Senior High School

General Biology 1
Module 11:
Major Features of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle,
Electron Transport System

LU_General Biology 1_Module11

AIRs - LM
 GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
Module 11: Major Features of Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport System
Second Edition, 2021

Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division
Region I

All rights reserved. No part of this module may be reproduced in any form without written
permission from the copyright owners.

Development Team of the Module

Author: Emilia V. Vizcarra

Editor: SDO La Union, Learning Resource Quality Assurance Team
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Schools Division Superintendent
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LU_General Biology 1_Module11

 Senior High School

General Biology 1
Module 11:
Major Features of Glycolysis, Krebs
Cycle, Electron Transport System

LU_General Biology 1_Module11

 Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Target

Cellular respiration is considered the most important energy-producing

process that occurs in living cells. It involves pathways to release the energy stored
in glucose for cellular metabolic processes.

In your previous lesson, you learned about the major features and the
sequence of chemical events of cellular respiration.

This module will provide you with information and activities that will help
you distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
system, and chemiosmosis. It also highlights reactions that produce and consume
ATP.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron
transport system, and chemiosmosis (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-j-8) and
2. describe reactions that produce and consume ATP (STEM_BIO11/12-IIa-
j-9)
Learning objectives:
a. identify major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron
transport system, and chemiosmosis;
b. differentiate glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, and
chemiosmosis based on major features; and
c. describe reactions that produce and consume ATP.

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PRETEST

Direction: Read carefully each question. Choose the letter of your BEST answer and
write on a separate sheet of paper.

1 Read carefully each item. Write only the letter of the best answer for each test item
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which process results in the formation of pyruvic acid?

A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system
C. glycolysis D. Krebs cycle

2. Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system
C. glycolysis D. Krebs cycle

3. Which process uses ATP?

A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system
C. glycolysis D. Krebs cycle

4. Which process uses a chain of electron acceptors?

A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system
C. Krebs cycle D. pyruvate conversion

5. Which of the following best describes chemiosmosis? Chemiosmosis ________.

A. is the process of forming NADH
B. is the entry of acetyl coenzyme A in the mitochondria
C. the breaking of a glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
D. is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane-bound
structure, down their electrochemical gradient

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 Jumpstart

Cells respire. Cellular respiration involves major events to generate the energy
needed to sustain life.

Activity 1: Me and My Distinct Feature

Directions: Select the letter of the word that fits in each of the following energy-
generating processes (glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, and
chemiosmosis).

A. Breaks a glucose molecule

B. Makes use of ATP synthase
C. Uses a chain of electron acceptors and carriers
D. Has CO2 as a by-product

3.Electron
1.Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle Transport 4.chemiosmos
System

Discover

A Series of energy-producing processes are involved in the production of

energy molecules and other by-products. Moreover, molecules of ATP are also used
in the initial process of cellular respiration.

Each process i n cellular respiration has distinct features that distinguish

one from the other.

Glycolysis
Digestion results in the formation of glucose. Glucose is the source of energy
for living cells. However, glucose must be converted to Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP) first so that it can fuel the metabolic processes in cells. ATP is the energy
currency of cells.

Glycolysis is the first step in cellular respiration that results in the

breakdown of glucose to draw energy for cellular metabolism. Almost all organisms

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carry out glycolysis as part of their metabolism. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
undergo glycolysis. Glycolysis is anaerobic which means oxygen is not needed in
the process. It takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Glycolysis is a series of reactions that converts glucose molecules into pyruvic

acid. The process begins with the six-carbon ring-shaped structure of a single glucose
molecule and ends with two molecules of a three-carbon sugar called pyruvic acid or
pyruvate. Glycolysis initially uses two ATP molecules as an energy source and
produces four ATP molecules and two NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
molecules in the latter stage. The process results in a net gain of two ATP molecules
and two molecules of NADH.

The following sequence of events takes place in glycolysis. Enzymes catalyzed

these reactions (Figure 1 and Figure 2).
1. The six-carbon sugar (glucose) is converted to glucose-6-phosphate with
the enzyme hexokinase. One ATP is used in the process.
2. Glucose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-6-phosphate with the
enzyme isomerase.
3. Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6- bisphosphate
with the enzyme phosphofructokinase. The second ATP molecule is used.
4. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is converted to two three-carbon
isomers: dihydroxyacetone-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate
with the enzyme aldolase.
5. Transformation of the dihydroxyacetone-phosphate into its isomer,
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate with an isomerase enzyme. At this point in
the pathway, there is a net investment of energy from two ATP molecules
in the breakdown of one glucose molecule.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org
Figure 1. Energy-Requiring Stages of Glycolysis

6. Oxidation of the sugar glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to extract high-energy

electrons, which are picked up by the electron carrier NAD + , producing
NADH.
7. Phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by the addition of a second
phosphate group, producing 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate.

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 8. Remaining phosphate group in 3-phosphoglycerate moves from the third
carbon to the second carbon, producing
4 2-phosphoglycerate. A mutase
(isomerase) catalyzes this step.
9. 2-phosphoglycerate loses water from its structure; this is a dehydration
reaction, resulting in the formation of a double bond that increases the
potential energy in the remaining phosphate bond and produces
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). Enolase catalyzes this step.
10. The last step in glycolysis is catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate kinase
(the enzyme, in this case, is named for the reverse reaction of pyruvate’s
conversion into PEP) and results in the production of a second ATP molecule
by substrate level phosphorylation and the compound pyruvic acid (or its
salt form, pyruvate).

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org

Figure 2. Energy-Producing Stages of Glycolysis

Glycolysis can be summarized in figure 3. As shown in the figure, it has 2

phases, the energy investment phase, and the energy payoff phase. Initially, glucose
is converted to fructose diphosphate with the help of enzymes. Two ATP molecules
are used in the process. Then fructose diphosphate splits into two glyceraldehyde 3-
phosphate which then forms into two pyruvic acid or pyruvate. In the process, four
ATP molecules and two molecules of NADH are formed. Glycolysis has a net of two
ATP molecules since two molecules of ATP were used in the initial stage.

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 Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org
Figure 3. Glycolysis
For a better understanding of the breakdown of glucose by glycolysis, visit
this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/ l/glycolysis) and see the process in
action.

Oxidation of Pyruvate

If oxygen is sufficient, aerobic respiration takes place. Pyruvate

molecules that are produced in glycolysis enter mitochondria, the sites of
cellular respiration. Pyruvate is converted into an acetyl group within the
mitochondrial matrix, which is picked up and activated by a carrier compound
called coenzyme A (CoA). The compound resulting from this is called acetyl CoA.
The cell can use Acetyl CoA in a number of ways, but its main function is to
deliver the pyruvate-derived acetyl group to the next stage of the glucose
catabolism pathway which is the Krebs cycle. This process also generates
carbon dioxide and NADH. Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cyclel/Tricarboxylic Acid
Cycle (TAC)

Refer to Figure 4 understand better the following steps in the Krebs Cycle

1. Condensation of Acetyl CoA (two-carbon acetyl group) by combining with

oxaloacetate to form a six-carbon molecule of citrate or citric acid.
2. Citrate loses one water molecule and gains another to form its isomer,
isocitrate.
3. Oxidation of isocitrate to produce a five-carbon molecule, α-
ketoglutarate. A molecule of CO2 and NADH are formed.
4. CoA binds with the succinyl group to form succinyl CoA. In the next step, a
phosphate group is substituted for coenzyme A, and a high-energy bond is
formed. This energy is used in substrate-level phosphorylation (during the
conversion of the succinyl group to succinate) to form either guanine
triphosphate (GTP) or ATP.

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5. Succinate is converted to fumarate. Two hydrogen atoms are transferred to FAD,
producing FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide).
6. Water is added to fumarate to form malate.
7. Malate is oxidized to regenerate oxaloacetate. Another molecule of
NADH is produced in the process.

The Citric Acid Cycle is a metabolic pathway involving biochemical reactions

which produce NADH, carbon dioxide, ATP, and FADH 2. NADH and FADH2 are
electron carriers that will be used in the next step of cellular respiration. The cycle
takes place in the inner matrix of mitochondria.

For a better understanding of the citric acid cycle, visit this site

(http://openstaxcollege.org/l/krebs_cycle) and see the process in action.

Source: https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@14.1:
rZudN6XP@4/Introduction
Figure 4. Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport System/Electron Transport Chain

The last part of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain and it
is the only part of glucose metabolism that uses atmospheric oxygen. It exists
in the mitochondria's inner membrane. In this step, high-energy electrons
within NADH and FADH2 will be transferred to a group of mitochondrial
membrane-bound enzymes, collectively known as the electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain is a set of electron carriers that exist in an ordered
form. The system or chain includes Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and
Complex IV. Ubiquinone(Q) and Cytochrome C are included in the system.
Electrons move through carrier molecules in a series of exergonic redox
reactions. It is composed of an enzymatic sequence of electron donors and
acceptors. Each electron donor transfers electrons to a more electronegative
acceptor, which gives these electrons to another acceptor in turn. NADH passes
its electrons to Complex I while FADH 2 passes its electrons to Complex II in
the chain then passed on to the next protein and so on. As these occur, their

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 energy is used in the inner membrane to pump H + ions to the intermembrane
space, forming an electrochemical gradient.

Oxygen, the most electronegative acceptor in the chain, is the final

acceptor, which then forms a molecule of water with free H + ions.
Oxygen, the most electronegative acceptor in the chain, is the final
acceptor, which then forms a molecule of water with free H + ions.

Source: https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@14.1:
rZudN6XP@4/Introduction
Figure 4. Electron Transport System

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis is an event that proceeds after what takes place in the electron
transport chain. In chemiosmosis, the free energy from the series of redox reactions
is used to pump hydrogen ions (protons) across the membrane. It occurs in the
inner mitochondrial membrane. The uneven distribution of H+ ions across the
membrane establishes both concentration and electrical gradients (thus, an
electrochemical gradient), owing to the hydrogen ions’ positive charge and their
aggregation on one side of the membrane. If the membrane were open to diffusion
by the hydrogen ions, the ions would tend to diffuse back across into the matrix,
driven by their electrochemical gradient. Recall that many ions cannot diffuse
through the nonpolar regions of phospholipid membranes without the aid of ion
channels. Similarly, hydrogen ions in the matrix space can only pass through the
inner mitochondrial membrane through an integral membrane protein called ATP
synthase. This complex protein acts as a tiny generator, turned by the force of the
hydrogen ions diffusing through it, down their electrochemical gradient. The turning
of parts of this molecular machine facilitates the addition of a phosphate to ADP,
forming ATP, using the potential energy of the hydrogen ion gradient. Since ADP
uses the energy of hydrogen oxidation to phosphorylate ATP, the entire process is
known as oxidative phosphorylation.

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 8

Source: https://cnx.org/contents/GFy_h8cu@14.1:
rZudN6XP@4/Introduction
Figure 5. Chemiosmosis and ATP Synthesis
Visit this site (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/electron_transp) to see an animation
of the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis

Figure 5 shows a summary of the whole process of cellular respiration. The

process includes glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport
Chain

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org
Figure 6. Cellular Respiration

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 Explore

Enrichment Activity 1
Directions: Complete the table below. Select the correct answer from the
given set of terms. You may use the terms more than once. Answers for the
categories may exceed one.

ATP CO2 Cytoplasm FADH2

Glucose H2O Mitochondria NADH
Nucleus Oxygen Pyruvic Acetyl CoA
acid/Pyruvate

STEP Glycolysis Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Electro

Cycle n
Transp
Location in the cell 1. 2. 3.
ort
where it occurs Chain
Reactant/s 4. 5. 6. 7.
Product/s 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Enrichment Activity 2

Create your own Venn Diagram to distinguish Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and
Electron Transport System.

Enrichment Activity 3

Directions: Select one of the three major stages of cellular respiration and
prepare your diagram to show the major events or features of the process.
Excellent Good Fair P
4 3 2 o1
Content Diagram Diagram Diagram or
Diagram lacks
includes all includes some includes few the
necessary and necessary and necessary
necessary
correct correct and correct
features features features features.
Organization Diagram is Diagram is Diagram is Incorrect
Diagram is
and well-organized organized and fairly poorly
features
Presentation and with with good organized are
constructed
excellent presentation and included
presentation presented

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 Deepen

At this point, you are now ready to create a story of how glucose is converted
into different molecules inside the cell with ATP as the main product. Be sure to
include the features of the process.

Grading Rubric
Excellent Good Fair P
4 3 2 o1
Content Content Content Content Contento lacks
includes all some includes few r
the necessary
correct features features features.
features Incorrect
features are
included
Organization The story is The story is The story is a Ideas and
very well pretty well scenes
organized. organized. little hard to
follow. The seem
Clear One idea or
transitions scene may transitions are to be
are used. seem out of sometimes not rando
place. Clear clear. mly
transitions arran
are used. ged.

Gauge

Directions: Read carefully each item and select the correct answer from the given
choices. Use a separate sheet for your answers. Write only the letter of the best
answer for each test item.
1. Which process uses glucose to produce pyruvic acid?
A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system
C. glycolysis D. Krebs cycle
2. Which of the following processes DOES NOT take place in the mitochondria of
the cell?
A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system
C. glycolysis D. Krebs cycle
3. Which set of processes occurs when there is a supply of oxygen?
A. glycolysis, chemiosmosis, Krebs cycle
B. electron transport system, Krebs cycle, glycolysis
C. chemiosmosis, glycolysis, electron transport chain
D. glycolysis, electron transport chain, Krebs cycle
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4. Which process uses NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP?
A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system
C. glycolysis D. Krebs cycle
5. Which of the following processes is described as the movement of ions across a
semipermeable membrane-bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient?
A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system
C. glycolysis D. Krebs cycle

6-10. Supply the correct term to complete the analogy.

6. glycolysis: pyruvic acid; :NADH and FADH2
A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system
C. glycolysis D. Krebs cycle
7. electron transport system: H2O; ________: CO2

A. chemiosmosis B. electron transport system

C. glycolysis D. Krebs cycle
8. glucose-6-phosphate: isomerase; : phosphofructokinase
A. fructose-6-phosphate B. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
C. dihydroacetone-phosphate D. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
9. After glycolysis, what happens to the pyruvic acid? Pyruvic acid is transformed
into
A. acetyl B. acetyl coenzyme A
C. FADH2 D. NADH
10. Which part of the cell is associated with the Krebs cycle?
A. cell membrane B. mitochondria
C. nucleus D. vacuole
11. Which molecule is the final acceptor of H + in the electron transport system?
A. Carbon dioxide B. Carbon monoxide
C. Oxygen D. Hydrogen peroxide
12. Which of the following processes generates the most number of ATP?
A. electron transport chain B. glycolysis
C. Krebs cycle D. Pyruvic conversion
13. Which process has both energy investment and energy payoff?
A. electron transport chain B. glycolysis
C. Krebs cycle D. Pyruvic conversion
14. With a glucose molecule, how many cycle/s take/s place in the Krebs cycle?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
15. Which enzyme is associated with the electron transport system?
A. ATP synthase B. dehydrogenase
C. hexokinase D. enolase

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LU_General Biology 1_Module11
13
Pre-test
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. B
5. D
Activity 1 Enrichment Activity 1 Enrichment Activity 2
1. A 1. cytoplasm Answers vary
2. D 2. mitochondria
3. C 3. mitochondria Enrichment Activity 3
4. B 4. glucose Answers vary
5. acetyl CoA,
6. NADH 7. FADH2
8. ATP
9. NADH
10. Pyruvic Acid/ Pyruvate Gauge
11. CO2 1. C
12. ATP 2. C
13. NADH 3. C
14. FADH2 4. B
15. ATP 16. H2O 5. A
6. D
7. D
8. B
9. B
10. B
11. C
12. A
13. B
14. B
15. A
Answer Key
References
Printed Materials:
Belardo, Millete, et al, 2016. General Biology. Philippines: Vibal Publishing House.
Faltado, Ruben, et al. 2017. General Biology 1. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing,
Inc.

Terrence, A.B. 2007. O-Level Biology. 1st ed. Singapore Asian Publications (S) Pte
Ltd.

Website:
ScienceAid.net. "Respiration: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transfer
Chain." Accessed Oct 18, 2020.
https://scienceaid.net/biology/biochemistry/respiration.html.
http://openstaxcollege.org/ l/glycolysis
http://openstaxcollege.org/l/krebs_cycle
http://openstaxcollege.org/l/electron_transp

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 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO La Union

Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resource Management Section
Flores St. Catbangen, San Fernando City La Union 2500
Telephone: (072) 607 - 8127
Telefax: (072) 205 - 0046
Email Address:
launion@deped.gov.ph
lrm.launion@deped.gov.ph

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