FISHERIES

TERMINOLOGIES

By: Prof. Alita E. Openiano

April 2013
Philippine waters
 all bodies of water:
lakes, rivers, streams, creeks, brooks, ponds, swamps, lagoons,
gulfs, bays and seas and other bodies of water in the provinces,
cities, municipalities, and barangays and
 the water around, between and connecting the islands
of the archipelago
 the territorial sea,
 the sea beds,
 insular shelves, and
 all other waters
which the Philippines has sovereignty and jurisdiction,
including the 200-nautical mile EEZ and the continental
shelf.
 Municipal waters
 streams, lakes, inland bodies of
water and tidal waters within the
municipality which are not included within
the protected areas as defined under RA 7586,
public forest, timber lands, forest reserves or
fishery reserves,

 marine waters included between two lines

drawn perpendicular to the general coastline
from points where the boundary lines of the
municipality touch the sea at low tide and a
third line parallel with the general coastline
including offshore islands and 15 km from such
coastline.
Municipal waters , issue
 Where two municipalities are so
situated on opposite shores that
there is less than 30 km of marine
waters between them, the third line
shall be equally distant from
opposite shore of the respective
municipalities.
 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
An area beyond and adjacent to the
territorial sea which shall not extend
beyond 200 nautical miles from the
baselines as defined under existing laws.

 Foreshore land
a string of land margining a body of water;
the part of a seashore between the low water
line usually at the seaward margin of a low tide
terrace and the upper limit of a wave wash at
high tide usually marked by a beach scarp or
berm
 Coastal Area/zone
a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space
(water and submerged land) in which terrestrial
processes and uses directly affect oceanic
processes and uses and vice versa; its geographic
extent may include areas within a landmark limit
of one (1) km from the shoreline at high tide to
include mangrove swamps, brackishwater ponds,
nipa swamps, estuarine rivers, sandy beaches,
and other areas within a seaward limit of 200m
isobath to include coral reefs, algae flats, sea grass
beds and other soft bottom areas (RA 8550)
 Coastline
Outline of the mainland shore touching the sea
at mean low tide

 Wetland
area covered with standing water or is
saturated most of the year and supports
mainly water-loving plants
Organizations
 AFMA Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization
Act RA 8435

 CITES Convention of International Trade of

Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora

 FARMCs the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

Management Councils
 International entities:
 IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
 UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
also called the Law of the Sea Convention or
the Law of the Sea treaty,
 UN FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation
 UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development
also known as the Earth Summit
 IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
an intergovernmental organization mandated to manage tuna
and tuna-like species in the Indian Ocean and adjacent waters
Fisheries Terminologies

Typology
Relationships and co-relations
 Fishery resources:
 Pelagic fish resources
species that live at or near the surface of the ocean
a) small pelagic
roundscad, sardines, anchovies, mackerel
b) large pelagic
tunas, marlin, sailfish

 Demersal fish resources

species that live at or near the bottom of the ocean
 Fish fingerlings
a stage in the life cycle of the fish
measuring to about 6-13cm depending on
the species

 Fish fry
a stage at which a fish has just been
hatched usually with sizes from 1 - 2.5cm
 Migratory species
any fishery species, which in the course of their life, travel over
great distances in waters of the ocean as part of their
behavioral adaptation for survival and speciation.

 Threatened species
species and subspecies of aquatic organisms which have
reached a critical level of depletion and are threatened with
extinction.

 Endangered, Rare and/or Threatened Species

aquatic plants, animals: e.g corals and sea shells in danger of
extinction in the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB),
DENR and in CITES.
 Fish Stock: Migratory Fish in the EEZs
 High Seas fish stock
general term for highly migratory fish stock and
straddling stock

 Highly migratory fish stock

species which undertake extensive migration
between the EEZ and high seas across oceans
and across many EEZs.
Migratory Fish
 Shared fish stock
species that migrate within an EEZ but extend their
migration to other nation’s EEZ

 Straddling fish stock

species which are distributed or migrate within and
beyond the EEZs during their life cycle.
 between the EEZs of two or more countries (also
called transboundary stocks) or between the EEZs of
one or more countries and international waters.
Fishing Ground:
 Stock enhancement
maintaining or sustaining the productivity of
marine and freshwater bodies through the
production and stocking of seeds, and the
maintenance and development of fishing
grounds.
 Sea farming
the stocking of natural or hatchery-produced
marine plants or animals, under controlled
conditions.
 Sea ranching
production of identifiable stocks that are
intended to be harvested by the releasing
agency implying a cost benefit analysis based
on comparing the harvested value with the
cost of production, release and harvesting.
 Introduced species
species intentionally or accidentally
transported and released by man into an
environment outside its natural or present
geographic range

 Exotic species
species that do not naturally occur in a given
ecosystem or bio-geographic area (which may or
may not coincide with the state or country borders)
 Capture fisheries: Vessels
Municipal fishing - FV ≤ 3 GT or
without fishing vessel
Commercial fishing
 by passive or active gear
 FV >3GT
1. Small-scale CF 3.1 - 20 GT
2. Medium-scale CF 20.1 – 150 GT
3. Large-scale CF >150 GT
 Fishing Gear
 Fishing gear
any instrument or device and its accessories used in taking fish
and other fishery species.

 Active fishing gear

with gear movements and/or the pursuit of the target species by
towing, lifting and pushing the gears, surrounding, covering,
dredging, pumping and scaring the target species to
impoundments,
Example: trawl, purse seines, Danish seines, bagnets, pa-aling,
drift gill net and tuna longline
 Passive fishing gear
absence of gear movements and/or the pursuit of the target
species; e.g. hook & line
 Fish Catch
 Bycatch
catch component is anticipated to be caught during an
industrial fishing operation, in addition to the target
catch
 Incidental catch
a general term for the catch which is not anticipated to
be caught during fishing operation, but are incidentally
caught
 Retained catch
that portion of the catch which will be landed at the
fishing base or distributed to the market
 Capture Fisheries
 Open access Regime
a condition of a fishery in which anyone that wishes to fish
may do so

 Limited access
a system of equitable resource use and allocation is established by law
through fishery rights granting and licensing procedures.

 Right-based fisheries
*the right to fish is licensed or permitted by the competent
government authority, (licensed fisherfolk access and use
rights to the fishing ground)
*accompanied by obligations to comply with the rules and
regulations
 Fishing right
an authorization given to fishing communities to
enable them to do fishing

 Fishing boat/gear license

a permit to operate specific type of fishing boat/
gear for specific duration in areas beyond
municipal waters for demersal or pelagic fishery
species
 Management Options:
 Catch ceilings
the annual catch limits or harvest limits allowed from any fishing
area
 Total Allowable Catch (TAC)
Maximum harvest allowed to be taken during a given period of time from any
fishery area, or from any fishery species or group of species, or a combination
of area and species and normally would not exceed MSY.
 Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
the largest average quantity of harvest from a given fish stock within a period of
time that can be sustained under existing conditions.
 Responsible aquaculture:
use of appropriate and efficient production
technologies, proper processes on value-added
products and appropriate commercial practices: post
harvest handling, processing and marketing to provide
consumers good quality products.

 Responsible fisheries:
the concept on the sustainable use of fisheries
resources; capture and aquaculture practices safe to
ecosystems;
value-added products in required sanitary standards;
commercial practices provide good quality products.
 Mgt Options:
 Closed Area
(including marine parks, marine protected areas, etc.)
closure of an entire fishing ground for a particular fishing gear or
part of it for the protection of a section of population (e.g.
spawners, juveniles) the whole populations or several
populations

 Closed season
period during which the taking of specified fishery species by a
specified fishing gear is prohibited in a specified area or fishing
ground (RA 8550)
 Fishery refuge and sanctuaries
a designated area where fishing or other forms
of activities which may damage the ecosystem
of the area is prohibited and human access
maybe restricted
 Fishery Reserve

a designated area where activities are

regulated and set aside for educational and
research purposes
 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
*“ any specific marine area (including offshore and coastal
habitats) set aside by law or any other effective means to
conserve and protect part or the entire enclosed
environment and where management guideline are
established. “
* includes more specifically:
“marine sanctuaries,” where fishing or any other type of activities
is strictly prohibited, or
“marine reserves,” where regulated activities may be allowed but
on certain conditions and/or in limited frequency.
 MPAs
 Marine reserve
*an area where access and uses (whether extractive or non
extractive) are regulated or controlled for specific uses or purposes.
*may include a marine sanctuary within its boundaries.
 Marine parks
*a marine reserve that allows multiple uses through zoning where
conservation oriented recreation, education and research are
emphasized.
*may include a marine sanctuary within its boundaries.
 Marine Sanctuary
*a defined area established and set aside exclusively for the purpose
of protecting habitats and species, through the prohibition of all
extractive uses and strict regulation of non-extractive uses.
*synonymous with “No Take Zone” (NTZs).
*may have buffer zone around to be protected from extractive and
non-extractive uses.
*may be located within a marine reserve or marine park.
NIPAs: MPAs

 Buffer Zone

area outside the MPA boundaries

immediately adjacent
MCS:
 Monitoring: (REA)
Requirement of continuously observing:
(1) fishing effort: the # of days or hours of fishing, # of fishing gears
and #of fisherfolk;
(2) characteristics of fishery resources; and
(3) resource yields (catch).

 Control: (legal framework: laws)

Regulatory conditions of the exploitation, utilization and
disposition of resources may be conducted.

 Surveillance: (law enforcers)

Degree and types of observations required to maintain compliance
with regulations.
 THANK YOU

Summer 2013
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