Principles Of Communication system

IPCC (BEC402) Lab anual

4th SEMESTER, EVEN 2024

Prepared by
1
Dr. Asha M, 2Dr.Raghavendra Y M & 3Nalina H D
1
Assistant Professor,2Associate Professor, 3Assistant Professor
Dept of ECE
GSSSIETW, Mysuru
VISION

"To foster professional level competence in all areas of Electronics and Communication
Engineering and to benchmark the Department as a centre for nurturing Women Engineers
in the Country"

MISSION
M1: To impart value based Technical education and training.

M2: To impart Theoretical Knowledge, Practical Knowledge and Entrepreneurship Skills.

M3: Fostering culture of innovation and research for development of society.

M4: To sensitize the Students regarding Social, Moral and Professional ethics.

M5: To provide industry standard certifications on skills to enhance students knowledge

make them prepared for placements

Program Educational Objective’s

PEO 1: To inculcate students to excel in professional career and/or higher education by

acquiring knowledge in the field of Electronics and Communication.

PEO 2: To make the students capable of managing their profession based on existing as well
as new emerging technologies in the area of Electronics and Communication
Engineering.

PEO 3: To Produce Technically competent graduates with Ability to analyse, design,

develop, optimise and implement Electronics and Communication systems.

PEO 4: To prepare the students to be able to exhibit professionalism, ethical attitude,

communication skills, team work in their profession and to adapt to current trends by
engaging in life-long learning
 PCS Lab manual

1. Basic Signals and Signal Graphing: a) unit Step, b) Rectangular, c) standard triangle
d) sinusoidal and e) Exponential signal.
// Define the time vector
t = -5:0.01:5;

// Define rectangular pulse function

function rect=rectangular_pulse(t, width, amplitude)
rect = amplitude * ((t >= -width/2) & (t <= width/2));
endfunction
// Set parameters for the rectangular signal
width = 2; // Width of the pulse
amplitude = 1; // Amplitude of the pulse
// Calculate rectangular signal
rect_signal = rectangular_pulse(t, width, amplitude);

// Plot rectangular signal

plot(t, rect_signal, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Rectangular Pulse Signal')
xlabel('t')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on
• t = -5:0.01:5; creates a time vector t ranging from -5 to 5 with a step size of 0.01 seconds.
• rectangular_pulse(t, width, amplitude) is a function that generates a rectangular pulse signal.
The signal is amplitude when t is within the range [-width/2, width/2] and 0 otherwise.
• width = 2; and amplitude = 1; specify the width and amplitude of the rectangular pulse. You
can adjust these parameters based on your requirements.
• rect_signal = rectangular_pulse(t, width, amplitude); computes the rectangular signal for
the time vector t using the specified width and amplitude.
• plot(t, rect_signal, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2) plots the rectangular signal (rect_signal) against time
(t) using a red ('r') solid line with a line width of 2. Axes labels (xlabel, ylabel) and a title
(title) are added to the plot, and the grid is turned on (grid on) for better visualization.
To run this script:
• Open SciLab
• Copy and paste the above script into the SciLab console.
• Execute the script
• The plot window will display the rectangular pulse signal with the specified width and amplitude over
the time range from -5 to 5 seconds.
• Modify the width and amplitude parameters as needed to generate different rectangular pulse signals.
Adjust the time range (t) and step size (0.01) to change the resolution and duration of the plot according
to your requirements.

Sinusoidal wave
clc ;
close ;
clear ;
f =100;
Fs =44000; // s am pli n g f r e q u e n c y
t =0:1/ Fs :.02; // 2 c y c l e s o nl y
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 PCS Lab manual

y = sin (2* %pi* f* t);

plot (y);
title ( ’Sinewave’ )
xlabel ( ’samplenumber’ ) ;
ylabel ( ’amplitude’ ) ;

Exponential Wave
// Define the time vector and Assuming only positive time for exponential decay
t = 0:0.01:5;
// Define exponential signal function
function expo=exponential_signal(t, decay_constant, amplitude)
expo = amplitude * exp(-decay_constant * t);
endfunction

// Set parameters for the exponential signal

decay_constant = 0.5; // Decay constant (controls the rate of decay)
amplitude = 1; // Amplitude of the exponential signal

// Calculate exponential signal

expo_signal = exponential_signal(t, decay_constant, amplitude);

// Plot exponential signal

plot(t, expo_signal, 'm', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Exponential Signal')
xlabel('t')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on
• t = 0:0.01:5; creates a time vector t ranging from 0 to 5 with a step size of 0.01 seconds. We
assume only positive time for an exponential decay.
• exponential_signal(t, decay_constant, amplitude) is a function that generates an
exponential decay signal. The signal is defined as amplitude * exp(-decay_constant * t).

• decay_constant = 0.5; and amplitude = 1; specify the decay constant and amplitude of the
exponential signal. You can adjust these parameters based on your requirements.

• expo_signal = exponential_signal(t, decay_constant, amplitude); computes the

exponential decay signal for the time vector t using the specified decay_constant and
amplitude.
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• plot(t, expo_signal, 'm', 'LineWidth', 2) plots the exponential decay signal (expo_signal)
against time (t) using a magenta ('m') solid line with a line width of 2. Axes labels (xlabel,
ylabel) and a title (title) are added to the plot, and the grid is turned on (grid on) for better
visualization

• Open SciLab.
• Copy and paste the above script into the SciLab console.
• Execute the script.
• The plot window will display the exponential decay signal with the specified decay constant
and amplitude over the time range from 0 to 5 seconds.

modify the decay_constant and amplitude parameters to generate different exponential decay
signals. Adjust the time range (t) and step size (0.01) to change the resolution and duration of the
plot according to your requirements. This example demonstrates how to define and plot an
exponential decay signal using SciLab.

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 PCS Lab manual

2. Illustration of signal representation in time and frequency domains for a

rectangular pulse.
// Define the time vector
t = -5:0.01:5;

// Define rectangular pulse function

function rect=rectangular_pulse(t, width, amplitude)
rect = amplitude * ((t >= -width/2) & (t <= width/2));
endfunction
// Set parameters for the rectangular signal
width = 2; // Width of the pulse
amplitude = 1; // Amplitude of the pulse
// Calculate rectangular signal
rect_signal = rectangular_pulse(t, width, amplitude);

// Plot rectangular signal

plot(t, rect_signal, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Rectangular Pulse Signal')
xlabel('t')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on
• t = -5:0.01:5; creates a time vector t ranging from -5 to 5 with a step size of 0.01 seconds.
• rectangular_pulse(t, width, amplitude) is a function that generates a rectangular pulse signal.
The signal is amplitude when t is within the range [-width/2, width/2] and 0 otherwise.
• width = 2; and amplitude = 1; specify the width and amplitude of the rectangular pulse. You
can adjust these parameters based on your requirements.
• rect_signal = rectangular_pulse(t, width, amplitude); computes the rectangular signal for
the time vector t using the specified width and amplitude.
• plot(t, rect_signal, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2) plots the rectangular signal (rect_signal) against time
(t) using a red ('r') solid line with a line width of 2. Axes labels (xlabel, ylabel) and a title
(title) are added to the plot, and the grid is turned on (grid on) for better visualization.
To run this script:
• Open SciLab
• Copy and paste the above script into the SciLab console.
• Execute the script
• The plot window will display the rectangular pulse signal with the specified width and amplitude over
the time range from -5 to 5 seconds.
• Modify the width and amplitude parameters as needed to generate different rectangular pulse signals.
Adjust the time range (t) and step size (0.01) to change the resolution and duration of the plot according
to your requirements.

Square wave
clc;
clear;
close;
f =100;
Fs =44000; // s am pli n g f r e q u e n c y
t =0:1/ Fs :.02; // 2 c y c l e s o nl y

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 PCS Lab manual

y = squarewave (2* %pi * f * t ) ;

plot (y);
xlabel ('time');
ylabel ('amplitude');

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 PCS Lab manual

3. Amplitude Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant

signals and its spectrums.
clc;
clear;
close;
fm =3; // Message freq
fc =20; // Carrier freq
fs =100;
t=0:1/ fs :3;
p= length ( t);
am=input('enter the message signal amplitude=');
ac=input('enter the carrier signal amplitude(ac>am)=');

msg=am* cos (2* %pi* fm* t);

figure(1);
subplot (3,2,1);
plot(t, msg);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('Message signal');

// C a r r i e r S i g n a l g e n e r a t i o n
carrier=ac* cos (2* %pi* fc* t);
subplot (3,2,2);
plot(t, carrier);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('carrier signal');
ka =1/ac;
u=ka* am;
disp(u,'the modulation index is');

// Amplitude Modulation Ge n e ra t io n
am_mod =(1+ ka .* msg).* carrier;
subplot (3,2,3);
plot(t,am_mod);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('amplitude modulated signal');

// Frqeuncy Spectrum
d=(- p /2:1: p /2 -1) *1/3; // In d e xin g
subplot (3,2,4);
plot(d, abs(fftshift( fft( am_mod ))));// FOURIER TRANSFORM OF MODULATED SIGNAL
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('AM signal spectrum');

// Demodulation o f AM S i g n a l
demod = am_mod .* carrier;
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k= abs( fft( demod ));

filt=[ones(1 ,4* fm), zeros(1 ,p -4* fm)];
out=k.* filt;
subplot (3 ,2 ,5);
plot(t, ifft( out));
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('demodulated message');

Output
enter the message signal amplitude=2
enter the carrier signal amplitude(ac>am)=5
The modulation index is 0.4

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 PCS Lab manual

4.Frequency Modulation and demodulation: Generation and display the relevant

signals and its spectrums.
clc;
clear;
close;
fs =300;
t=0:1/ fs :2;
p= length( t);
fm=input('enter the message signal frequency=');
fc=input('enter the carrier signal frequency(fc>>>fm)=');
am=input('enter the message signal amplitude=');
ac=input('enter the carrier signal amplitude=');
msg=am* cos (2* %pi* fm* t);
figure(1);
subplot (4,1,1);
plot(t, msg);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('Message signal');

// C a r r i e r Signalgeneration
carrier=ac* cos (2* %pi* fc* t);
subplot (4,1,2);
plot(t, carrier);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('carrier signal');
kf =4;
mod_index =( kf* am)/ fm;
disp(mod_index,'the modulation index is');
// Amplitude Modulation Ge n e ra t io n

fm_mod =ac* cos ((2* %pi* fc* t) +( mod_index .* sin (2* %pi* fm* t)));
subplot (4,1,3);
plot(t,fm_mod);
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('frequency modulated signal');

// Frqeuncy Spectrum
d=(- p /2:1: p /2 -1) *1/3; // In d e xin g

subplot (4,1,4);
plot(d, abs(fftshift( fft( fm_mod ))));// FOURIER TRANSFORM OF MODULATED SIGNAL
xlabel('frequency');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('fm signal spectrum');
OUTPUT:
enter the message signal frequency=5
enter the carrier signal frequency(fc>>>fm)=20

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 PCS Lab manual
enter the message signal amplitude=4
enter the carrier signal amplitude=5
The modulation index is= 3.2

enter the message signal frequency=3

enter the carrier signal frequency(fc>>>fm)=20
enter the message signal amplitude=4
enter the carrier signal amplitude=7
"The modulation index is" 5.3333333

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 PCS Lab manual

5.Sampling and reconstruction of low pass signals. Display the signals and its spectrum.
clc;
clear all;
close all;
tfinal=0.05;
t=0:0.00005:tfinal;
fd=input('Enter analog frequency=');
xt=cos(2*%pi*fd*t);

//simulate condition for undersampling i.e., fs1<2*fd

fs1=1.3*fd;
n1=0:1/fs1:tfinal;
xn=cos(2*%pi*n1*fd);

//plot the analog & sampled signals

subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,xt,'b',n1,xn,'r*-');
title('undersampling plot');

//condition for Nyquist plot

fs2=2*fd;
n2=0:1/fs2:tfinal;
xn=cos(2*%pi*fd*n2);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,xt,'b',n2,xn,'r*-');
title('Nyquist plot');

//condition for oversampling

fs3=5*fd;
n3=0:1/fs3:tfinal;
xn=cos(2*%pi*fd*n3);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,xt,'b',n3,xn,'r*-');
xlabel('time');
ylabel('amplitude');
title('Oversampling plot');

OUTPUT: Enter analog frequency=100

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OUTPUT: Enter analog frequency=100

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 PCS Lab manual

6.Time Division Multiplexing and demultiplexing.

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used in telecommunications and digital
communication systems to transmit multiple signals over a single communication channel by
allocating each signal a different time slot. Demultiplexing is the process of separating these
multiplexed signals back into their original components at the receiving end.

Let's create a SciLab program to demonstrate Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing using a
simple example with two signals.In this program:

• We define a time vector t ranging from 0 to 10 seconds with a step size of 0.01 seconds.
• Two example signals (signal1 and signal2) are created as a sine wave and a cosine wave,
respectively.
• The Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) operation combines signal1 and signal2 into a single
TDM signal (tdm_signal).
// Define the time vector and signals
t = 0:0.01:10; // Time vector
//Define signals
signal1 = 2 * sin(2 * %pi * 1 * t); // Example signal 1 (sine wave)
signal2 = 3 * cos(2 * %pi * 2 * t); // Example signal 2 (cosine wave)
signal3 = 3 * cos(2 * %pi * 3 * t); // Example signal 2 (cosine wave)

// Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

tdm_signal = signal1 + signal2; // Combined TDM signal

// Plot the original signals and the TDM signal

clf // Clear existing figure
subplot(4, 1, 1)
plot(t, signal1, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Signal 1 (Sine Wave)')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
//grid on

subplot(4, 1, 2)
plot(t, signal2, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Signal 2 (Cosine Wave)')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
//grid on

subplot(4, 1, 3)
plot(t, signal3, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Signal 3 (Cosine Wave)')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
//grid on

subplot(4, 1, 4)
plot(t, tdm_signal, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('TDM Signal (Multiplexed)')
xlabel('Time')
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ylabel('Amplitude')
//grid on
// Demultiplexing function
function [demux_signal1, demux_signal2, demux_signal3]=time_demultiplex(tdm_signal,
signal_length)
demux_signal1 = tdm_signal .* sin(2 * %pi * 1 * tdm_signal) / signal_length;
demux_signal2 = tdm_signal .* cos(2 * %pi * 2 * tdm_signal) / signal_length;
demux_signal3 = tdm_signal .* cos(2 * %pi * 3 * tdm_signal) / signal_length;
endfunction

// Demultiplexing the TDM signal

[demux_signal1, demux_signal2, demux_signal3] = time_demultiplex(tdm_signal, length(t));

// Plot the demultiplexed signals

figure
subplot(3, 1, 1)
plot(t, demux_signal1, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Demultiplexed Signal 1 (Recovered Sine Wave)')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
//grid on

subplot(3, 1, 2)
plot(t, demux_signal2, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Demultiplexed Signal 2 (Recovered Cosine Wave)')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
//grid on

subplot(3, 1, 3)
plot(t, demux_signal3, 'y', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Demultiplexed Signal 3 (Recovered Cosine Wave)')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
//grid on
• Open SciLab
• Copy and paste the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) program into the SciLab console and execute it.
• Copy and paste the Time Division Demultiplexing (TDD) program into the SciLab console and execute it
after running the TDM program.

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• The first set of plots will show the original signals (signal1 and signal2) and the combined TDM signal
(tdm_signal

The second set of plots will show the demultiplexed signals (demux_signal1 and demux_signal2),
which should ideally resemble the original sine wave and cosine wave.
modify the example signals (signal1 and signal2), time vector (t), and the TDM/Demultiplexing
functions to experiment with different scenarios and understand the concept of Time Division
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing using SciLab.

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 PCS Lab manual

8. Generate a)NRZ, RZ and Raised cosine pulse

// Function to generate Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) line code waveform
function nrz_signal=generate_nrz(binary_sequence, bit_duration, amplitude)
nrz_signal = [];
for bit = binary_sequence
if bit == 1 then
nrz_signal = [nrz_signal ones(1, bit_duration)];
else
nrz_signal = [nrz_signal -ones(1, bit_duration)];
end
end
nrz_signal = amplitude * nrz_signal; // Scale the signal by the specified amplitude
endfunction
// Define parameters
bit_duration = 100; // Duration of each bit (in samples)
amplitude = 1; // Amplitude of the NRZ signal

// Define a binary sequence (example)

binary_sequence = [1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1];

// Generate NRZ signal based on the binary sequence

nrz_signal = generate_nrz(binary_sequence, bit_duration, amplitude);

// Define the time vector corresponding to the signal

t = 0:(length(binary_sequence) * bit_duration) - 1; // Time vector for the entire sequence

// Plot the NRZ signal waveform

plot(t, nrz_signal, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) Line Code')
xlabel('Time (Samples)')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on

• The generate_nrz function takes a binary sequence (binary_sequence), bit duration (bit_duration),
and amplitude (amplitude) as inputs.
• The function iterates through each bit in the binary_sequence and generates the corresponding NRZ
signal. A logical 1 is represented by a positive pulse (+1 for bit_duration samples), and a logical
0 is represented by a negative pulse (-1 for bit_duration samples.
• The resulting NRZ signal is scaled by the specified amplitude.
• We then define a time vector t that spans the entire duration of the binary sequence, calculated as 0
to (length(binary_sequence) * bit_duration) - 1 samples.
• Finally, we plot the NRZ signal waveform (nrz_signal) against time (t)

• Open SciLab
• Copy and paste the above script into the SciLab console
• Execute the script
• The plot window will display the NRZ line code waveform based on the provided binary sequence
(binary_sequence), bit duration (bit_duration), and amplitude (amplitude).
• modify the binary_sequence, bit_duration, and amplitude parameters in the script to generate
different NRZ waveforms and observe their characteristics. This example demonstrates how to
generate and plot an NRZ line code waveform using SciLab.

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// Function to generate Return to Zero (RZ) line code waveform

function rz_signal=generate_rz(binary_sequence, bit_duration, amplitude)

rz_signal = [];
for bit = binary_sequence
if bit == 1 then
pulse = [ones(1, bit_duration/2) zeros(1, bit_duration/2)]; // Positive pulse for '1'
else
pulse = [-ones(1, bit_duration/2) zeros(1, bit_duration/2)]; // Negative pulse for '0'
end
rz_signal = [rz_signal pulse];
end
rz_signal = amplitude * rz_signal; // Scale the signal by the specified amplitude
endfunction

// Define parameters
bit_duration = 100; // Duration of each bit (in samples)
amplitude = 1; // Amplitude of the RZ signal
// Define a binary sequence (example)
binary_sequence = [1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1];

// Generate RZ signal based on the binary sequence

rz_signal = generate_rz(binary_sequence, bit_duration, amplitude);

// Define the time vector corresponding to the signal

t = 0:(length(binary_sequence) * bit_duration) - 1; // Time vector for the entire sequence

// Plot the RZ signal waveform

plot(t, rz_signal, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Return to Zero (RZ) Line Code')
xlabel('Time (Samples)')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on
The generate_rz function takes a binary sequence ( binary_sequence), bit duration (bit_duration), and
amplitude (amplitude) as inputs.

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For each bit in the binary_sequence, the function generates a pulse waveform (pulse) based on the bit
value (1 or 0). A logical 1 is represented by a positive pulse (positive values followed by zeros), and a
logical 0 is represented by a negative pulse (negative values followed by zeros).
The resulting RZ signal is constructed by concatenating these pulse waveforms ( pulse) for each bit in
the sequence.
The entire RZ signal is then scaled by the specified amplitude
We define a time vector t that spans the entire duration of the binary sequence, calculated as 0 to
(length(binary_sequence) * bit_duration) - 1 samples.

Finally , We plot the RZ signal waveform (rz_signal) against time (t)

• Open SciLab
• Copy and paste the above script into the SciLab console
• Execute the script
• The plot window will display the Return to Zero (RZ) line code waveform based on the
provided binary sequence (binary_sequence), bit duration (bit_duration), and amplitude
(amplitude).
modify the binary_sequence, bit_duration, and amplitude parameters in the script to generate different
RZ waveforms and observe their characteristics. This example demonstrates how to generate and plot
a Return to Zero (RZ) line code waveform using SciLab.
// Function to generate Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) waveform

function rcp_signal=generate_rcp(t, alpha, T)

rcp_signal = (sinc(t/T) .* cos(%pi * alpha * t / T)) ./ (1 - (2 * alpha * t / T).^2);
rcp_signal(abs(t) > T/(2*alpha)) = 0; // Truncate outside the pulse duration
endfunction
// Define parameters for the Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP)
alpha = 0.5; // Roll-off factor (0 <= alpha <= 1)
T = 20; // Pulse duration (samples)
// Define the time vector for the RCP signal (choose an appropriate range based on T and alpha)
t = linspace(-T, T, 1000); // Time vector covering the pulse duration

// Generate the Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) signal

rcp_signal = generate_rcp(t, alpha, T);

// Plot the Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) waveform

plot(t, rcp_signal, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2)
title('Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) Waveform')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Amplitude')
grid on

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To generate and plot a Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) waveform using SciLab, we'll define a function to generate
the RCP signal based on specified parameters such as the roll-off factor (alpha) and pulse duration ( T). We'll
then plot the waveform to visualize its shape. Below is a complete SciLab script that demonstrates this:

The generate_rcp function takes a time vector t, roll-off factor alpha, and pulse duration T as inputs.
Inside the function, the RCP signal is computed using the formula.

This represents the shape of the Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) waveform.
The rcp_signal is truncated outside the pulse duration (-T to T) by setting values to zero where |t| >
T/(2*alph).

We define a time vector t that covers the range from -T to T with a suitable number of samples (e.g.,
1000 samples) to capture the pulse waveform.

The Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) signal (rcp_signal) is generated based on the specified parameters
(alpha and T).
Finally, we plot the RCP waveform (rcp_signal) against time (t) to visualize the shape of the pulse.
• Open SciLab
• Copy and paste the above script into the SciLab console and Execute the script .
• The plot window will display the Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) waveform based on the specified
roll-off factor (alpha) and pulse duration (T).
• Adjust the parameters (alpha and T) in the script to generate different shapes of the
Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) waveform and observe their characteristics. This example
demonstrates how to generate and plot a Raised Cosine Pulse (RCP) waveform using SciLab.

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 INSTITUTION VISION & MISSION

Vision
"To become a recognized world class Women Educational Institution, by
imparting professional education to the students, creating technical
opportunities through academic excellence and technical achievements,with
ethical values"

Mission
• To support value based education with state of art infrastructure.
•To empower women with the additional skill for professional future career.
• To enrich students with research blends in order to fulfill the International
Challenges.
•To create multidisciplinary center of excellence.
• To achieve Accreditation standards towards International education
recognition.
•To establish more Post Graduate & Research course.
• To increase Doctorates numbers towards the Research quality of academics.