A (2ax + b) + B. Separate into two integrals and integrate using substitution and formulae.
IX Integration by parts

Rule for ordering of functions: I LATE

I = Inverse Trigonometric Functions
L = Logarithmic Functions
A = Algebraic Functions
T = Trigonometric Functions
E - Exponential Functions

e sin bx dx ,  e ax cos bxdx : ILATE need not be used. eax may be the 1st function.
ax
Special Form

e (f (x) + f '(x)) dx = e x f (x) + c

x
Integrals of the form

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X Integration by Partial Fractions

Factors in Denominator Corresponding Partial Fraction

(x − a)2 A
+
B
x − a ( x − a )2

(x − a)3 A
+
B
+
C
x − a (x − a ) 2
(x − a )3
(x − a )(x − b ) A
+
B
x−a x−b

(x − a )(ax 2 + bx + c )irreducible A
+ 2
Bx + C
x − a ax + bx + c

(ax 2
+ bx + c ) 2 Ax + B
+
Cx + D
2 2
(
ax + bx + c ax + bx + c )
2

(ax 2
)(
+ b cx 2 + d ) Put x2 = Z

XI (x+ 1 dx
2
) (x 2
)
− 1 dx
Integrals of the form  x 4 + kx 2 + 1 , x 2
+ kx 2 + 1
Working Rule
Divide Numerator and Denominator by x2
1  1 
Put t = x +  dt = 1 − 2 dx
x  x 
1  1 
Put t = x −  dt = 1 + 2 dx
x  x 
Rewrite the denominator and use substitution to integrate.

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