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Lecture-04 Fault Location

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35 views8 pages

Lecture-04 Fault Location

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highman6000
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(Fault Location in Transmission Lines)

1. INTRODUCTION

The rapid growth of electric power systems observed over the last several
decades has resulted in a large increase in the number of transmission and
distribution lines in operation in the world. At the same time, free marketing
and deregulation introduced all over the world imposes more and more
restrictive requirements on providing a continuous and good-quality power
supply, without a significant increase in the cost of the energy being delivered.
Terms such as the continuity of power supply, dependability and reliability play
very important roles for contemporary power systems. As a result of the
imposed restrictive requirements, an increased demand on the high quality of
power system protection and control devices together with their supplementary
equipments has appeared as of prime importance. Among different capabilities
of these devices, the fault-location function is considered as very important [1, 2
and 3].

Transmission and distribution lines experience faults that are caused by


storms, lightning, snow, freezing rain, insulation breakdown and, short circuits
caused by birds and other external objects. In most cases, electrical faults result
in mechanical damage, which must be repaired before returning the line to
service. The restoration can be expedited if the location of the fault is either
known or can be estimated with reasonable accuracy.

Fault locators provide estimates for both sustained and transient faults.
Generally, transient faults cause minor damage that is not easily visible on
inspection. Fault locators help identify these locations for early repairs to
prevent recurrence and consequent major damages.
2. FAULT LOCATION ALGORITHMS

Varieties of fault-location algorithms have been developed so far. The


majority of them are based on an impedance principle, making use of the
fundamental frequency voltages and currents. Depending on the availability of
the fault-locator input signals they can be categorized as:
• One-end algorithms,
• Two-end algorithms, and
• Multi-end algorithms.

In our experiment, we are going to study one of the two ends algorithms

Two-end algorithms process signals from both terminals of the line and
thus a larger amount of information is utilized. Therefore, the performance of
the two end algorithms is generally superior in comparison to the one-end
approaches.

Digital measurements at different line terminals can be performed


synchronously through the Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) if the GPS is
available. A synchronized measurement system requires that the measurements
taken at different substations include, in addition to magnitude, the phase-
angle data with respect to an arbitrary bus common reference. Phase
information is obtained from knowledge of the absolute time at which the
measurements were obtained (time tagging). The time for all measurements
must be synchronized with a time reference that must be the same for all local
systems. This time reference is obtained from the GPS. The ability of GPS to
provide a time reference signal, synchronized at widely separated locations has
been widely recognized as having great potential in power-system
applications. A schematic diagram for two-end synchronized fault-location
arrangement is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Two-end Synchronized fault location arrangement

Different input signals are used for two-end fault locators, as for example:
only voltages from both line terminals are utilized, which results in ensuring
complete immunity to saturation of current transformers (CTs). It is possible
also to get complete currents and voltages from the line terminals or quantities
from impedance relays at the line terminals.

3. THE PROPOSED APPROACH OF FAULT LOCATION

This section discusses the mathematics of the algorithm that is based on


both voltages and currents measurements. The algorithm depends on the
distributed parameters model of the transmission line.

The distributed-parameter model of a faulted line for the ith


symmetrical component, with use of the correction factors for representing
series and shunt parameters, as in Fig. 2, is taken into consideration.
Fig. 2 Distributed parameter model of faulted transmission line for the ith
symmetrical component

The voltage at fault point (F), viewed from the terminals A and B
respectively is expressed as follow.

𝑉𝐹𝑖𝐴 = cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙) 𝑉𝐴𝑖 − sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙)𝑍𝑐𝑖 𝐼𝐴𝑖 (1)

𝑉𝐹𝑖𝐵 = cosh(𝛾𝑖 (1 − 𝑑)𝑙) 𝑉𝐵𝑖 − sinh(𝛾𝑖 (1 − 𝑑)𝑙)𝑍𝑐𝑖 𝐼𝐵𝑖 (2)

Where, VAi , IAi , VBi , IBi : Phasors of the ith symmetrical component of
voltages and currents obtained from synchronized measurements at
the line terminals.
Zci : is the surge impedance of the line for the ith sequence
γi : is the propagation constant of the line for the ith sequence

Using the following trigonometric functions:

cosh(𝛾𝑖 (1 − 𝑑)𝑙) = cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙) cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙) −sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙) sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙) (3)

sinh(𝛾𝑖 (1 − 𝑑)𝑙) = sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙) cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙) −cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙) sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙) (4)

Substituting in equation (2)

𝑉𝐹𝑖𝐵 = 𝐺𝑖 cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙) − 𝐻𝑖 sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙) (5)

Where

𝐺𝑖 = 𝑉𝐵𝑖 cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙) − 𝑍𝑐𝑖 𝐼𝐵𝑖 sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙) (6)

𝐻𝑖 = −𝑉𝐵𝑖 sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙) + 𝑍𝑐𝑖 𝐼𝐵𝑖 cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙) (7)

Comparing (1) and (5)


𝑉𝐹𝑖𝐴 = 𝑉𝐹𝑖𝐵 (8)

𝑋𝑖 sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙) − 𝑌𝑖 cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑑𝑙) = 0 (9)

Where

𝑋𝑖 = sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙)𝑉𝐵𝑖 − 𝑍𝑐𝑖 cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙)𝐼𝐵𝑖 − 𝑍𝑐𝑖 𝐼𝐴𝑖 (10)

𝑌𝑖 = cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙)𝑉𝐵𝑖 − 𝑍𝑐𝑖 sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙)𝐼𝐵𝑖 − 𝑉𝐴𝑖 (11)

Finally

1 cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙) 𝑉𝐵𝑖 − 𝑍𝑐𝑖 sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙)𝐼𝐵𝑖 − 𝑉𝐴𝑖


𝑑= 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ−1 [ ] (12)
𝛾𝑖 𝑙 sinh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙)𝑉𝐵𝑖 − 𝑍𝑐𝑖 cosh(𝛾𝑖 𝑙)𝐼𝐵𝑖 − 𝑍𝑐𝑖 𝐼𝐴𝑖

The final result d describes the value of the distance from the fault location
to bus 1 as a percentage of the total line length.

4. POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION MODEL

The power system simulation model is suggested to be an Extra High


Voltage (EHV) long transmission. However, A 500 kV, 200 mile long
transmission line is simulated using an offline simulation using
PSCAD/EMTDC software package [4]. Fig. 3 shows the main construction of a
single line diagram for the simulated power system model. The model
parameters are listed in Appendix A.

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of transmission line simulation model


The single line diagram consists of two sources connected together through
a transmission line. The transmission line is modeled using 'Bergeron' line
model where the mutual coupling among the phase of the line has been taken
onto consideration. Hence, more realistic cases are to be developed.

The results of the simulation are transferred in the form of voltages and currents
samples to be utilized in the MATLAB software package. The samples are
processed according to mentioned algorithms in section 3. Therefore, the fault
locations are obtained and the algorithms accuracy is evaluated using equation
(13).

|𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛|


%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥100 % (13)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

Fig. 4 shows a flowchart for such a program describing how to achieve the
fault location in a transmission line using the algorithm based on both voltage
and current measurements with the help of the line distributed parameters
model.

5. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

For complete evaluation of the algorithm accuracy, more results should be


taken along the line starting from 10%, 20% … 90 %. All fault types are
considered (i.e. LG, LLG, LL, and LLL faults). The results are also taken at
different values of fault resistance (i.e. 10 and 50 ohms). The results should be
tabulated in a results table.
(12)

(13)

Fig. 4 Flow chart of the algorithm based on both voltage and current
measurements

6. REFERENCES

[1] IEEE Std C37.114 (2005) IEEE guide for determining fault
location on AC transmission and distribution lines. IEEE Power
Engineering Society Publ., New York
[2] Izykowski J (2008) Fault location on power transmission lines, The
Technical University of Wroclaw Press, Wroclaw, Poland.
[3] M. M. Saha, J. Izykowski, and E. Rosolowski, Fault Location on
power networks, Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010.
[4] PSCAD User’s Guide Ver. 4.2, Manitoba Research Center, April
2005.

APPENDIX A
Simulated Power System Parameters For Fault Location Application
The parameters of the line used in testing
Line voltage = 500 kV Fundamental frequency = 60 Hz
Line length = 200 miles = 358.22 km

Positive sequence parameters


R1=0.249186 Ω/mile
L1=0.00156277 H/mile
C1=19.469x10-9 F/mile

Zero sequence parameters


Ro=0.60241 Ω/mile
Lo=0.0048303 H/mile
Co=12.06678x10-9 F/mile

The source impedance at bus 1


Zs1=17.177+j45.5285 Ω
Zso=2.5904+j14.7328 Ω

The source impedance at bus 2


Zs1=15.31+j45.9245 Ω
Zso=0.7229 +j15.1288 Ω

Link to YouTube Tutorial Video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lXutEsx_9o0&t=1881s

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