DIALECTS OF CENTRAL JAVA AND EAST JAVA

Isya Fadhil Muhammad

Department Of English Education, Universitas Muhammadiyah Cirebon

Isyafadhil@gmail.com

Abstrak: This small study aims to examine the differences between the languages
spoken in East Java and Central Java. The team's research focuses on the
variations in dialect and accent that each region's speakers have. Whereas
"dialect" refers to all possible grammatical decisions a speaker could make,
"accent" refers to the sound a speaker makes. The technique employed in this
mini-Qualitative data collection in the form of interviews was used for the
research. Twenty informants were interviewed by the research team; 10 of them
were from Central Java and the remaining 18 were from East Java. The
informants were given an Indonesian-language written dialogue, and they were
asked to translate it into their own language.The written dialogue was provided
via email, Facebook, and direct meeting. Some of the informants were recorded
as they practiced the dialogue so that the team conducting the research could
assess their pronounciation. The team's research included an interview as well as
online and book searches for references. The findings indicated that both regions
had a wide range of differences, including the vocabulary, word formation, and
inaccuracies of their respective speakers. The study's findings suggest that accent
and dialect are strongly related to geographical distribution and other factors
because there are morphological similarities between a particular dialect and
another dialect when they are both from Central Java when compared to any
dialect from East Java.

Keyword : Dialect, Central Java, East Java.

1. INTRODUCTION
The most people in Indonesia speak the regional language of
Javanese. Other Indonesian islands besides Java Island also speak this
language. Javanese has many regional and social variations as a result of
its widespread usage. Geographically, Javanese has three outstanding
dialects: Solo dialect (the standard dialect), East Java, and Banyumas. The
Banyumas Residency, Pekalongan Residency, and the western portion of
Kedu Residency are all included in the Banyumas dialect of Java. With the
exception of Banyuwangi, almost all of East Java is covered by the
Javanese dialect. Jogja and Solo are two varieties of the standard Javanese
language.The three dialects of Javanese each have unique characteristics
that set them apart from one another.

The phonetic variations [a] and [] are one of the distinctions that
define the divergence of dialects mentioned above. The open ultima
syllable of the Javanese dialect of Banyumas contains the allophone [a]. It
does not apply to the East Javanese and Solo dialects of Javanese because
[] is used to represent the phoneme /a/ in open ultima syllable in both
dialects.Because they are only used in their respective regions, Javanese
dialects, particularly the non-standard ones, have traditionally been
unknown to other speakers. Non-traditional dialects were being
marginalized in terms of both their status and existence. The Javanese
dialect of Solo, which is the dominant language, is the subject of more
language research and documentation.The Javanese speakers, however,
tend to use their respective dialects in social media conversations as a
result of technological advancements that have given rise to a new form of
communication, namely social media.As is well known, the language used
as a medium of communication on social media is a hybrid of both spoken
and written forms. It causes new developments in the use of Javanese that
did not previously exist, such as the different spellings, to emerge.The
distinction is caused by phonetic variations that are distinctive to particular
dialects.

Because the word is pronounced [aja] in the Banyumas dialect, the

word aja, which means "do not," is written as "aja" by the speaker of that
dialect. The word "obove," however, is written "ojo" by speakers of other
dialects because it is pronounced "j." Because social media uses spoken
rather than written language, there are spelling variations. The majority of
online users record what they hear. In actuality, the Language Center's
directive states that aja should be written as aja and not ojo. Additionally,
the affix form that is displayed in the social media conversation data
differs.The word ngerungokna, which means "listening," demonstrates the
various affixes while also indicating the Banyumas dialect. The affixed-
word is derived from the word rungu, which was given the suffix N- + -na,
or N- + -ake in standard Javanese.Based on that context, this study aims to
demonstrate the diversity of Javanese through social media conversations
that are conducted in the language. The use of social media as a research
data source is novel in this study. Previous studies on the Javanese dialect
have already been conducted. The research mentioned above, however,
used some informants who were deemed eligible and were typically of an
older generation as its data source rather than social media.

The data update is also related to the novelty of this research data
source. The new generation of tech users includes Javanese speakers who
use social media. According to Guiraud, there are several levels to a
language's dialect, each of which can be described by one of five
differences: phonology, semantics, onomasiology, semasiology, or
morphology. Data from real-time social media conversations reveals that
there are significant phonological, morphological, and vocabulary
differences between different dialects.As a result, this study uses social
media conversations to illustrate the differences between the Banyumas,
East Java, and Solo dialects in terms of their phonological, morphological,
and vocabulary features. Spelling variations serve as a means of
expressing phonological differences in social media conversations because
these conversations use written text as their primary form of
communication. It is a novel characteristic that sets one dialect apart from
another and has never been discussed.

Language variety refers to the diversity of people's attitudes toward

a language. Even though they speak the same language, like Javanese,
people should have different "accents and dialects." Where "dialect" refers
to the word choices, syntactic arrangements, and all other grammatical
choices a speaker may make, and "accent" refers to the sound a speaker
makes. When we compare one speaker to another speaker in a different
region, we can see the differences in accents and dialects, and this problem
is also related to geographic distribution. The Javanese language is used as
a community language in the Java Island suburbs, where Indonesian is the
island's official language and where Javanese is spoken.There are
essentially three dialects of Javanese language, according to Research
Initiative conducted by Wordbank LTD : Tegal/Banyumasan, Solo, and
 Jogjakarta are all in the province of Central Java. East Javanese language
is in the province of East Java.Depending on the various regions where
each dialect is spoken, there may be minor differences. For instance, the
Tegal/Banyumasan dialect varies slightly depending on where it is spoken
—in Wonosobo, for example, as opposed to Pekalongan—and this, in turn,
varies depending on where it is spoken in Purwokerto. It can be
challenging for someone unfamiliar with Javanese language to distinguish
between regional accents and dialects, so this study aims to do just that by
highlighting the differences between accents and dialects in Central Java
and East Java.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The Guidance Centre and Language Development (1983) assert
that the language itself and external factors play a significant role in the
dialect's development.Environmental factors that affect the area for the
local population can either make it easier or harder for residents to
communicate with the outside world (Guiraud, 1970). According to
Guiraud (1970), political, economic, and other boundaries also affect
cultural exchange, which is reflected in the dialect in question. The Center
for Development and Language Development (1983) cited Guiraud (1970:
26) who claimed that the relationships and dominance of the language
during migration, invasion, or colonization are to blame for the occurrence
of dialect variants. It is important to remember the influence of the nearby
dialect or language on the development of an adialect. This study focuses
on the distinctions between the dialects of Central Java and East Java as
well as between the two dialects generally. The following factors influence
the various dialects:
a. Geographical aspect.
Every region has a distinctive dialect, and one of the influences
is the geography of the area. For instance, Pati, Kudus, and
Semarang all use the word "you" in the central coastal region of
Java. And using isogloss, it is possible to observe how
languages are distributed. Isogloss is the name for the fictitious
line in a language folder that depicts language similarity and
difference.
b. Age and gender
The distinction between the speaking styles of children,
teenagers, and parents can easily be seen. Children use fewer
words and are still very simple, whereas teenagers frequently
use slang. Although the language is informal, the grammar
 structures are more orderly and polite for adults. Another
difference is when someone would be more polite when
speaking to elders as opposed to peers. Men and women may
have different phonological, grammatical,
syntactic/morphological, and linguistic differences, according
to research.
c. education level
For instance, there are knowledge gaps between those who only
completed primary school and those who completed a
bachelor's degree.
d. Social status
Different social classes will result in dialects with varying
utterances. For example, the Javanese language has a hierarchy
of stratification that is divided into three categories:
1) Ngoko Java is a language that people who are already
close to one another, who are the same age, or who are
of a lower social status use.
Example Dialect standart level :

 Kepremen kabare? Sire arep ning endi?

Wis mangan durung?

 Punten, kite ore weruh umahe kang Haban

kuwen ning endi?

 Arane sape?
2) Kromo using Java. The language is used with
unfamiliar individuals, such as those of a higher social
standing or those who range in age from the young to
the elderly.
Examples Kromo using Java :
 Pripun kabare ?Kakang ayun ning pundi ?

 Sampun dahar dereng ?

 Permios, kule boten uning griyane kang Haban

niku ning pundi ?

 Kasihe sinten ?
 3) The Kromo language, which is split into the two
varieties of Kromo Madya and Kromo Inggil. A lingua
franca that is more polite than Ngokolanguage is used:
Kromo Madya. As for the Kromo Inggil, it is
accustomed to older or more senior individuals than the
speaker.
Examples Kromo Inggil :
 Pripun kabar ae? Panjenengan bade teng pundi?

 Sampun dahar dereng?

 Permios, Kula mboten uning griya ae rara

Astutiningsih kuh teng pundi?

 Jeneng ae sinten?

3. METHODOLOGY
We conducted interviews with participants and distributed surveys
to group members who are fluent in at least one variety of Eastern and
Central Javanese. The speakers' attitudes and perceptions, as well as their
ability to use at least one accent or dialect in Eastern Javanese or Central
Javanese, were the main subjects of the first phase of data collection. We
questioned each person about how they used their accent or dialect. A
written dialogue was given to each informant. The dialogue includes some
examples like "Gimana kabarmu? "Aku kemarin jatuhdari pohon, but
alhamdulillah sekarang sudah sembuh," "Aku kemarin jatuhdari pohon,
but kok ga masuk sekolah?" "Lho, jangan buru-buru dong," and Some
words in the instrumental dialogue are predicted to have different
translations in some Central and East Javan dialects. These include "you,"
"if," "take," "chicken," "get well," "child," "tomorrow," "know," "fall," and
a few other words.
The aforementioned instrumental dialogue is given to 20
respondents of various ngapak dialects. These ngapak dialects are
excluded from the observation because it is thought that they contain bad
language and are inappropriate. Some respondents are from the same
region, so they translate the dialogue similarly, while others come from
different regions. The information below will display different words with
related meanings. The morphological component of language is
highlighted in this context because it accounts for the majority of the data
in the form of dialogue translations, with records being used for the
 remainder. Although it can be analyzed, there is not enough data to make
an observation.

4. METODE
This analysis study employs a descriptive qualitative methodology
because it clarifies a social event that the author used as the basis for the
analysis. The writer views this approach as being crucial because it will
demonstrate an explanation for a phenomenon that is understood in the
context and philosophy of writing. Naturally, the author employs a
hermeneutic approach in conducting this research because this paper
analysis will be studied by exegesis of the contents and adjusting to the
events that were taking place at the time. The author also uses listening
skills to participate in the discussion. With this method, information is
gathered by having a conversation with an informant. The author uses this
strategy to ensure that the Javanese-speaking community of Jember is still
using the information obtained through introspective reflection.

5. FINDING AND DISCUSSION

Phonemes that East Java dialects have there are 26 pieces, that the
number of phonemes consists of 6 vowels; /i/, /e/, /a/, /ә/, /o/, /u/, and 20
consonants; /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/, /t/, /d/, /s/, /n/, /r/, /l/, /ṭ/, /ḍ/, /c/, /j/, /y/, /ñ/,
/k/, /g/, /η/ and /h/. Additionally, the East Javanese dialect has allophones
for some vowel phonemes. Allophones are variations on a phoneme's
sound. The phoneme /i/ has the allophones [i] /milli/ [milli] and [I] /select/
[mIlIh], among other phonemes, which have allophones. b) The
allophones [e] /dewe/ [dewe] and [] /melu [mlu] exist for the phoneme /e/.
c) The allophones [a] /ngawe/ [awe] and [] /tiba/ [tib] exist for the
phoneme /a/. d) The phoneme [o] /obat/ has allophones. e) The phoneme
"u" has the allophones "u" "mburi" "tuku" and "U" "payung" "payU"
To differentiate between a phoneme in a word component that
serves as a meaning differentiator, minimal pairs are used in the study of
phonology. This allows for the later determination of the distinct vowel
and consonant sounds of each phoneme. Javanese minimum expressions
include mlaku [mlaku] and mlayu [mlayu]. With the exception of the
phoneme /k/ in mlaku, which is different from the phoneme /y/ in mlayu,
the two words have the same constituents, making it easy to identify. Free
variation is the pronunciation of sounds within a word that differ
phonetically but not discriminatorily.

6. CONCLUTION
 Therefore, there must be variations among dialects. Likewise
between dialects in East and Central Java. Geographical factors have the
most impact on this differentiation. This study's discovery of similar
dialectal words in particular regions is evidence for it. The preceding
explanation of the minimum pair form, distribution, and free variation
highlights the significance of East Java dialect phonemes at the beginning,
middle, and end of a word. This example demonstrates how distinct
sounds can help to distinguish between different meanings in words or
morphemes.

7. REFERENCE
Wordbank Ltd. (n.d.). Javanese.Translation Directory. Retrieved from
http://www.translationdirectory.com/article724.htm
Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. 1983.Kamus bahasa
Indonesia, Volume 2.Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa,
Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan:Jakarta.
Muthoharoh, A. (11 January 2013). TOLAK UKUR DIALEKTOLOGI.
Retrieved from
http://aliyahmuthoharoh-fib09.web.unair.ac.id/index.html
Rambu Anarki, I. (25 March 2010). Ragam Bahasa. Retrieved from
http://makuliye.wordpress.com/
Maulana, P. (n.d.). Bahasa dan Dialek : Pengertian, Kesamaan,
Keanekaragaman, Perbedaan,Fungsi, Tradisi Lisan, Mitos,
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http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/
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Penggolongan sosial,Padangan hidup, kepercayaan dan watak.
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