TGPSC - Group-1 Mains - 2024

HIT (HIGH IMPACT THEMES)

SEASON 3
TELANGANA HISTORY (Day – 02)
VEMULAWADA CHALUKYAS
Vemulawada Chalukyas
• Vemulawada Chalukyas were the Feudatories of Rashtrakutas.
• According to historian B.N.Shastri, Vemulawada Chalukyas being the Feudatories of
Rashtrakutas ruled Sapadalaksha region (Present Karimnagar, Nizamabad regions) by making
Bodhan and Vemulawada as their Capitals.
• “Sapadalaksha” means a kingdom with one lakh 25 thousand villages.
• They ruled over North-western region of Telangana.
• Vemulawada Chalukyas:
• 1st capital – Bodhan
• 2nd capital – Vemulawada

Main sources of history

Inscriptions:
• Arikesari I: Kollipara Copper inscription
• Arikesari II: Vemulawada Copper inscription
• Chennur inscription (A.D. 941)
• Karimnagar inscription (A.D. 946)
• Arikesari III: Parbhani Copper inscription (A.D. 966)
• Beeragruha: Karuvakattu Rock inscription (Mahabub nagar)
• Jina vallabha: Kurkkyala inscription (A.D.940)
Literary Sources:
• Pampa Kavi – Vikramarjuna Vijayam
• Somadeva Suri – Yashastilaka champu Kavya, Nitivakyamrita
• Malliya Rechana – Kavijanashrayam

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 • Nelaturi Venkataramanaiah did research regarding the present available (political History)
information related to Vemulawada Chalukyas.

Vemulawada Chalukyas - Rulers

Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla
• He was the founder of the kingdom “Vemulawada Chalukyas”.
• He was an Army chief of Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga. Being an army chief fought many wars
and battles and conquered “Chitrakuta Fort”. Impressed by this Dantidurga gave
“Sapadalaksha” Kingdom to Vikramaditya Yuddhamalla.
• According to Mallinada Suri, Chitrakutam is the present day Ramagiri in Karimnagar.
• During their period, Karimnagar & Nizamabad were known as Asmanta Sabbinadu.
• According to the book “Vikramarjuna Vijayam”, the ruler Vinayaditya had the largest number
of elephants.
• According to Kollipara inscription, he defeated kings of Turkish, Magadha, Kalinga etc and
those kings performed “Paada Pooja” of Vinayaditya Yuddhamalla.
Arikesari-I
• He changed the capital from Bodhan to Vemulawada.
• He issued Kollipara inscriptions.
• He donated “Belmoga” village to the Shaiva Guru “Mugdha Shivacharya” for educational
purposes.
• According to Kollipara inscription, Arikesari-I was well educated and well versed in Archery
and Ayurveda.
Titles of Arikesri – I
• Samastha Loka Ashraya
• Raja Trinethra
• Tribhuvana Malla Sahasarayadi
• Contemporary Rashtrakuta kings were Dhruva and Govinda-II
Baddega-I (A.D. 850 – 895)
• Baddega-I title: Soladaganda (means a warrior who won 42 wars).
• He built a temple called Baddegedara temple, which was later recognised as Bhimeswara
temple of Vemulawada.
• “Kolleru War” was fought between Baddega-I and Vengi ruler Chalukya Bhima-I.
• After winning the Kolleru war, Baddega-I tied Chalukya Bhima as Crocodile in Kolleru lake
house. This is mentioned in the Parbhani inscription.
• Eastern Chalukya Gunaga Vijayaditya was also defeated by Baddega-I.
• Kusumayudha of Mudigonda Chalukya defeated Baddega-I.
Narasimha-2 (A.D. 915-930)
• He was the feudatory king of Indra-III of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
• On the instructions of Indra -III, he waged war against Laata, Sapta Malava kingdoms of the
Northern region and also collected “Kappam” from them.
• According to the Vemulawada inscription, he built the Victory pillar at Kalapriya (today’s
Kalfi), after defeating Gurjara Pratihara king “Mahipala '' at Kanyakubja.
• During his time, Jain structures (Jain chaumukha) were built at Vemulawada.
Arikesari -2 (A.D. 930-955)
• He was the greatest of the Vemulawada Chalukyas, he encouraged Kannada literature.

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 • His court poet Pampa Kavi has written Vikramarjuna vijayam. In this,he equated Arikesari 2
with Arjuna.
• Arikesari-2 donated Dharmapuri village in jagityal taluka as Agrahara to Pampa Kavi.
• He gave “Kavita Gunaranava” title to Pampa Kavi.
• Arikesari-2 built Jain temple on his name at Bodhan, i.e., Arikesari Jinalaya
• Arikesari-2 defeated Rashtrakuta king Govinda-IV and made his step brother Baddega (3rd
Amoghavarsha) as a ruler in place of Govinda-IV.
• According to the Badega inscription which was found in Agastheswara temple near Chennur,
Arikesari-2 extended the kingdom from Bodhan to Chennur.
• Arikesari -II married “Revakanirmadi”, daughter of Rashtrakuta king Indra-III and also married
Lokambika, a Rashtrakuta Princess.
• He issued the Vemulawada Rock inscription in Sanskrit.
• His Army chief Peddanaryudu built the Aditya temple at Vemulawada. Arikesari-II donated
100 Nivarthana of land for this temple on Sankranti festival.
Vegaraju (A.D. 955-960)
• He was the feudatory king of Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna-III.
• Vegaraju made “Gangadhara” city as his capital.
• Somadeva Suri mentioned in his book “Yashastilaka Champu Kavya”, that he finished this
book when Vegaraju was with Krishna-III at Yelpadi (Chittoor) in A.D. 959.
Baddega – II / Bhadra Devi (A.D. 960 – 965)
• Bhadradeva had built a Jainist Math with the name “Subhadama Jinalaya” at Vemulawada. This
was built for his guru “Somadeva Suri”.
• “Bommalattam Region” flourished as a center of Jainism during his rule.
Somadeva Suri:
• He was a Jain Preacher. He wrote the following books.
• Yashastilaka Champu Kavya (Yashodara Charitha)
• Neeti Kavyamruta
• Yukta Chintamani
• Sannavati Prakaranam
• Titles of Somadeva Suri were:
• Shadwadha chala simha
• Tarkik Chakravarthy
• Vakkallola Payonidhi
• Vadhiba Sanchanana
• Arikesari – III (A.D.965-973)
• He was the last ruler of Vemulawada Chalukyas.
• He issued two copper plate inscriptions. They are
1) Parbhani Inscription
2) Karimnagar Copper Inscription
• He made Vemulawada as his capital and ruled.
• He donated the “Repaka” village to Subhadama Jinalaya built by Baddega-II for Somadeva
Suri. This is now located in Siricilla taluk.
His titles are:
• Pambaram Kusha
• Vidyadhara
• Samantha Chudamani Vikramarjuna

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Administration - Economic Conditions
• The King is the Supreme authority.
• The important officers were Mahasandhi Vigraha, Tantrapala and Satradipala.
• Village was under the control of 12 officers.
• Gaunda, Goud, Patel and Reddy were the officers.
• The Professions during this period were Bronze-making, Weavers and Charmakar (cobbler’s).
• The land tax was 1/6 of the total crop produce, its main source of income.
• Apart from the tax Payable by individuals, the whole village used to pay tax yearly once. This
was known as the “Gramawar Method”.
Judiciary:
• King is the supreme Judicial authority.
• In states, Rashtradipati was judge and in Visayas, Vishayadipati was Judge.
• During this period, the special judges by name “Pradvivaka” were appointed.
• “Mitakshara” books of Vignaneshwara and Neeti kavyamruta of Somadeva Suri were
considered as Dharma Shastra books during their period.

Religious Conditions:
• Jainism was Prominent during their Period.
• Vemulawada Chalukyas built many jaina temples by Patronizing Jainism.
• The capitals of Vemulawada Chalukyas, Vemulawada '' and Pathanapuram (Bodhan) were the
Jain centers.
• Pottla Cheruvu (Patancheru) had 500 Jain homes.
• Popular Jain Monk during this Period was Somadeva Suri.
• Baddega-II built “Subhadama jinalaya” for Somadeva Suri in Vemulawada. For this Arikesari
-III had donated “Venkatampalli” village.
• Pampa Kavi’s brother Jina vallabha was Jain follower.
• Jina vallabha issued “kurkiala inscription” in Karimnagar and built “Chakreshwar” temple near
Karkala (Jain deity).
• The inscription on Bommala Varmagutta in which the 1st Telugu kanda poem was visible.
• The Jain’s education starts with the sutra “Om Namo Sidham Namo”.

The important Jain centers at the time of Vemulawada Chalukyas were:

• Vemulawada
• Anumakonda (Hanumakonda)
• Kolanupaka
• Bodhan
• Pottla Cherruvu (Patancheru)

Kolanupaka:
• This is present in Yadadri district (Previously Nalgonda). This was the great Jain center.
Initially it was a Shaiva center.
• Digambara statue of Vardhamana is present here.
Architecture
• The Hundred Pillar Indra Narayana temple present in Bodhan was built during Vemulawada
Chalukya’s period. This temple was changed as Daval Masjid during the Aurangzeb Period.
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 • Rajarajeswara temple in Vemulawada was built in 11th Century by Mahamandaleshwara
Rajaditya (feudatory king of Vikramaditya- IV). This was initially a Jain temple later changed
into Shiva temple.
• According to the Vemulawada inscription of Arikesari-II, the 4 main temples in Vemulawada
and their deities.
Literature
• Vemulawada Chalukyas encouraged Telugu and Kannada literature.
• Court poets of Arakesari-II were Pampa Kavi,
• Malliya Rechana and Padma Kavi (Telugu Poets).
• Malliya Rachana’s “Kavijanasrayam” is the earliest work of Telugu Prosody (basic rhythm of
verses in Telugu poetry).
• Padma kavi wrote “Jinendra Puranam” in telugu.
Pampa kavi:
• His titles: Kannada Aadi kavi and “ Kavitha Gunarnava”.
• He belongs to “Vangapadu” village in Guntur.
• He is first in Kannada, Aadi kavi of kannada literature.
Literary works of Pampa Kavi
• Adi Purana (on Rishaba nadha)
• Pampa Bharatham (Translation of Mahabharatha in Kannada), it is also known as Vikramarjuna
Vijayam.
• Pampa kavi’s Grave is present in Bodhan fort wall.
• The 1st three Kannada poets are known as “Kannada Trayam” (three gems of Kannada poetry)
– Jain poets.
• Pampa Kavi
• Ponna – book - Shanti Puranam
• Ranna – book - Ajithanatha Puranam
Vemulavada Bhimakavi:
• Literary works:
• Raghava Pandeeveeyam
Shathakandara Ramayanam
Jina Vallabha:
• Book: Mahaveera swamy Stotram.
• Titles: Sakala Kalapraveena, Gunapaksha pathi, Bhavyaratnakar

Mudigonda Chalukyas
• Mudigonda Chalukyas ruled • “Manchikondanadu” by making Mudigonda
• Mudigonda Chalukyas were the feudatories of Vengi (Eastern) Chalukyas.
• (Khammam) as their capital. Mudigonda is in Koravi Seema of Telangana.
• The Khammam and Warangal regions are called Koravi Seema.
• The eastern region of Koravi Seema was called Manchikondanadu.
• Another name for Koravi seema is “Visurunadu”.
• They ruled feudatories of eastern chalukyas from A.D. 850 to Kakatiya’s Rudradeva’s period
for about 3 and half centuries.
Historical Sources:
• Moghali Cheruvu inscription,
• Koravi Copper Inscription (A.D.935),
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 • Guduru inscription of Viryala ( A.D.1124),
• Krivvaka (Kukkuru) inscription of Kusumayudha.
• The Moghali Cheruvu inscription issued by the Kokkiraja describes the dynasty of Mudigonda
Chalukyas.
• According to this Moghali Cheruvu inscription, Kokkoraja and Ranamardha both were
Brothers. They Established their kingdom by making mudigonda as capital.

Rulers / Political History

Kokkiraju
• Titles: Pravardhamana, Vijaya.
• Founder of the dynasty: Ranamardha
• He was the “Progenitor” of the dynasty.
• According to the Moghalicheruvu inscription, he was described as the second Rama.
• He defeated the Chiyya king and got “Garuda Dhwaja Sthambam”.
• He was having the great “Vetala Dvajam” which was with Ravanasura in those days.
• Ranamardha wore a necklace known as “Kantiya” and it was his official emblem.

Kusumayudha-I (A.D. 870 – 895)

• He was the contemporary of Chalukya Bhima-I of Eastern Chalukyas.
• According to Koravi inscription: He was the feudatory king to 1st Chalukya Bhima of Vengi
Chalukya.
• He played an important role in Vengi Chalukya – Manyakheta conflicts.
• This inscription explains about his victories.
• Chalukya Bhima donated a Village called “Dokiparru” to a Brahmin named Potamayya on the
request of Kusumayudha-I.
• He played Prominent role in defeating Rashtrakutas and throwing them away from Koravi
Seema.
Kusumayudha – II (A.D. 935 -960)
• He had a title namely “Vineeta Janasraya”.
• There was peace in the Kingdom during his time. Kusumayudha – II exempted all the tax in
the village “moghali cheruvu” and donated it to a Brahmin namely “Dhoniya sharma”( of
Kuthsitha Gotra), this was donated on a Sankranthi festival. This inscription which explains
donation had ithihasa poems.
• Koravi inscriptions explain about political conditions and administration.
Kusumayudha–IV
• According to Moghali cheruvu inscription, he donated Moghalicheruvu village to a Brahmin
called “Gonaya”.
Betaraja – I (A.D. 1075-1100)
• Betharaju-1 came to power after his father Kusumayudha -IV death.
• From that time, conflicts started in the kingdom.
• Kakartya Gundana defeated Betaraja and occupied the Koravi region.
• Later, Betaraja-I took the help of the ruler of Viriyala and regained his Kingdom.
Kusumayudha – V
• Title – Muttenegalla.
Kusumayudha – VI
• Title – Marbala Kesari.

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 • His contemporary was “Rudradeva” of the Kakatiya dynasty.
• According to Krivvaka inscriptions, Rudradeva defeated him. After this defeat, Kusumayudha
– VI was in exile for 12 years.
• After 1 year, he regained his kingdom with the help of his ministers and appointed them as
Mahamandaleshwar (Grand Chiefs).
Nagathi Raja
• His title was “Viveka Narayana”.
• During his period Kakatiya ruler Ganapati deva defeated Nagati Raja and annexed Mudigonda
Chalukyas Kingdom.
• The decline of Mudigonda Chalukyas is explained in the “Palampeta” inscription issued by
Recharla Rudra who was the army chief of kakatiyas.

Social and Economic Conditions

• Inscriptions tell us that Mudigonda Chalukyas belong to “Manavyasa Gotra”.
• Initially they were Sudras, later they were Brahminized.
• According to the Moghalicheruvu inscription, people lived in village and tribal huts.
• The rulers were concerned about the Welfare and Poverty of the people.
• It is believed that if someone gives Produce (Eragadanyam) to the government on peramani
Poornima day, good fortune will be bestowed upon them.
• By this, we can say that there was no pressure for the payment of taxes. Public used to pay taxes
Voluntarily.
• This tax money was used for Agricultural developments and for construction of Canals and to
dug tanks.

Religion
• They followed Vedic, Shaiva, Vaishnava and Sakteya religions.
• Shakti Devata:
• Mudigonda Chalukyas treated themselves as “Harati Putras” & ruled with Sapta matrikas.
• Betaraja’s wife Sri Mahadevi was known as “Abhinava Gowri”.
Vaishnavam:
• Their inscriptions contain Bhagwan Narayana, Varaha and Garuda Dhwaja, by this we can tell
that they were followers of Vaishnavism.
Kamadeva:
• Most Prominent God during those days. He is in the form of “Nirguna Deva”.
• Till today, tribes worship Kamadeva in North Telangana.
Festivals:
(1) Makar Sankranti: Good fortune will be bestowed if donations are done on this day.
(2) Peramani Poornima: it is believed that it is good to pay taxes / produce voluntarily to
the government.
(3) Gowri Festival : this is today’s “Bathukamma” festival.

Musunuri Nayaks

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 • After the fall of Kakatiya’s in the year 1323, the Army chief of Pratapa Rudra – II, Malik
Maqbool (Gannama Nayaka) ruled over Warangal.
• Prolaya Nayaka was the leader for all the rulers in Andhra desha who fought against Tughluq’s
for the liberation.
• According to Vilasa Copper inscription, the name Musunuri is given due to their birth place.
• Sources which mention the history of the Musunuri dynasty
• Prolaya Nayaka – Vilasa Copper inscription
• Kapaya Nayaka – Polavaram inscription
• Anithalli – Kaluva cheru inscription
• Chodabhakti Raju – Pentapadu inscription
Important Rulers of Musunuri dynasty:
1. Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka
2. Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka

Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka (A.D. 1325 – 1332):

• He was the founder of the Kingdom.
• Capital: Rekhapalli ( Bhadrachalam forests – Khammam district).
• Prolaya Nayaka issued Vilasa Copper inscriptions.
• Titles: Avakra Vikrama Yasha Shambavya Bhahargala.
• After the downfall of Kakatiya’s, Prolaya Nayaka fought for the liberation of Andhra region
from the hands of Muhammadian rulers by making Rekha Palli (on the banks of Godavari) as
his capital.
• The aim of this liberation movement:
• To liberate Andhra Region from Muslim rule.
• Revival of Hindu Dharma and its Protection.
• Supporters of Prolaya Nayaka in the liberation movement are:
• Prolaya Vema Reddy
• Recharla Singama Nayaka
• Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka
• Vengi Bhupala
• Manchikonda Ganapati Nayaka
• As Nayaka fought against Muslim rulers and annexed Coastal Andhra and Trilinga Mandalas
By eliminating Muslim rulers, And declared as independent ruler in the year 1325 A.D.
• He renovated Agraharas which were destroyed during the attack of Muslim rulers and also
revived Vedic religion, he also developed Trilinga Desam.

Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka ( A.D. 1332-68):

• He issued Polavaram inscriptions.
The titles of Kapaya Nayaka:
• Andhra Desadhiswara – Pillalamarri inscription
• Andhra Suratrana – Aryavati inscription Kapavaneeshwara – Kaluva cheru inscription
• In the year 1336 A.D, he conquered Warangal fort and threw away Malik Maqbool and earned
the titles Andhra Desh Adhiswara and Andhra Suratrana.
• He ruled Telangana and Coastal Andhra region by making Warangal as capital.
• According to Kaluva Cheru inscription issued by the Reddy Rani anithalli, 75 telugu rulers
accepted the Sovereignty of Kapaya Nayaka.
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 • Kingdoms established during the period of Kapaya Nayaka:
• Recharla Padma Nayakas – Singama Nayaka
• Vijayanagara Kingdom – Harihara, Bukka Raya
• Konda Veedu Reddy dynasty – Prolaya Vema Reddy
• Bahmani Kingdom – Hasan Gangu
• Kapaya Nayaka helped the Bahmani leader “Hasan Gangu” in establishing the Bahmani
Kingdom in 1347 A.D. But later Hasan Gangu tried to conquer Warangal , with a desire to
extend his kingdom.
• In 1350 A.D, Hasan Gangu sent an army led by Sikhander Khan to conquer Warangal. Sikander
khan defeated Kapaya Nayaka and occupied Koulas fort (Nizamabad district) and took treasure
from the kingdom and made a treaty.
• In 1356 A.D, Kapaya Nayaka was again attacked and defeated by the Bahmani ruler and
Kapaya Nayaka offered Bhuvangiri fort to make peace. After this Hasan Gangu died and his
son Mohammad shah – I came to the throne.
• In 1360- 61 A.D,Kapaya Nayaka’s son Vinayaka Deva attacked the Bahmani kingdom and was
killed by Mohammad Shah – I.
• In 1364–65 A.D., Mohammad Shah – I attacked Warangal and Golconda and defeated Kapaya
Nayaka. Kapaya Nayaka made a peace treaty by giving Golconda fort.
• Muslim historians called Kapaya nayaka as Kanya Nayak and Krishna nayak.
• Recharla Singama Nayaka declared independence and ruled over Rachakonda, by disobeying
the leadership of Kapaya Nayaka.

Bhimavaram Battle:
• In 1367-68 A.D, Recharla Padma Nayaka ruler 1st Anavota Nayaka fought with Kapaya
Nayaka and killed Kapaya in Bhimavaram Battle near Warangal.
• This Bhimavaram is today’s Bhimavaram in Hanamkonda.
• The Musunuri kingdom was destroyed due to the death of Kapaya Nayaka and the Warangal
fort & Bhuvanagiri fort came into the hands of Recharla Nayakas.

Padmanayakas (Velama Nayakas) Rachakonda, Devarakonda Velamas

• Velamas are also Known as Padmanayakas and Recharla Velamas. Their Gotra is Recharla.
• Velugoti Vamshavali is the main source regarding the history of Padmanayakas.
• After the downfall of Kakatiya’s, Recharla Velamas ruled over present day Nalgonda and
Mahabubnagar districts.
• After the death of Kapaya Nayaka, they annexed Musunuri kingdom in Telangana and became
administrators for the entire Telangana region.
• They ruled for 150 years with Rachakonda and Devarakonda as their capitals.
• Recharla Velamas were the feudatories of Kakatiya’s.
• Birth place of Bethala Nayaka – Amanagallu near Miryalaguda in Nalgonda district.
• In 1225 – 1253 A.D, Ganapati deva made Bethala Nayaka as the regional head of Amanagallu
region.
• Sons of Bethala Nayaka are Recharla Rudra, Recharla Prasaditya and Dhama Nayaka.
• Recharla Rudra was the army chief of Ganapathi deva and Recharla Prasaditya was the army
chief during Rudrama devi.
Rachakonda Velama Rulers
Singama Nayaka – I (A.D.1325-61)
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 • He was the founder of independent Velama Kingdom.
• Singama Nayaka made Amanagallu in Nalgonda as his Capital.
• Pratapa Rudra has given 80 gifts to Singama Nayaka by this Singama Nayaka was known as
Ashiti Varala Singama Nayaka.
• He annexed the region between Krishna – Tungabhadra and extended his Kingdom to
Eleswaram.
Anapota Nayaka-I (A.D. 1361-84)
• Anapota Nayaka-I have changed the capital from Amanagallu to Rachakonda (Nalgonda).
• He, along with his brother Madha Nayaka attacked the Jallipalli fort and killed Somavamsha
Kshatriya and Reddy leaders who were responsible for the death of Anapota Nayaka’s father.
For this, he received the title “Semakula Parashurama”.
• After this attack, to protect himself & his kingdom Anapota constructed a stone wall around the
Rachakonda fort and a water body known as “Anapota Samudram”.
• He is the founder of Rachakonda kingdom.
• During his period, conflicts started between Reddy’s and Velamas.
• He annexed Bhuvanagiri and Shanigaram forts and visited the holy shrine in Inole (Ainole) and
issued an inscription describing his victories.
• After annexing the above two fort’s he got the title Andhra Desh Adhiswara.
• Titles of Anapota Nayaka – I:
• Hindu Raya Suratrana
• Khadga Narayana
• Jaganobba Ganda,
• Tribhuvana Rama Raya.
• According to Rachakonda inscriptions, he constructed tanks Anapota Samudram and Raya
Samudram.
• He dug two wells such as Sankella and Kolukutam well.
• For the purpose of protecting the kingdom from the South-East side, he divided the kingdom
and appointed his brother Madha Nayaka as Devarakonda ruler.
• For then onwards they were known as Rachakonda and Devarakonda velamas and ruled with
Mutual co- operation.

Singama – II (Sarvagna Singana)

• He is the greatest ruler of Velamas. He is a great writer / poet.
• His other names are Kumara Singama Nayaka, Sarvagna Singama Bhupala.
• He Patronized Vaishnavism.
• His titles are:
• Sarvagna Chakravarthy
• Kalyana Bhupati
• Prati Ganda Bhairava
• Sarvagna Chudamani
• Laksha Lakshana veda
• Khadga Narayana
• Court poets of Singama Nayaka – II are Vishweswara, Bommakanti Appayya Matya.
• Vishweswara wrote a book “Chamatkara Chandrika” (Alankara Sastra / science of figure of
speech). In this book, he described Singama – II as “Sahitya Ship Avadhi”.
• Appayya matya has written commentary to “Amarakosham”.

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 • Vedanta Deshika writings:
• Tatva Sandesham
• Rahasya sandesham
• Subhasha nithi
• Shakalya Ayyalaryudu – Bhaskara Ramayanam
• Literary works of Singama nayaka -II are:
• Rasarnava Sudhakara
• (Alankara Sastra book)
• Sangeeta Sudhakaram (Musical book)
• Ratna Panchalika (Kumalayavali (Drama)).
• Ratna Panchalika is the drama in which Sri Krishna marries Kumalayavali.
• The Ratna Panchalika drama is played in the Prasanna Gopala temple during annual
celebrations (Vasanta Yatra).
• Shakalya Mallu Bhattu:
• He was the court poet of Velamas.
• His title: Chaturbasha Kavita Pithamaha.
• His literary works are
• Nirdoshya Ramayanam
• Udara Raghaviyam (Poetry)
• Avyaya Sangraham (Dictionary)
• Shakalya Mallu was defeated in a debate by Varada Charya son of Vedanta Deshika.
Anapota Nayaka – II
• He was a Powerful ruler and won many battles.
• His other names are Kumara Anapota Nayaka, Pinna Annama Nayaka and Immadi Anapota
Nayaka.
• During his period, there were conflicts with Bahmani on one side and Reddy Raju’s on other
side.
Rao Madha Nayaka:
• He is a great follower of Vaishnavism.
• He donated Thorrur / Tadur village as Sri Rangapura Agraharam to Sri Ranganatha Swamy.
• His wife Nagambika has built a tank “Naga Samudram” near Rachakonda and issued Naga
Samudram inscriptions.
• According to Naga Samudram (Nagaram) inscription, Madha Nayaka wrote “Raghavam”
which is a commentary on Ramayanam and dedicated to Sri Rama.

Singama Nayaka – III (A.D. 1430 – 1475)

• He is the last ruler of Rachakonda.
Titles:
• Dhivishaludu
• Sarvagna Rao singama Nayaka
• Mummadi singama Nayaka
• His court poets are Bammera Pothana, Gourana and Bhourava Kavi.
•
• Inscriptions during his period are:
• Shayampet inscription (A.D.1464) – issued by his brother Dharma Naidu

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 • Tirupati inscription (A.D. 1475) – Singama Nayaka-III issued this inscription on donating gifts
to Lord Venkateshwara.
• Bellamkonda Inscription (A.D.1453) – Singama Nayaka – III
• Kanjeevara inscription (A.D. 1437) – Vasantha Nayaka
• Srinadha has described Singama Nayaka – III as Singama Bhupala in his books

Devarakonda Velama Rulers

Madha Nayaka
• Founder of the Devarakonda Velama kingdom.
• Capital: Devarakonda.
• He built “Madhavapuram” city near Devarakonda.
• He constructed Dwara Mandapa to the Pilgrimage “Umamaheshwaram” which is present in
Nallamala forest and it is well known as the Northern gateway to Srisailam.
Lingamanidu
• He is the last ruler of Devarakonda Kingdom.
• Their rule ended due to annexation by the Bahmani.

Administration of Velamas
• Hemadri wrote “Vratha Kannada Kalpataru” book for protecting Vedic religion and Varna
system. He also explained about the administration and this is followed by the Velamas for
administering the kingdom.
• The most important and smallest division is the Village. In this, there were “12” Ayagars with
the name Pannida Raya Gandru.
• The security guards of the villages are known as “Muthaka Raju”.
• Velmas incurred huge expenses on soldiers because they were continuously fighting in wars.
• According to the book Sakala Neeti Sammatham written by Madiki Singana, the Velamas had
poisoned all the lakes and wells which are nearer to the roads through which their enemies
travel.

Economic Conditions - Trade

• The main occupation is Agriculture.
• According to the literary works of potana and srinatha, Brahmins also did Cultivation.
• There were 3 types of land. Metta (uplands), Tari (Moist land), Horticulture land
• Main crop during Velamas was Jowar. Because there were more Metta lands during their
Period.
• Rich people used to eat Rice.
• Varieties of Paddy were Shiramukhi, Kalama, Shali, Hayapa ethanga Hoyana etc.
• Another occupation was Cattle rearing.
• Every temple has an animal house known as “Kilaras”.
• Main source of income was Land tax (1/6th
• of crop produce).
• Every village had storage units known as “Rachagadelu” to store the grains which were
collected as tax.
Industries:
• The important industry during Velamas was Textile industry.

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 • Orugallu, Rachakonda and Devarakonda are well known for textile industries.
• The names of sarees during Velamas are;
• Rama Singaram
• Vasantha Singaram
• Sri Krishna Vilasam
• Rama Vilasam
• Vasantha Vilasam
• According to the book “Simhasana Dwatrimshika”, there were Pattu Sarees during those days
such as;
• Hema Pattu
• Pulli Goru Pattu
• Vela Pattu
• Vajra Pattu Udaya Pattu
• The Kalamkari industry was also famous.
• During Velama’s period the Normal iron swords were world famous.
• According to Rukhmangadha Charita there was also a trunk Industry. Trade:
• During that period, Balijas and Vaisyas did international trade.
• The main Port city was Vadapalli (on the banks of River Krishna).
• There were conflicts between Velamas and Reddy Raju for Sovereignty over the port city
Vadapalli.

Social Conditions
• There was a Caste system. Brahmins became strong and Kshatriyas lost their strength.
• Position of women in society was deteriorating. Because of the invasions of Muslim rulers
women never Step out of their houses.
• Social evils in Hinduism were introduced during this period such as practice of Sati and Child
marriages due to the invasion of Muslim rulers.
• The marriages of princesses were performed with Grandeur, Dowry and gifts were given.
Dowry was known as “Aranam”.
• Men wore dhoti and shirts and women used to wear colorful sarees.
• There was a mention regarding 49 types of silk sarees and 14 types of gold, silver and bronze
ornaments in the book Simhasana Dwatrimshika written by Koravi Goparaju.
• The women of higher castes used to wear Saree Pallu to their right side and the women of lower
castes to their left side.
• Dance forms were Perini, Bharatanatyam, Jakini, Goundilu.
• Foreign dance form was “Paarashika Mathali”.

Religious Conditions
• Initially Velama Nayakas Patronized Shaivism.
• Last rulers who Patronized Vaishnavism.
Shaivism:
• People followed Theravada Shaivism.
• They worshiped the Rudra forms of Lord Shiva such as Bhairava and Mailaru.
• Violent practices like Ranamu Kadupu and Chapudu Gudi were practiced.
• The Velama kingdom was established by defeating Muslim rulers, so they tried to protect the
culture of Hinduism.
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 • They renovated the Brahmin Agraharas which were attacked by Muslim rulers.
Vaishnavism:
• Two sects were formed in Vaishnavism, they are Thengal and Vadagal.
• Vadagal Vaishnavism was preached by “Vedanta Desika”.

Literature of Velamas
• Official language was Sanskrit.
• Court Poets of Singama Nayaka – III:
1. BammeraPotana:
• He was the court poet of velamas.
• He belongs to the “Bammera” village in Warangal district.
• His titles are:
• Sahaja Kavi / Sahaja Panditya, Bhaktha
• Potana and Maha Bhagavat Kartha.
• Literary works are:
• Veera Bhadra Vijayam
• Andhra Maha Bharatam
• Narayana Shatakam
• Bhogini Dandakam.
• Bhogini Dandakam is related to the love story of Sarvagna Singama Nayaka and his lover
Bhogini.
• Potana disliked the things which were taking place in the king’s palace and thereby left the
kingdom and led his life by doing agriculture.
• Bammera Potana is known as the relative of Srinatha.
2. Gourana:
• He lived in Ramagiri of Telangana.
• Title:Sarasa sahitya lakshana Chakravarti.
• Literary work: Lakshana Deepika, Navanadha Charita and Harishchandra Upakyanam.
3. BhairavaKavi:
• He was the first to use “Banda Kavitha” style in Telangana.
• His literary works are Sriranga Mahatmyam and Ratna Pariksha.
4. Koravi Goparaju:
• He is the court poet of Rana Mallu.
• He belongs to Veligallu (Bheemgal), Nizamabad.
• He has written a telugu poem “Simhasana Dwatrimshika”.
• He was the 1st person to analyze dreams before Sigmund Freud.
• He has written 32 stories regarding the king Vikramarka who ruled Ujjain.
• He has translated the Jain poem Tri Shashti Salakapuru Satcharitra initially which was in
Sanskrit into Telugu as Simhasana Dvatrimshika.

Temples, forts during Velama’s period

• Temples built by Rachakonda Velamas are Bhairava Temple, Rama temple and Lakshmi Devi
temple.
• Temples in Devarakonda are Shiva temple and Rama temple.
• Temples built by Velamas in Bhuvanagiri – Someshwara temple.
Forts:
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 • Velama’s have built many forts to defend themselves from enemies. The important are
Rachakonda, Devarakonda, Bhuvanagiri and Orugallu forts.
Rachakonda Fort:
• The walls of Rachakonda fort are in the form of 3 rings.
• Inside the 1st fort wall there is a Rama temple on the west side.
• Inside the fort, there is a mosque built by Bahmani Sultans.
• There is a statue of Bhairava.
• On the hills of the fort there are two Bhoga mandapas known as Bhogamdani Mancham and
Bhogamdani Gudulu.
• There is Vaishnava temple to the South-east direction of Rachakonda fort.
• Dr. Dyavanavalli Satyanarayana has discovered the Paintings of Putrakameshti Yagam and
Ashwamedha Yagam of Ramayanam in this temple.
• Ranamu Kudu:
• During the period of Recharla Velamas, there was one barbaric tradition known as “Ranamu
Kudu”.
• Ranamu kudu means cooking the rice with the blood of the enemies. Who were killed in the
War, This is presented to War Goddess and Ghosts.

KAKATIYAS
Kakatiyas
• The Kakatiya Dynasty was a South Indian Telugu dynasty that ruled from the 12th to the 14th
centuries CE. It ruled a large portion of the eastern Deccan region in present-day Telangana
and Andhra Pradesh.
• Despite its relatively short reign, the dynasty left a lasting impact on the culture, art, and
architecture of the region.
• The Kakatiyas were the feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. Kakati Rudradeva
(Prataparudra I), the founder of the Kakatiya state, succeeded in overpowering the Chalukya
ruler, Tailapa III, during the second half of the 12th century (c. 1162).
• He also succeeded in capturing Kurnool district from the Velananti chiefs sometime around
1185. Ganapati (1199-1262), Rudrambe (1262-95) and Prataparudra II (1295- 1326) were other
important rulers of the dynasty.
• Their rule extended over most of the Andhra region up to Godavari, Kanchi, Kurnool and
Cuddapah districts.
• Ulugh Khan (later Muhammad Tughlaq) overran the whole of Telangana in 1322 and thus
sealed the fate of the Kakatiya rule.
• The Kakatiya dynasty's patronage of the arts and its unique style of architecture can be seen in
the impressive ruins of the Warangal Fort and the iconic Kakatiya Thoranam.
Kakatiya Dynasty
• The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty. It ruled parts of present-day Telangana,
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Southern Odisha from the 12th to the 14th century CE.
They were known for their patronage of art, literature, and architecture, particularly in the form
of temple construction.

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 • Betaraju, who took the name Prola Raja in the early 12th century, was the founder of the
Kakatiya dynasty.
• His successor, Rudra Deva, expanded the dynasty's territory through military conquests. Under
Rudra Deva's rule, the Kakatiyas reached the height of their power and influence.
• Warangal became a center of culture, trade, and religion.
• The dynasty's most famous ruler was Ganapati Deva.
• He was succeeded by his daughter, Rani Rudrama Devi, who is considered one of the few
women rulers of South India.
• The Kakatiya dynasty faced invasions from the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century and
ultimately fell in 1323 CE.
• Their legacy continued through the influence of their art, architecture, and language on
subsequent dynasties and the people of the region.

Historical Sources
Magallu inscription (A.D. 956):
• This was issued by Vengi Chalukya ruler Danarnava.
• This is the 1st inscription which mentioned Kakatiyas.
• According to this inscription, the Progenitor of Kakatiya’s was Kakartya Gundana.
• This inscription mentions that Kakatiyas belong to Samanta Vitti Vamsa.
Bayyaram Tank inscription (A.D. 1219):
• It was issued by Mailamba (sister of Ganapati Deva). This explains about the lineage of the
Kakatiya dynasty.
• According to this inscription, the Progenitors Venna Bhupathi of Durjaya clan. According to
this inscription Kakatiya’s Durjaya’s Shudra Clan.

Kakatiya Rulers
Subordinate / Feudatory Kakatiya Kings (Early Kakatiyas):
Betaraju–I (A.D. 995-1050):

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 • He is the son of Kakartya Gundana.
• According to the Kazipet inscription, Betaraju– I was the feudatory king of western (Kalyani)
Chalukyas.
• Guduru inscription says that he occupied his kingdom with the help of Viriyala rulers.
• His titles: Kakati Puradhinatha and Chodakshmapala (after the victory on Cholas).
• He issued the Shanigaram inscription, which was written by Narayanayya.
• His minister Narayanayya renovated Yuddamalla Jina temple at Shanigaram.
Prolaraju – I ( A.D.1050 – 1075 ):
• He dug many tanks namely Kesa samudram (Kesari Tank) in Hanamkonda, Jagat Kesari
Samudram
• His titles were Kakati vallabha, Raja Kesari and Samadhigatha Pancha Maha Sabda.
• Prolaraju accompanied Kalyani Chalukya ruler Vikramaditya-VI in his invasions and earned
the title Samadhigatha Pancha Maha Sabda.
• His victories are explained in Kazipet, Pillalamarri and Palampeta inscriptions.
Betaraju – II (A.D. 1075–1108):
• He built “Sivapuram” city in Hanamkonda and constructed “Koteswara temple” in it.
• He donated Sivapuram to his spiritual guru “Rameshwara Pandit”.
• Betaraju-II took “Shiva diksha” from his guru.
• He issued the Kazipet inscription ( A.D. 1090), according to this inscription, his titles are:
Vikrama Chakriya , Tribhuvana malla.
• His minister Vaijandadeesha was a great Politician & wise strategist. He assisted
Vikramaditya–VI (of Kalyani Chalukyas) in his invasions and got thousand villages in Sabbi
mandalam as a gift.
Durgaraju :
• Eldest son of Betaraju – II. He issued the Kazipet Durga inscription.
• Titles: Tribhuvana Malla and Chalamartiganda. Prolaraja–II (A.D. 1115-1157):
• He was the last ruler among feudatory Kakatiyas. He was an important ruler among early
Kakatiyas.
• He issued Shanigaram inscriptions and Padmakshi temple inscriptions.
• He constructed following temples in Hanamkonda.
• Siddeshwara temple
• Swayambhu temple
• Padmakshi temple
• During his period only, construction of Orugallu fort was completed by Rudradeva.
• Prolaraju-II took various measures for development of agriculture and to alleviate the poverty
by this he earned the title “Daridraya Vidravana”.
• His titles: Mahamandaleswara, Maha Ahanka Lankeshwara, Nishank Pradhana Prabhanda.
• His Minister Betanamatya was a Jain follower:
• Mailama wife of Betanamatya constructed
• Kadalalaya jain choultry in Hanamkonda.
• Rudradeva son of Prolaraja-II ascended the throne after him, according to the draksharama
inscription (A.D. 1158) issued by Inangala Brahmi Reddy, Minister of Prolaraja-II

Independent Kakatiya’s
Rudradeva (PratapaRudra-I)
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 • He ruled between 1158 – 1195 A.D.
• He issued a thousand pillar temple inscription (A.D. 1163) in Hanamkonda.
• This Hanumakonda Prashasti (inscription) was written by poet Achitendra.
• According to this inscription Rudradeva was a feudatory king from 1158 – 1162 A.D and he
ruled independently from 1163 to 1195 A.D.
• He declared independence in 1163 and became the 1st independent ruler of Kakatiya.
• He issued another inscription namely “Ganapampa Ganapavaram inscription”.
• “Draksharama inscription” describes Rudradeva as “Vinaya Bhushana”, this inscription was
issued by Inangala Brahmi Reddy.
• According to Pillalamarri Narayana Reddy inscription (1196 A.D.), Rudradeva himself was a
poet and he adorned poets and was like “Kalpataru” ( a wish granting tree) for poets and
educationalists.
• Rudradeva wrote the “Neethisaram” book in Sanskrit Language.
His titles:
1. Vidyabhushana
2. Daaya Gaja Kesari
• Rudradeva completed the construction of Orugallu fort (Warangal fort) and shifted the capital
from Hanumakonda to Warangal.
• In the year 1163 A.D. Rudradeva constructed a thousand pillar temple in Hanamkonda. For the
maintenance of this temple, he donated “Maddi cheruvu '' village.
• His first invasion was on “Dhomma Rajyam”.
• According to Draksharamam inscriptions Rudradeva conquered Godavari region.
• According to Tripurantakam inscriptions Rudradeva extended his kingdom till Tripurantakam.
• Rudradeva gave a title “Kota Gelpata” to his army Chief Malya katiya for conquering Dharani
fort.
• According to Jammaluru inscription (A.D.1202) issued by Bhollayya, ruler of Charuku
Dynasty, Rudradeva gave the forest area of Srisailam to Charuku Dynasty.
• Thousand pillar inscriptions explain about the military victories of Rudra deva.
• Rudra deva supported Nalagama Raju in the Palnadu battle.
• Rudra deva died in the battle with Yadava king Jaitugi in the year 1195 A.D. This is mentioned
in the book “Vrata Kanda” written by Hemadri.
• According to this book, Jaitugi (Jaitrapala) invaded Kakatiya kingdom, killed Rudradeva and
took his adopted son “Ganapatideva” as captive.
• Rudra deva’s important army chief was Vellanki Gangadhara.
• Gangadhara is the follower of Vaishnavism and constructed Prasanna Kesava temple in
Hanamkonda.

Mahadeva (A.D. 1195-99):

• He is the brother of Rudra deva. Inscriptions related to Mahadeva ‘s time period are Sundella
Grama inscription (A.D. 1197) in Peddapalli district, Broken inscription found in Warangal
fort.
• His guru was Dhruveshwara Pandit.
• He continuously fought with the ruler’s of Yadava dynasty and finally died in the hands of
Jaitrapala.

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 • At that time, Political disturbances started in the Kakatiya kingdom. This Political unrest was
solved by Army chief of Mahadeva namely “Recharla Rudra Reddy”
• By this Recharla Rudra Reddy was given a title “Kakatiya Rajyabharadhoureeya”.
• Recharla Rudra Reddy made efforts to release Ganapati Deva.
Ganapati Deva (A.D.1199-1262):
• Ganapati deva is a son of Mahadeva.
• Jaitugi, a ruler of Yadava kingdom killed Rudra deva and took Ganapati deva as captive. Later
Ganapati deva was released by “Singanna” of the yadava kingdom.
• By this Singanna got title: Andhra Raya Sathapanocharya, Telungaraya Shirahkamatothpatana
• Ganapati deva united all the telugu speaking people to one place and ruled today’s Telangana
– Andhra region for a long period of 63 years (1199–1262 A.D).
• 1st inscription related to the administration of Ganapati deva – Manthena inscription in
Karimnagar related to Dec 26, 1199 A.D.
• During Ganapati deva’s time period :
• Senani (Army Chief) – Recharla Rudra
• Chief of Elephantry – Jayappa Senani
• Chief of Chariot – Gangayya Sawhney
Victories of Ganapti Deva’s Army:
• Ganapati deva is the greatest ruler and indomitable king.
• Ganapati deva defeated “Pinna Chudai” of Ayya dynasty in Diviseema and made him a
feudatory king.
• Ganapati deva married Narama, Perama, daughter of Pinna Choda. Pinna Chouda’s son Jayappa
Senani appointed Gaja Shahini in the Kakatiya Army.
• Ganapati deva has presented his army chief “Malayala Choda” with the titles, those were
“Dweepiluntaka”, “Divichurakara” on winning the Diviseema war.
• Ganapati deva caused the death of Pridhveeshwara, ruler of Velanati and got the title “Pridhvi
Eshwara Shirah Kanduka Kridavinoda”.
• Defeated Nidadavole Chalukya ruler Veerabhadra and made him a feudatory king.
• He got the title “Choda Kataka Churakara” after winning over Katak.
• Defeated Gangaiah Sawhney of Kayastha dynasty in Kadapa region and made him a feudatory
king to Ganapati deva.
• Telugu Chodas of Nellore region became feudatories of Ganapati deva.
• He conquered the Natavadi region and married his sister “Mailamba” to Rudra, king of
Hatavadi.
• The wars fought by Ganapati deva and his victories are written on Iragavaram pillar inscription.
• The inscriptions which tells about the Southern victories of Ganapati deva are
1. Chebrol inscription (1228 A.D.) – Recharla Rudra
2. Ganapeshwara inscription (1231 A.D.) – by Jayapa Senani
• Ganapati deva’s title is Raya Gajakesari.
• He issued Motupalli inscription (1244 A.D.) for the relief of foreign trades. This is known as
Motupalli Abhaya Shasana. For implementation of this, he appointed Siddaya deva.
• Another name for Motupalli was Deshiya Kondapuram.
• Four stone structures were constructed on four sides of Orugallu fort by Ganapati deva. He also
built “Sahasralinga Layam” in Orugallu.
• During his period, the tax collected from beggars & Prostitutes was known as “Ganachari tax”.

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 • During his period Panditaradhya, Palakurthi Somanatha had spread Veera Shaivam. Ganapati
deva’s spiritual Guru was Vishweswara Sambu.
• He maintained friendly relations with his neighboring Yadava ruler Singama and his
descendants.
• Ganapati deva issued Jamalapuram inscription in 1202 A.D.
Muthukur Battle (A.D. 1262 ):
• Madura (Pandya) emperor Jatavarma Sundara Pandya invaded Nellore.
• Ganapati deva supported Nellore Telugu Chounda king Manumasiddi – II and fought against
Jatavarma.
• Jatavarma Sundara Pandya defeated Ganapati Deva.
• The only battle which Ganapati deva lost was the Muthukur battle.
• After losing the Muthukur battle, Ganapati deva retired and gave the power to his daughter
Rudrama Devi.

Important Persons during Ganapati deva’s Period:

Gangaiah Sawhney:
• He was appointed by Ganapati deva as “Bahattar Niyogadipati”.
• His titles: Mandalika Brahmarakshas, Rakkasa Ganga and Gandapendera.
Prolabhima Nayaka :
• He was the great minister of Ganapati deva.
• His titles are Aruvela Dooshaka (Six thousand Dooshaka), Kanchi Choorakara.
Jayappa Senani:
• He worked as the head of elephantry.
• His title : Vyrigodhar Paruttu.

Rudrama Devi (A.D. 1262 – 89):

• Rudrama devi is the daughter of Ganapati deva and Somamba.
• She was the great Woman ruler in South India during the Medieval period.
• She is the first lady to rule Andhra Pradesh.
• Titles of Rudrama devi : Rayagajakesari, Rudradeva Maharaja and Platodruthi (According to
Durgi inscription).
• Rudrama devi inscriptions: Malkapuram inscriptions Bidar fort inscription
• Harihara deva, Murari deva step brother of Rudrama devi, waged a rebellion against her. She
suppressed them with the help of her Ministers.
• Rudrama devi’s Coronation Ceremony was explained in Durgi inscription. This inscription was
issued by Kayastha Jenniga deva.
• Yadava king Mahadeva conspired to conquer Kakatiya’s kingdom. During that time, the
responsibility of Protecting the kingdom was given to Recharla Prasaditya.
Titles of Recharla Prasaditya:
• Kakatiya Rajya Sthapana Acharya
• Raja Pithamahanka
• The neighboring kingdoms during Rudrama devi’s time were Eastern Gangas, Yadava’s and
Pandyas.
• When Yadava king “Mahadeva” invaded Kakatiyas, Rudramadevi defeated them and shunted
out the enemies upto Devagiri fort.
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 • In this battle the important role was played by Sinda bhairava, who was the Army chief of
Rudrama devi.
• The Bidar fort inscription of Rudramadevi describes this victory.
• According to Ekamranatha’s “Prataparudra Charita” and Malkapuram inscription, Rudrama
devi got the title “Rayagajakesari” (Lion for the enemies kings elephants) after defeating
Mahadeva of Yadavas.
• According to Chandupatla inscription (27th Nov, 1289 A.D.), Nalgonda district, Rudrama devi
and her chief Mallikarjuna lost their lives while suppressing the rebel • Kayastha Ambadeva.
Ambdeva was the feudatory king of Kakatiyas.
• Rudrama devi died in “Tripuranthakam battle”.
• Ambadeva issued “Tripuranthakam inscription” which explains his victories.
• Venice (Italy) traveler Marco Polo visited Kakatiya kingdom during Rudrama devi’s time
period.
• Rudrama devi introduced the “Nayankara system” during her period.
• Rudrama devi Army chief, Prime Minister was “Induluri Annadeva”.

PratapaRudra-II (A.D. 1289-1323):

• He was the last ruler of Kakatiyas.
• He is the grandson of Rudrama devi ( Son of Rudramadevi’s eldest daughter – Mummadamma).
• His titles:
• Daya gajakesari
• Muru Rayara Ganda
• Kumara Rudra
• Veera Rudra
• He brought amendments in administration after his accession to the throne.
• “Chandupatla inscription” of Puvvalamummadi explains about the death of Rudrama devi.
• He strengthened the Nayankara system.
• During the Pratapa Rudra – II period, “Singama Nayaka” established an independent
“Anegundi” kingdom on the banks of Tungabhadra river.
• Capital of Anegundi was “Kampili”.
• Pratapa Rudra – II invaded Anegundi and made Singama Nayaka as his feudatory king. Pratapa
Rudra made “Trimukha Plan '' to defeat Kayastha Ambadeva and his friends Pandyas and
Yadavas.
• In 1291 A.D, Pratapa Rudra with his army chief Induluri Annaya invaded Ambadeva at
Tripuranthakam and defeated Ambadeva.
• As a mark of this victory Induluri Annadeva issued an inscription in Tripuranthakam.

Pratapa Rudra – II inscriptions:

1. Salavedu Inscription(A.D.1317)
2. Kolanupaka Inscription(A.D.1321)– Mahabubnagar
Pratapa Rudra sanskrit court Poets:
• Vidyanadha – “Pratapa Rudra Yasho Bhushanam” book
• Mallinatha – wrote commentaries on Kalidasa books
• Vidhana charya – Prameeya Charchamrutam

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 • Agastya literary works – Balabharatam, Nalakeerthi Koumudhi Krishna Charitam Natyashastra
(Kavyam), Dhvanyaloka (Kavyam)
• Administration of Kakatiya’s
• Historian P.V. Parabrahma Sastri did research on the Administrative system and Economic
conditions of Kakatiya’s.The book written by Parabrahma Sastri – “The Kakatiya’s”.The
historian “Bartenstein” described the Administrative system of Kakatiya’s as “Segmentary
state” Administration.
• Romila Thaper described Kakatiya’s Administration as a Metropolitan system.
• Kakatiya's De-centralised monarchy system.
• Kakatiya implemented the system known as “Rajyam Saptanga Samanvita”.
• Apart from being Sudras, they implemented the policies established by the ancient Politicians
/ Strategists.
• The Mandalika system is the important policy of Kakatiya’s in which the Kakatiya’s
encouraged stronger Mandalakas.
• Kakatiya is the only Kingdom to have women rulers in Hindu dynasty’s.
• The other important feature is that the adopted son becomes the King / Ruler (Pratapa Rudra –
II).
• The book “Sakalaneethi Sammatham” mentions about the “Ashtadasha Thirdha” officers.
• According to the “Neethisaram” book, the king should leave his bad habits and give up evil
practices and should read Neethi Grandas.

Conflicts Between the Four Kingdoms

• During this period, all the four kingdoms were at war with one or the other. We will not go into
the details of these conflicts. Here we would mention in brief the nature of these struggles.
• The main conflict was between the Kakatiyas, Hoysalas and the Pandyas for supremacy over
the Chola territories.
• The Yadavas were constantly at war with the Kakatiyas. In these struggles none could
completely overwhelm the other.
• Similar was the case with the Yadavas and the Hoysalas, and also with the Kakatiyas and the
Pandyas.
• Apart from the conflicts between these kingdoms, there were other wars also. The most
prominent expeditions across the south were undertaken by the Yadavas and the Pandyas. The
founder of the Yadava dynasty, Bhillama V, led expeditions to Malwa and Gujarat.
• The Yadava king Simhana and Ram Chandra also waged wars against Malwa (1215), and
Gujarat without any decisive victories.
• The Pandya king Maravaraman Kulasekhara sent expeditions to Ceylon (1283-1302). King
Parakramabaha III (1302-1310) of Ceylon submitted to the Pandya king and the relations
between the two remained peaceful thereafter.
• Following are the sources of Kakatiya administration:
• Shiv Devaiah – Purushardha Saram
• Madiki Singana – Sakalaneethi Sammatham
• Rudra deva – Neethisaram
Divisions of Kingdom:
• Kingdom - Naadu - Sthalam - Villages
• Last part in Administration is the Village.

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 • 24 Villages together are known as Sthalam.
• “Ayagars” were appointed for Village administration.
Ayagar System:
• (Pan Iddaru Ayagandra)
• Land was given as Wages / Salary to Ayagars for the services rendered by them to Villages and
Kingdom.
• The Village officers were known as “Ayagars”.
• Ayagar system was formed before Kakatiya’s
• period.
• “Ayamu” means “field”.
• Every Village had 12 Ayagars, these posts are Hereditary.
12 Years were:
1. Karanam
2. Reddy
3. Talari
4. Purohita
5. Kammari (Blacksmith)
6. Potter (Kummari)
7. Gold smith (Kamsali)
8. Barber (Mangali)
9. Laundry (Chakali)
10. Carpenter (Vadrangi)
11. Tanners (Charmakara)
12. Vetti (bonded labor)
• Karanam: He looks after the revenue records and lands in the villages.
• Reddy : He collects the land tax and remits it to the government.
• Talari: Village security guard.
• Vetti: The person who does free service.
Niyoga System:
• During Kakatiya’s period, the administration was divided into 72 departments. These are called
Niyogas.
• The supervisor of Niyogas is known as “Bahattara Niyogadipathi”.
• The Prime Ministers (P.M) were:
Ganapati deva P.M – Malyala Hemadri Reddy
Rudrama devi P.M – Vellanki Gangadhara
Pratapa Rudra – II P.M – Mupidi Nayaka
Important Ministers during Kakatiya’s:
• Gaja Sahini – Chief of Elephantry,
• Sandhi Vigraha – Foreign affairs / Minister for Wars,
• Pragada – Incharge of King’s Castle,
• Prada Vivaha – Law Minister,
• Samudritha - Regional judicial head,
• Tirparulu – the one who decides the Percentage of crop produce to be given to the government.
• Nagara Sri Kavali – security guard of Castle,
• Mandleshwar – State Governor.

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Army System:
• The army during Pratapa Rudra–II was 9 lakhs.
• Kakatiya’s had a title “Navalakha Danurdara Dishes”.
• “Neeti Saram” book explains about the Military force of Kakatiya’s.
Nayankara System:
• The Nayankara system in military force was introduced by Rudrama Devi, Pratapa Rudra
strengthened this system.
• Bhattara Niyogadipathi during Ganapati • Deva’s period was Gangaiah Sawhney and during
Rudrama Devi’s period were Tripurari and Ponkamallaiah Pragada.
• Bhattara Niyog Adipati during Pratapa • Rudra-II was Ambadeva Maharaju.
• The Prime minister was a key figure in the • administration.
• In the Nayankara system, the army was maintained by Nayankara’s and King’s would give
lands to Nayankar in return for their services.
• The Nayankara system is similar to the Jagirdari System.
• According to Ekamranatha’s Pratapa Rudra Charita, during Pratapa rudra’s period there were
77 Nayanmars for 77 towers.
• Pratapa Rudra – II had given control over 1⁄4th part of land to Nayankars.
• Nayankars used to collect the tax and Maintained law and order in this land.
• The places which were under the control of Nayankars were known as “amaram”.
Judiciary / Judicial System:
• According to Rajanithi Ratnakaram, there are 4 Nyaya Sabhas during Kakatiya’s.
1. Pratistita: Temporary judicial branch appointed in Capital city.
2. Apratistita: Temporary judicial branch in Villages.
3. Samudrika : A judicial branch in which Ministers or Pradvivahaka act as judges.
4. Sashita Apratistita : king is the Judge.
• According to Duggirala Inscription Ganapati deva solved the issues of Duggirala and
Morampudi Village borders.
• There were special judges known as Pradvikas in the Court of king.
• Kakatiya’s formed Dharmasasanas for special cases and the judgment given by them is
preserved in the form of “Jayapathras”.
• The “Mudra Vartha” officers used to get the official stamp on Jayapathras.
• Talari was responsible to see that no robbery takes place in Villages.

Economic Conditions
• Agriculture was the main occupation in the Kakatiyas period. It was done through Lakes / tanks.
• Steps taken for Agriculture development are:
• Forests were cut down and the land was brought under Cultivation.
• The uncultivated land is brought under cultivation by giving tax exemptions to the farmers.
• The lands which were away from villages were donated to officers and for religious purposes
and made useless land into useful.
• The king’s land is called “Racha doddi” (Racha pollam). This was given to farmers on the
condition that half of the farm produce is to be given to the king.
• Apart from the Government, the private persons also gave the land to lease (Koulu) to the
farmers. This is known as “Tambula Srava”.
• The agricultural land was divided into Magani (wet land) and Metta (dry land).
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 • The irrigated land was known as “Achukattu”.
• The main crops were Cotton, Paddy, Jowar, Sugar cane, coconut, Wheat, Onions, Oil seeds and
Indigo.
• Scented rice was grown in the Orugallu region during Kakatiya’s.
• The varieties of Paddy were “ Rajanna Shouli, Kalamu, Shiramukhi and Pathanga Hoyana”.
• Land tax was the main source of income for the government.
• The land tax was known as “Ari” and those who were paying Ari were called “Arigaapulu”.
• The tool for measuring the land was “Kesari Patigada”.
• Land tax was 1/6th of the total crop produce.
• The taxes “Koru” and “Putti Sahiti” were imposed on the agricultural land.
• The land tax was collected either in the form of money or crop produce.
• Tax in the form of money – Puttipahundi.
• Tax in the form of grains – Putti Koluchutta.
• Taxes were collected by an officer known as “Kolakandru”.
• The crop produced in fixed land was known as “Siddayam”.
• People should pay tax twice in a year i.e; in Kartika masam and Vishaka masam (month). The
traditional taxes during this period are
• Darishinam: Tax paid while visiting the king.
• Prakruti: Amount to be paid for the services of officers or for receiving benefits from the king.
• Appanam: paying for no reason.
• The own land of king was known as Racha
• polam / Racha doddi.
• According to Mella cheruvu inscription (A.D.1311) kings had total powers on Racha Pollam,
Regadi or Veligandu and on Sandy soil.
• Racha pollam / Racha doddi was mentioned in Mella cheruvu inscription.
• The land under the control of Nayankars was “Veli Pollam”.
• People used to have individual lands. When there was any necessity, kings used to take their
lands and would pay compensation to them. By this we can say that “King does
• not have full control on the land”.

Water Resources / Irrigation :

• Construction of tanks / lakes is considered as one of the Saptadhanas. As mentioned in the
Ganapeshwara inscription.
• Kakatiya constructed many lakes for Agriculture.
• They constructed lakes in such a way that when one lake is filled with water, the extra water
will go into another lake. This is the chain system known as “Golusu Kattu Cheruvulu”. The
lakes (tanks) were;
1. Ramappa Cheruvu: Palampeta (Mulugu)
• Constructed by Recharla Rudra.
• Till to date 4,350 acres of land can be irrigated through this.
2. Pakala Cheruvu (Warangal):
• Constructed by Jagadalamummadi. It can irrigate upto 9,037 acres of land.
• The necessary conditions and steps to be followed during the construction of lakes can be
known through this Pakala Cheruvu.
3. Bayyaram Cheruvu (Khammam): Mailamba constructed it.
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 4. Kesari Samudram : Prola Raju – I.
5. Lakkavaram Cheruvu : Ganapati deva.
6. Ghanpur Cheruvu : during Ganapati deva’s Period.
7. Hanumakonda Cheruvu: Rudra deva.
8. Setti Kereya Cheruvu : Betaraju–II.
9. Kunda Samudram : Kundamamba.
10. KatukuruCheruvu(Karimnagar): Built by Mailamma (Ganapati deva’s wife).
• The army chief of Ganapati deva was Malayala Choda. He constructed the following lakes.
1. Chouda Samudram
2. Ganapa Samudram
3. Bala Samudram
• Some part of land which was under lakes was given to the officers who did renovations to the
lakes. This is known as “Dashabanda Manyam”.
• Apart from lakes / tanks, canals are also constructed for agriculture.
• Example: Gosugu canal, Ravipati canal, Bommakanti and Aleti canal.
• King Prola Raju – II was the one who cut down forests and constructed tanks for agriculture.

Art and Architecture

• The Kakatiya dynasty was known for its patronage of art and architecture. The dynasty's rulers
commissioned the construction of many temples and monuments. The temples were often
adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures.
UNESCO World Heritage Site (2021)
• The iconic Ramappa Temple showcases the outstanding craftsmanship of great Kakatiya
dynasty.
• Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple is a masterpiece of Kakatiyan-era architecture, employing
engineering innovation in the form of floating bricks, sand-box foundations, selection of
building material and masterful stone sculpting.
• The Ramalingeswara temple, also known as the Ramappa temple, was named after its chief
sculptor Ramappa. It is one of the very few temples in the world named after its sculptor.
• According to Telangana Tourism, “The mediaeval Deccan temple dates back to 1213 AD and
was built under the patronage of the Kakatiya ruler Kakati Ganapathi Deva under the authority
of his Chief Commander Rudra Samani at Ranakude in the Atukuru province.”
• Aside from its architecture and elaborate carvings on the temple’s walls, pillars, and ceilings,
the most notable feature of this temple is that it was constructed using bricks that are so light
that they can float on water.
• The temple is built on a 6-foot-high platform with a cruciform plan in a valley and took nearly
40 years to complete.
• The chamber of the temple is crowned by a ‘shikharam’ and surrounded by ‘pradakshinapatha’.

• One of the most famous examples of Kakatiya architecture is the Warangal Fort.
➢ It was built in the 13th century during the reign of Ganapati Deva.
➢ The fort is located in the heart of Warangal City.
➢ It is a massive structure that was built using granite blocks.
➢ It features the throne of Ganapati Deva, the Swayambhu temple, and several gateways
adorned with intricate carvings.

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 • The Thousand Pillar Temple is another famous example of Kakatiya architecture.
➢ This was built during the reign of Ganapati Deva.
➢ The temple is located in Hanamkonda.
➢ It is known for its impressive pillars, which are carved with intricate motifs and sculptures.
• The construction of the famous Kakatiya Thoranam was carried out during the reign of
Ganapathi Deva.
➢ This intricate arch bears resemblances to the gateways of the Sanchi Stupa.
➢ It is recognized as the symbol of Telangana.
Literature
• Authors Famous Books
• Vidyanadha Prataparudra Bhushana
• Jayapasenani Nrityaratnauali, Gitaratnavali
• Mantri Bhaskara Bhaskara Ramayana
• Gona Budda Reddy Ranganatha Ramayanam
• Palkuriki Somanatha Basava Puranam, Panditaradhya Charitra

● It is believed that the Kakatiyas constructed the Golconda Fort during the 13th century CE.
➢ The fort was later expanded and fortified by various rulers who came after the Kakatiyas.
➢ This included the Bahmani Sultanate, the Qutb Shahi dynasty, and the Mughals.
● Recharla Rudra, who served as the commander in chief of Ganapati Deva, constructed the
Rudreshwar temple.
● Other notable examples of Kakatiya architecture include the following:
➢ the Ramappa Temple,
➢ the Bhadrakali Temple, and
➢ the Kolanupaka Temple.
● All of these temples feature elaborate carvings and sculptures.

Geographical location
● The Kakatiya dynasty was located in the Deccan plateau region of southern India. It was
primarily in the present-day state of Telangana.
● The region was bounded by the Godavari and Krishna rivers to the north and south, respectively.
● The capital city of the dynasty was Warangal. It was strategically located at the center of the
kingdom.
● The region of the Kakatiya dynasty was known for its rich mineral resources. This included
diamonds, precious stones, and other valuable minerals.
● The region's fertile land also made it an important agricultural hub, with rice being the primary
crop.
● The geographical location of the Kakatiya dynasty played a significant role in its growth and
prosperity.
➢ The dynasty became a prosperous center of trade and commerce owing to its location and
resources.
➢ Its location in a resource-rich region facilitated economic growth.

Society

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 ● The societal characterization of the Kakatiya dynasty was marked by its diverse social hierarchy
and the prominence of women in society. Here are some key aspects of the societal
characterization of the Kakatiya dynasty:
● The society of the Kakatiya dynasty was divided into different classes. This included nobles,
warriors, merchants, and commoners.
➢ The nobles were the highest class and held important positions in the administration.
➢ The warriors were the backbone of the military and were highly respected in society.
➢ Merchants played an important role in the economy.
➢ Commoners were the largest class and included farmers, laborers, and artisans.
● Women held a prominent position in the society of the Kakatiya dynasty.
➢ Some women even held positions of power, such as Rani Rudramadevi.
➢ Women were also educated and had access to literature and the arts.
➢ The dynasty was known for its progressive attitudes toward women's rights.
● The Kakatiya dynasty also had a caste system. It divided the society into different groups based
on birth.
➢ The four major castes were Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
➢ The caste system influenced social mobility and the occupations that people pursued.
● Hinduism was the dominant religion of the Kakatiya dynasty.

Major Religion of the Kakatiya Dynasty

● The major religion of the Kakatiya dynasty was Hinduism. The Kakatiyan society was largely
structured based on Hindu customs and beliefs.
● The rulers and the society were deeply rooted in Hindu traditions and culture. They patronized
the construction of numerous Hindu temples and religious institutions.
● The Kakatiya dynasty was known for its religious tolerance.
➢ Some of their rulers even patronized Jainism and Buddhism.
● However, Hinduism remained the dominant religion throughout the dynasty's reign.

The Decline of the Kakatiya Dynasty

● The decline of the Kakatiya dynasty began in the early 14th century. This was attributed to the
Delhi Sultanate under Alauddin Khilji expanding its territory southwards.
● The Kakatiya kingdom was already weakened by internal conflicts and a succession dispute.
➢ The dynasty had a complex system of succession.
➢ The throne was often passed down through maternal rather than paternal lineage.
➢ This system of succession led to frequent power struggles among the royal family.
● As a result, it was unable to resist the Delhi Sultanate's military might.
● In 1303, the Delhi Sultanate launched a military campaign against the Kakatiya kingdom. This
resulted in the capture of the strategic fortress of Kaulas.
● The Kakatiya king at the time, Prataparudra, was forced to pay tribute to the Delhi Sultanate.
This further weakened his authority and undermined the kingdom's sovereignty.
● In 1310, the Delhi Sultanate again launched a military campaign against the Kakatiya kingdom.
This resulted in the capture of the city of Warangal.
➢ The Kakatiya rulers were able to regain control of the city through a treaty with the Delhi
Sultanate. However, the kingdom's power had been severely weakened.
● In 1323, the Delhi Sultanate under Muhammad bin Tughlaq launched a massive invasion of the
kingdom.
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 ➢ The Kakatiya army led by Prataparudra was defeated. He was imprisoned and
subsequently executed.
➢ With the fall of the Kakatiya dynasty, the region fell under the control of the Delhi
Sultanate

REVOLT OF SAMMAKKA AND SARAKKA

Sammakka and Sarakka were members of the Koya tribe. Their ancestors established small kingdoms
in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana, located south of the Vindhya
mountains. They worshipped the Mother Goddess and Lord Shiva. The ancestors of Sammakka,
known as Chandavaru, worshipped the deity Bandichikka.

Sammakka's father, Rayibandani Raju, was a ruler of the Bhupalapatnam area in Warangal district.
Her brother-in-law, Samudra, ruled the Kottapalli area in the Bijapur taluk of Bastar district,
Chhattisgarh. He was a member of the Naga clan, and two inscriptions from Naga rulers written in
Telugu were found there.

Rayibandani Raju married his daughter Sammakka to Pagididda Raju, the son of Samudra.
Pagididda Raju was the nephew of Medaraja II (A.D. 1116-1158), the ruler of the Polavasa area in
Karimnagar district. Pagididda Raju later became the king of the Medaram area.

The original name of Medaram was Mouje Medaram, The historic Medaram is located in
Dharmaram mandal of Karimnagar district, with another Medaram in Warangal district. A village
named Majjempalli is situated near Medaram in Dharmaram mandal.

The dargahs, villages, and temples believed to have been constructed by the ancestors of Medaraju
are also located here, indicating that Sammakka's husband ruled in this region. Anumakonda
Kakatiya king Prola II fought against Medaraju, Pagididda Raju, and other rulers in A.D. 1138. Later, in
A.D. 1159, his son Pratapa Rudra I also defeated them.

Medaraju refused to give his daughter Sarakka in marriage to Pratapa Rudra. According to an
inscription found near the Hanamkonda Thousand Pillar temple, he relinquished the Polavasa
kingdom, and his treasury, and left for the Manchukonda forest, crossing the Godavari River. The
Koitur inhabitants of that tribal area still worship Chinnayya deva (Bhima). Sarakka remained a
maiden, leading to the naming of villages like Kannepalli, Kannepeta, and Kannepuram in the
surrounding areas.

The families of Medaraju and Pagididda Raju migrated to the Medaram-Jaggayyapeta region in
Warangal district, where they founded a small kingdom. Pratapa Rudra's armies invaded their
kingdom, leading to a fierce battle at Dayyala Madugu that lasted for 10 days. Jampanna, the son of
Sammakka, bravely fought against the Kakatiya forces and died on the battlefield. The stream was
named Jampanna Vaagu in his honor, also known as Sampangi Vaagu.

One by one, the Koya warriors fell, prompting the matriarch Dammakka to enter the battle. Despite
her efforts, she could not defeat the skilled Kakatiya soldiers and retreated to the jungle with injuries.
She cursed the Kakatiyas, predicting the end of their reign. To commemorate Sammakka and
Saralamma, who wielded swords long before the Kakatiya queen Rudrama, the Koyas began
organizing the jatara.

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There was a tradition of carving Veerargal statues to commemorate warriors who sacrificed their
lives for their people. Statues of Dommaraju warriors, along with their names, can still be seen.
Sammakka and Sarakka endeared themselves to the people through their welfare activities, with
Sammakka being particularly skilled in traditional medicine.

• Folk literature recounts that on her wedding day, Sammakka saved a person bitten by a snake
using herbal juice. She also cured people suffering from chronic diseases. A daughter-in-law of
the Chanda clan built a pond named Burrikunta for the community. Similarly, Jalakam Bavi (well)
was constructed, with its remains visible at Bayyakkapeta. Additionally, a tank built by
Sammakka's descendants at Medaram in Dharmaram mandal saved many lives during severe
droughts.

Medaram Jatara
Sammakka Saralamma Jatara, also known as Medaram Jatara, is a tribal festival honoring the
goddesses, celebrated in the state of Telangana, India. The Jatara begins at Medaram in Tadvai
Mandal, Mulugu district.

The festival commemorates the struggle of a mother and daughter, Sammakka and Saralamma,
against unjust laws imposed by the reigning rulers.

It is believed that after Kumbh Mela, Medaram Jatara attracts the largest number of devotees in the
country, with an estimated 10 million people gathering in 2012. The festival is celebrated in
Medaram when the goddesses of the tribals are believed to visit them. Medaram is a remote
location in the Eturnagaram Wildlife Sanctuary, part of Dandakaranya, the largest surviving forest
belt in Mulugu.

The head of the tribe adopted her and raised her as a chieftain. She later became the savior of the
tribals in the region. Sammakka married Pagididda Raju, a feudatory tribal chief of the Kakatiyas, who
ruled the Andhra region from Warangal City between 1000 AD and 1380 AD. They had two
daughters, Sarakka and Nagulamma, and a son, Jampanna.

Jampanna vagu

• Jampanna Vagu is a tributary of the River Godavari. According to history, Jampanna was a
tribal warrior and the son of the Tribal Goddess Sammakka.
• The stream is named after Jampanna, who died in battle fighting against the Kakatiya Army
in that stream.
• The water of Jampanna Vagu is still red, which is marked with the blood of Jampanna
(scientifically, the red color of the water is attributed to the soil composition).
• Tribals believe that taking a holy dip in the red water of Jampanna Vagu reminds them of the
sacrifice of their gods who saved them and instills courage in their souls. There is a bridge
constructed over Jampanna Vagu, known as Jampanna Vagu Bridge.

SARVAI PAPANNA (1695- 1710 CE)

• After the end of the Qutb Shahi rule, Sarvai Papanna strove to liberate the people of
Telangana from the rule of the Mughal Viceroys between 1695 and 1710 CE.
• He chose Khalishpur, located northeast of Warangal and 500 km from Hyderabad in the
Golconda kingdom, as his main center of activities.
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 • His struggle was primarily against the dominant social groups and ruling classes.
• Sarvai Papanna's native village was Tarikonda, situated 25 km northwest of Warangal.
Papanna belonged to the 'Kallu gita' or Goud caste. From the beginning, he aimed to avoid
his caste-based
• Tying toddy pots to the palm trees, getting them down, and getting a share is not my taste.
My hand should fall on the walls of the Golconda fort." (*Richard M. Eaton, A Social History
of the Deccan, Cambridge, 2005, p. 160). This quote clearly indicates that Sarvai Papanna's
main ambition was to become a ruler.
• Similarly, a Telugu verse written in the first half of the 20th century (ibid. p. 160) mentions
that Papanna viewed toddy tappers as symbols of hard work, possessing good leadership
qualities, and knowing the proper utilization of resources. Such a person, according to
Papanna, was capable of occupying the Golconda fort and was eligible to rule and rise as a
leader of various castes.
• The various heroic acts of Sarvai Papanna, a rebel against Mughal rule following the fall of
the Golconda kingdom, are mentioned in historic literature, folklore, and oral traditions.
Aurangzeb's contemporary, Khafi Khan, also provides valuable information about Sarvai
Papanna in his work, Muntakhab-ul-Lubab.

• Papanna's activities began shortly after the Mughal army occupied the Golconda kingdom.
He constructed a small fort at Tarikonda and opposed the faujdars and zamindars who
supported the Mughal emperor. For some time, he and his followers worked in the army of
Venkata Rao, the zamindar of Kaulas.

• Later, the zamindar attacked and arrested Papanna along with his followers but subsequently
released them. By 1701 CE, Venkata Rao accepted Aurangzeb's authority and surrendered his
army. For this act, he was appointed as a 'Mansabdar' in the Mughal emperor's army, making
him the first Telugu zamindar to join the Mughal forces.
• Under these circumstances, Aurangzeb appointed Qasim Khan, the faujdar of Kolanupaka, to
suppress Sarvai Papanna.
• In the battle that ensued between the forces of Papanna and Mughal faujdar Qasim Khan at
Kolanupaka, Qasim Khan lost his life. This marked a significant rise of Papanna in Telangana,
becoming a critical issue for the Mughal empire.
• In 1702 CE, Rustumdil Khan, the deputy governor of Hyderabad suba, confronted Papanna
with a large army. Papanna and his key follower, Sarvadu, escaped, and although the fort
constructed by Papanna was partially destroyed, the Mughals failed to achieve complete
victory.
• After Rustumdil Khan returned to Hyderabad, Papanna reached Khilashapur with his
followers and built a new stone fort in place of the old one. In this endeavor, Papanna was
assisted by Sarvadu and Purdhil Khan.
Shortly after that, both Sarvai Papanna and his former ally became enemies and killed each
other. Following this, Sarvai Papanna was recognized as the sole opponent of Mughal
authority in the Telangana region. In 1706 CE, Rustumdil Khan made another futile attempt
to suppress Sarvai Papanna.

• After the death of Aurangzeb in February 1707 CE, a war of succession broke out among his
sons. Seizing this opportune moment, Sarvai Papanna occupied the forts of Warangal in April
1708 CE and Bhuvanagiri in June 1708 CE. During this period, he also greatly encouraged
agriculture in the Khilashapur region, which increased his profits and replenished his
treasury.

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 • By January 1707, Hyderabad had become a focal point for Mughal politics, with Kambaksh
and Bahadur Shah I vying for the Mughal throne. In the ensuing combat, Kambaksh was
defeated and killed, leading to Bahadur Shah I being crowned as the Mughal emperor.
Shortly after his coronation, the new emperor organized a public Darbar in 1707 CE and
invited several zamindars, including Sarvai Papanna.
• The emperor not only recognized Sarvai Papanna as a king but also honored him by gifting
him a 'Robe of Honor.' In return, Papanna offered the emperor vast wealth. However, the
local high-class Muslims (Shah-i-Nayath) were displeased with the honor bestowed upon
Sarvai Papanna by the Mughal emperor in Hyderabad.

Political and Cultural Significance of the Sammakka Saralamma Jatara:

• The festival sees regular participation from the Union Ministry of Tribal Affairs, as well as the
state government of Telangana, including the Chief Minister.
• The central government released Rs 6.25 crore for the yatras held in 2018, 2020, and 2022,
with additional funds sanctioned for establishing community shelters and other
infrastructure.
• The Ministry of Tourism has sanctioned Rs. 75.88 crore for the integrated development of a
tribal circuit under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme.
• This tribal circuit includes Mulugu, Laknavaram, Medavaram, Tadvai, Damaravi, Mallur, and
Bogatha Waterfalls, where the temple of Sammakka-Sarakka is located.
• Mulugu, a reserved Scheduled Tribes (ST) assembly seat, has a population of around 2.6
lakhs as per the 2011 Census, with a 75% ST population.
• The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Ramappa Temple is located about 15 km from Mulugu.

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 QUESTION & ANSWERS
1. Evaluate the administrative system of the Kakatiya dynasty, focusing on its impact
on socio-economic conditions in their kingdom.

Introduction The Kakatiya Dynasty, flourishing from the 12th to the 14th century,
was a beacon of governance in the Telugu region of India. Rising from
vassalage to establish a unified kingdom, they innovated
administrative, military, and social structures, deeply influencing
subsequent South Indian dynasties.

Body • Originating as vassals to the Rashtrakutas and Kalyani

Chalukyas, the Kakatiyas carved out an independent
kingdom, marking the first significant unification of Telugu
lands in a millennium.
• The Kakatiyas adopted a decentralized administration,
promoting a feudal system. This structure empowered local
feudatories, fostering loyalty.
Central Administration:
• At the heart of their governance was the Mandala system,
ensuring efficient management through a council of ministers
and key officials like the Maha Pradhani and Sakala
Senadhipathi.
• This system ensured a collaborative and efficient governance
model, balancing central authority with local autonomy.
Regional and Village Administration:
• The kingdom was systematically divided into manageable
units, from Dynasties to Gramams, each overseen by
appointed officials.
• The Ayyagar system at the village level exemplified local
governance with 12 officials supported by tax-free lands,
among them, Karanam and Reddy are government officials.
• It contributed to greater food security and economic stability.
Military Administration and Nayankara System:
• There are two types of Military:
o Moolabalam (Mainforce)
o Sthirabalam (Standing Army)
• A robust military structure, where military officials were
granted lands for their service called Nayakas.
• There were 77 Nayankaras in Pratapa Rudra’s Rule.

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 • Special force introduced by Kakatiyas – Virabhadra Dalam.
• The system of granting lands to military officials (Nayakas)
and village administrators created opportunities for social
mobility and the emergence of new social elites.
Social and Cultural Contributions:
• The Kakatiyas also excelled in cultural patronage, with
literature and inscriptions reflecting their governance
philosophies.
This cultural flourishing not only enhanced the dynasty's prestige but
also fostered a sense of unity and pride among the Telugu-speaking
population.

Conclusion The Kakatiya Dynasty's innovative governance, marked by

decentralization, efficient military strategies, and a blend of tradition
with pragmatism, laid foundational principles that resonated through
subsequent dynasties like the Vijayanagara Empire and Deccan
Sultanates.

2. Critically analyze the development of language and literature under the Kakatiya
dynasty, and its significance in the cultural and historical context of South India.

Introduction The Kakatiya dynasty, which ruled over parts of South India between
the 12th and 14th centuries, played a pivotal role in shaping the
region's language and literature. Their reign marked a significant era
in the cultural history of South India, where they promoted both
Sanskrit and the regional language, Telugu.

Body Development of Language

• Sanskrit and Telugu Patronage: The Kakatiyas used
Sanskrit as the royal language, illustrating their commitment
to traditional scholarly and religious discourses. However,
their era is particularly noted for the elevation of Telugu.
• Script Evolution: The period witnessed the use of a unique
script blend, combining elements from Kannada and Telugu,
which facilitated the transition of Telugu into a literary
language. Example: Inscriptions like the Malakapuram
inscription provide insights into educational and scholarly
activities, emphasizing language learning and literacy.
Literature and Cultural Development

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 • Sanskrit Literature: The court of the Kakatiyas, especially
under kings like Prataprudra II, became a thriving center for
Sanskrit literature.
• Example: The Most Important Sanskrit Poet was Vidyanatha
(under Pratapa Rudra Rule) composed seminal works in
Alankara Shastra, while inscriptions across their domain
recorded contributions in both religious and secular texts,
showcasing the intellectual vibrancy of the era.
• Telugu Literature: This era saw the beginning of Telugu
literature's journey with Important Poets like
o Nannayya, who translated epic Mahabharata parts into
Telugu, laying the foundational stone for Telugu's rich
literary tradition.
o Krishnamacharyulu, first Vaishnava Poet of Telangana
and popular as first master of vachana Vangmaya and
Sankeerthana.
o Tikkana, Second Poet among Kavitraya while
Viswanatha Satyanarayana described him as “Telugu
Shilpapu Thota”.
o Gona Buddha Reddy is the author of Ranganatha
Ramayana (First Ramayana in Telugu)
• All the famous Poets and their works in Telugu Language
shows the Kakatiya Dynasty enthusiasm in Telugu Literature.
• Educational Institutions: The establishment of educational
centers like the one in Golaki, where a broad curriculum was
offered, underscores the Kakatiyas' commitment to fostering
a learned society. These institutions played a pivotal role in
preserving and advancing the linguistic and literary heritage.
• Diverse Literary Forms: The Kakatiya era witnessed a
diversification in literary forms, including the evolution of
Shataka and Purana in Telugu, reflecting a blend of religious
devotion and secular themes. Poets like Palkuriki
Somanatha and Mallikarjuna Panditha enriched the Telugu
literary canon with their innovative contributions.

Conclusion The Kakatiya dynasty's contributions to the development of language

and literature significantly impacted South India's cultural and
historical landscape. By fostering both Sanskrit and Telugu, they not
only enriched the literary world but also laid the groundwork for
future generations.

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3. Analyze the socio-political and cultural significance of the Revolt of Sammakka
and Sarakka in the context of tribal resistance against feudal systems in medieval
India.

Introduction The Revolt of Sammakka and Sarakka, emerging from the dense
forests of the Deccan Plateau, represents a formidable chapter in the
history of tribal resistance against feudal oppression in medieval
India.

Body Socio-Political Context

• Tribal Autonomy and Feudal Pressure: The ancestors of
Sammakka, belonging to the Koya tribe, had established
minor kingdoms across regions that are now Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Telangana.
• This distribution underscores the tribe's significant presence
and autonomy before the encroachment of feudal powers. The
marriage alliances and the establishment of small kingdoms
by the Koya tribe indicate their integrated yet independent
socio-political structure, which was soon to be challenged
by the expanding Kakatiya dynasty.
• Conflict with the Kakatiya Dynasty: The confrontation with
the Kakatiya kings, particularly the battles against King Prola
II and his son Pratapa Rudra I, highlights the clash between
the feudal expansionist policies of the Kakatiyas and the tribal
autonomy of the Koya.
• The refusal of Medaraju to give his daughter Sarakka in
marriage to Pratapa Rudra, followed by his renunciation of the
Polavasa kingdom, symbolizes a pivotal moment of defiance
against feudal demands.
Cultural Significance
• Worship and Legacy: The Koya tribe's worship of mother
goddesses and Lord Shiva, including the deity Bandichikka,
reflects the deep-rooted cultural identity and spiritual
traditions that fuelled their resistance.
• The annual jatara commemorating Sammakka and Sarakka,
involving the carving of Veeragal statues, is a testament to the
enduring cultural impact of their revolt, highlighting the
community's reverence for their heroes and their resistance.
• Herbal Medicine and Community Welfare: Sammakka's
expertise in traditional medicine and the construction of water
bodies for the community underline the socio-cultural
dimensions of their leadership.

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 • These actions not only showcase their commitment to the
welfare of their people but also illustrate the holistic approach
of tribal societies towards leadership and community care.

Conclusion The Revolt of Sammakka and Sarakka against the Kakatiya dynasty
is not just a historical episode of resistance but a profound reflection
of the tribal ethos against feudal domination in medieval India. The
legacy of Sammakka and Sarakka, celebrated through festivals and
folklore, continues to inspire and symbolize the unyielding spirit of
tribal resistance and the importance of cultural identity and leadership
in the historical narrative of India.

4. Analyse the distinctive features and historical significance of the architecture

developed under the Qutub Shahi dynasty.

Introduction The Qutub Shahi dynasty, known for its innovative architectural style,
represents a significant period in Indian history where Persian,
Pathan, and Indian elements were harmoniously blended.

Body Distinctive Features of Qutub Shahi Architecture

Fusion of Styles
• Qutub Shahi architecture is a composite blend that
incorporates the grandeur of Persian architecture, the
robustness of Pathan constructions, and the intricacy of Indian
aesthetics.
Decorative Motifs and Construction Techniques
• The architecture during this period was rich in decorative
motifs, featuring an extensive use of birds, animals, and
flowers, showcasing the dynasty's love for nature and art.
• The extensive use of mortar in construction and the influence
of Bahamani architectural principles are also noteworthy,
indicating a continuous evolution of style.
Historical Significance and Contributions
Foundational Contributions
• Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah: His most notable
contribution includes the founding of Hyderabad, inspired
by the grandeur of Isfahan. He also initiated the construction
of the Mecca Masjid, which was later completed by
Aurangzeb.

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 • Abdulla Qutub Shah: Known for his contribution to urban
development, he built Hayath Nagar and a palace within,
showcasing an affinity for French architectural elegance.
Architectural Marvels
• Golkonda Fort: Built by Sultan Quli Qutub Shah, the fort
symbolizes the military prowess and architectural
sophistication of the Qutub Shahi dynasty, with its granite
defenses and strategic design.
• Charminar and Mecca Masjid: These iconic structures not
only serve as symbols of Hyderabad's architectural beauty but
also as monuments reflecting the dynasty's religious and
cultural ethos.
Innovations in Public Utilities
• Dar-ul-Shifa: This ancient hospital, established by
Mohammad Quli Qutub Shah, marks a significant
advancement in healthcare, incorporating Unani and later
Ayurvedic practices.
• Qutub Shahi Tombs: This collection of mausoleums is a
testament to the dynasty's architectural brilliance, blending
various styles to create a unique resting place for the rulers
and their families.

Conclusion This period marked a golden era in Deccan architecture, where not
only were monumental structures erected but also significant
advancements in public utilities were realized. The distinctive
features of Qutub Shahi architecture reflect a deep appreciation for
both the practical and aesthetic aspects of construction, leaving a
lasting impact on the architectural heritage of the Indian subcontinent.

5. Examine the economic conditions of the Velama community during the medieval
period in South India, considering their impact on the social and political
landscape of the region.

Introduction The Velama period in South India stands out as a time of economic
prosperity and development, primarily fuelled by an agrarian
economy. This era is marked by significant advancements in
agriculture, industry, trade, and commerce, which in turn had a
profound impact on the social and political fabric of the region.

Body Agriculture as the Backbone

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 • Main Profession: Agriculture was pivotal, serving as the
main source of income. The introduction of efficient irrigation
facilities by the kings underlined the emphasis on agricultural
development.
• Land Revenue: The economic structure was supported by
land revenue, with a taxation system that collected 1/6 of the
produce. This system was integral to the kingdom's economy.
• Types of Lands: The differentiation of land into farmers'
land, village land, religious institutions' land, and royal lands
showcased a diverse agricultural landscape. Each category
played a specific role in societal development and economic
prosperity.
Irrigation and Taxation
• Irrigation Facilities: The prioritization of irrigation facilities
by the ruling class significantly boosted agricultural output,
demonstrating the kingdom's commitment to enhancing food
production and sustainability.
• Tax System: The innovative tax system, where farmers using
irrigation facilities paid 1/10 of the produce, known as Dasa
Bandha Manya, facilitated a fair contribution from
agricultural advancements to the kingdom's revenue.
Crops and Agriculture
• Variety of Crops: The cultivation of a wide range of crops,
including staples and cash crops, contributed to a diversified
economy. This variety also reflects the kingdom's agricultural
adaptability to different climatic conditions.
• Cattle Rearing: Besides crop cultivation, cattle rearing,
especially cows, emerged as a significant occupation and
providing additional income sources for the community.
Industries and Trade
• Textile Industry: The flourishing textile industry, with
centers in Rachakonda and Devarakonda, became a
hallmark of the Velama period. The prosperity of the
kalamkari and dyeing industries underscored the artistic and
economic achievements of the era.
• Trade and Commerce: The role of Vaishyas and Balijas in
leading foreign trade through key ports highlights the
kingdom's extensive trade networks. The export of textiles,
along with other commodities, and the import of luxury goods
played a crucial role in economic development.

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Conclusion The economic conditions of the Velama community during the
medieval period were characterized by a robust agricultural base,
innovative irrigation techniques, and a vibrant trade and commerce
network. The era's emphasis on agricultural development, industry,
and trade facilitated social mobility, encouraged technological
innovation, and forged strong political alliances.

6. Discuss the administrative strategies, religious practices, and social conditions

under the Kakatiya dynasty's rule in medieval India.

Introduction The Kakatiya dynasty, ruling from the 12th to the 14th century in the
Deccan Plateau, is renowned for its innovative administrative
strategies, promotion of religious practices, and the shaping of social
conditions in medieval India.

Body Administrative Strategies

• Unified Governance and Decentralization: The Kakatiyas
were instrumental in unifying the Telugu regions,
implementing a governance model based on Hindu Dharma
Shastras. This era saw the introduction of the Mandal
system, enhancing local governance through alliances with
Mandalikas, thereby promoting a decentralized
administrative structure.
• Nayankara System: A distinctive feature of their
administration was the Nayankara system, where lands were
distributed to military officials (Nayakas) in exchange for
military service. This not only secured military support but
also facilitated a loyalty-based feudal network essential for
the dynasty’s sustenance and protection.
• Military Strategy and Fortification: The Kakatiya military
skill was emphasized by a comprehensive army composition
and the strategic deployment of forts across the realm. This
military organization, vital for defense and expansion,
reflected the Kakatiyas' emphasis on securing their kingdom
against internal and external threats.
Religious Practices
• Shifts in Religious Allegiance: Starting with a Jain
patronage, the Kakatiya dynasty witnessed a significant shift
towards Shaivism and Vaishnavism, emphasizing a period
of religious transformation. This shift was materialized in the
form of temple constructions and the establishment of
religious mathas, becoming centers of social and spiritual life.

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 • Religious Tolerance Amidst Sectarian Conflicts: Despite
the evident religious tolerance, the Kakatiya era was not free
from sectarian conflicts. The transition from Jainism to
Shaivism and Vaishnavism, while promoting religious
diversity, also led to tensions among different religious
groups.
Social Conditions
• Complex Caste Dynamics: The Kakatiya period was
characterized by intricate caste dynamics, with evidence of
social mobility and inter-caste marriages alongside caste-
based unrest.
• This era, often regarded as a "Golden Age" for Shudras,
hinted at a gradual shift towards social equality.
• Role of Women and Judicial System: Women held
significant roles, with figures like Rudramadevi showcasing
female governance skill. The judicial system, rooted in
traditional Dharmashastras, emphasized localized dispute
resolution, indicating an adherence to ancient legal
frameworks.
• Cultural and Recreational Life: The Kakatiya era thrived
culturally, with societal norms and values reflected in popular
entertainment forms like animal fights and gambling.
• However, educational and cultural practices were
predominantly confined to the elite, maintaining social
divisions.

Conclusion The Kakatiya dynasty's rule was a significant period in medieval

Indian history, marked by innovative administrative strategies, a
pluralistic approach to religion, and a dynamic social structure. Their
efforts in decentralizing governance, fostering religious diversity, and
shaping the social fabric have left a lasting impact on the Telugu
region.

7. Analyze the role of Sarvai Papanna in the resistance against the Mughal Empire,
focusing on his contributions to the socio-political landscape of Telangana.

Introduction Sarvai Papanna, a significant figure in the resistance against Mughal

authority in Telangana between 1695 and 1710 CE, emerged as a
beacon of hope for the people of the region post-Qutb Shahi rule. His
struggle, rooted in opposition to the dominant social groups and
ruling classes, was aimed at liberating Telangana from the clutches of
Mughal viceroys.

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Body Military Resistance against the Mughals
• Establishment of a Fortified Center: Choosing
Khilashapur as his stronghold, Papanna constructed a fort at
Tarikonda, signaling the start of his military campaign
against Mughal viceroys and their local supporters.
• Strategic Victories and Expansion: Papanna's military
capability was evident in his initial victories against Mughal
forces, notably defeating Qasim Khan at Kolanpak.
• His occupation of the Warangal and Bhuvanagiri forts in
1708 CE marked significant advances in his resistance
movement.
• Final Battles and Heroic End: Despite initial successes,
Papanna faced defeat in a decisive battle against Dilwar
Khan's forces in 1709 CE. His relentless fight continued until
his valiant death in 1710 CE at Tarikonda, leaving behind a
legacy of resistance.
Contributions to the Socio-political Landscape
• Vision for an Egalitarian Society: Papanna's resistance was
not merely military; it was deeply intertwined with his vision
for a society that opposed the caste system and protected the
peasantry.
• His leadership was characterized by inclusivity, integrating
Hindus, Muslims, and forest tribes, alongside marginalized
and downtrodden classes, into his army.
• Promotion of Agriculture: During his brief rule, Papanna
significantly encouraged agriculture in the Khilashapur
region, enhancing the livelihoods of peasants and bolstering
his economic resources.
• This agricultural focus contributed to the replenishment of his
treasury, enabling sustained resistance against the Mughals.
• Opposition to Social Hierarchies: Papanna's struggle was as
much a socio-political movement as it was a military
campaign.
• He actively opposed caste hierarchies, advocating for the
representation and participation of various societal sections in
his administration and military forces.
Recognition and Legacy
• Recognition by Bahadur Shah I: In a notable episode of
recognition, Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I honored
Papanna with a 'Robe of Honor' in 1707 CE,

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 acknowledging his kingship. However, this honor was short-
lived due to subsequent opposition from high-class Muslim
officials, leading to renewed military campaigns against him.
• Enduring Legacy in Folklore and Oral Traditions: Sarvai
Papanna's heroic deeds and his vision for an egalitarian
society have been immortalized in historic literature, folklore,
and oral traditions, continuing to inspire subsequent
generations in Telangana.

Conclusion Sarvai Papanna's role in the resistance against the Mughal Empire
was monumental, extending beyond military confrontations to
encompass significant socio-political contributions. His efforts
towards establishing an egalitarian society, promoting agriculture,
and opposing social hierarchies have indelibly marked the socio-
political landscape of Telangana.

8. Assess the contributions of the Qutub Shahis to Telugu literature, art, and
architecture, highlighting their impact on the cultural heritage of the Deccan
region

Introduction The Qutub Shahi dynasty, ruling from their capital in Golkonda,
significantly impacted the cultural landscape of the Deccan region.
Their era is particularly noted for its contributions to Telugu
literature, art, and architecture, marked by a distinct synthesis of
Persian, Urdu, and Telugu influences.

Body Official Language and Literary Flourishment

• Persian as the Official Language: The Golkonda Sultans
declared Persian the official language, enriching
administrative and literary realms.
• Urdu and Telugu's Unique Place: Urdu found a unique
niche in Golkonda's history, while Telugu received
considerable patronage, evidenced by the issuance of firmans
in Telugu.
Patronage by Qutub Shahi Sultans
• Cultural Renaissance: The Qutub Shahi Sultans, themselves
poets and scholars, fostered a golden age in Telugu literature.
Their rule saw significant literary advancements, with Telugu
literature reaching new heights.
• Ibrahim Qutub Shah's Influence: His efforts to learn
Telugu and Sanskrit and organize Mushairas highlighted the
era's literary diversity.

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 Literary Figures and Contributions
• Notable Poets: Figures like Abdullah Qutub Shah and poets
such as Addanki Gangadhara Kavi under Ibrahim Quli
Qutub Shah contributed immensely to the rich literary
tapestry.
• Mohammed Quli Qutub Shah: His poetry in Urdu and
Persian paralleled Chaucer's contributions, significantly
patronizing Telugu literature.
Impact on Literary Forms and Styles
• Diverse Literary Forms: The period saw the creation of
ghazals in Urdu and the enrichment of Telugu literature with
epics and prabandhas, illustrating a cultural synthesis.

Conclusion The Qutub Shahi era marked a defining period in the Deccan's
cultural history, characterized by a remarkable fusion of Persian,
Urdu, and Telugu elements. Their contributions not only celebrated
the diversity of their subjects but also ensured the preservation and
flourishing of Telugu literature and arts for future generations.

9. Ramappa temple, also known as Rudreshwaralayam, is a UNESCO World

heritage site. Discuss the Temple architecture of the Kakatiyas with special
reference to Ramappa Temple.

Introduction The Kakatiyas were the most powerful Kings of Telangana during
the 12th and 13th Centuries. The 200 or so years of their rule
mark the highpoint in the prosperity, culture and art traditions
of this part of the Deccan. Nowhere is this better seen than in the
thousand-pillared Temple of Hanamkonda and The Ramappa
Temple of Palampet, both of which preserve a profusion of
elaborate carvings.

Body • Though the great Svayambu Shiva temple in Warangal that

served as a dynastic shrine for the Kakatiyas was later
demolished, its four ceremonial entrance portals, or toranas,
still stand, giving a glimpse in to the imposing architecture of
the era.
Architectural style of Kakatiyas:

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 • The kakatiyas had served as feudatories to the late Chalukyas
of Kalyani. Therefore there is an influence of Chalukyan
traditions on the art & architecture and sculpture of the
Kakatiya period.
Main features of the style:
1. Kakatiyas followed trikuta model in their temple
constructions.
2. In this model, temples are contructed for Shiva
,Vishnu and Surya in a triangular way.
3. Floating bricks and welcoming archways were
silent features in Kakatiya structures
4. The iconic Kakatiya Thoranam was built by
Ganapati Deva in the 12th Century. This ornate arch
is said to have many similarities with the gateways
at the Sanchi Stupa and is also the emblem of
Telangana.
Notable temples of Kakatiya’s style of Architecture are:
1. Thousand pillar temple:
• Rudreswara Temple locally known as “Veyi
sthambala Gudi” (Thousand pillars temple) is one of
the fine and earliest available examples of of Kakatiya
art, architecture and sculpture.
• It was built by Rudra Deva, in 1163 AD in the style of
later Chalukyan and early Kakatiyan Architecture,
star shaped and triple shrined (Trikutalaya).
• The temple is a fine specimen of architecture and
sculpture with One thousand pillars implying that the
temple has many pillars.
• There are richly carved pillars, perforated screens,
exquisite icons; rock cut elephants and the monolithic
dolerite Nandi as components of the temple.
• Strengthening of foundations like sand box technique,
the skill of Kakatiya sculptors is manifest in adroit
craftsmanship and flawless ivory carving technique
in their art.
• The ingenuity of Kakatiya sculptors is visible shiny
polish in dolerite and granite stone sculpture and craft
work of Nava rangamandapa.
2. Kota Gullu (Ganpur group of temples):

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 • Ghanpur group of temples called as Ganpesvara
temple complex at Ghanpur in Warangal district
were built during the 13th century A.D.
• These temples represent the Kakatiya style of
Architecture.
• Built of red sandstone, the main temple is decorated
with bracket figures.
• A beautifully built Kalyana mandapa and other
subsidiary shrines are worth seeing, are much more
attractive and blithe in their appearance, compared
to the famous Palampet (Ramappa Temple)
bracket figures
3. Ramappa Temple:
• Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple is a
masterpiece of Kakatiyan-era architecture,
employing engineering innovation in the form of
floating bricks, sand-box foundations, selection
of building material and masterful stone
sculpting.
• The Ramalingeswara temple, also known as the
Ramappa temple, was named after its chief sculptor
Ramappa. It is one of the very few temples in the
world named after its sculptor.
• Aside from its architecture and elaborate carvings
on the temple’s walls, pillars, and ceilings, the most
notable feature of this temple is that it was
constructed using bricks that are so light that
they can float on water.
• The temple is built on a 6-foot-high platform with a
cruciform plan in a valley and took nearly 40 years
to complete.
• The chamber of the temple is crowned by a
‘shikharam’ and surrounded by
‘pradakshinapatha’.

Conclusion During their three centuries rule, the Kakatiyas focused on

developing the three T’s: Town, Temple, and Tank. Ushering
in art and architectural growth, and literary development,
which was unique and unheard of previously. The cultural roots
sown by the Kakatiyas can still be seen and felt in the

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 innumerable tanks and temples built by them that still dot the
area.

10. Examine the contributions of Qutub Shahi to telugu literature.

Introduction QutubShahis were the first non-telugu kings who spoke, wrote and
patronized Telugu language. Telugu literature received
encouragement and Telugu was patronized as liberally as Arabic and
Persian during the Qutubshahi rule.

Body Rulers who patronized telugu poets

1. Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah:
• He was revered as Malkibharama in Telugu ballads
and legends for his contribution to Telugu during his
rule.
• Ibrahim QuliQutub Shah developed affection towards
Telugu literature during his stay in
Vijayanagarakingdom .
Telugu poets in the court of Ibrahim Quli Qutub Shah
were:
a. KandukuriRudrakavi:
He compared Ibrahim QuliQutub Shah with Lord Shiva.
The Sultan donated "Chintalapalem/Rentachintala"
agraharam for his prowess in Telugu literature
His famous works are:
• Niramkushopakhyanam
• JanadhanaAshtakam
• SugreevaVijayam
Sugreeva Vijayam was the 1st yakshaganam in Telugu.
b. AddankiGangandhara :
He wrote "Tapathi Samharano Pakhyanam" and his
dedication to the Sultan made him the first ruler to be
dedicated with a Telugu kavya.
c. Ponnekanti Telaganacharyudu:
He wrote the first "acha Telugu" kavya -
"yayathicharithra" and compared the Sultan with
Manmathudu (lover boy). Ponnekanti was patronized by
Amin Khan , feudatory of Ibrahim.
2. Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah:

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 • During his rule many Telugu scholars and poets received
liberal patronization.
• Famous poet in his rule was Sarangi Thammaya who
wrote Vijayanthi Vilasam,a very popular work in
Telugu.
3. Abdullah Qutub Shah:
• The longest ruled sultan of the QutubShahis was the first
Sultan to issue farmans in Telugu.
• Kshetrayya praised as "padhakavipitamaha" wrote
"movvagopalapadalu" and dedicated 1500
padalu/poems to Abdulla Qutub Shah.
4. Abul Hasan Tanisha
• The last ruler of the QutubShahis also continued his
ancestor’s patronage of Telugu literature.
• Kancharla gopanna famously known as
BhaktaRamadas wrote DasaradhiSatakam.
• When he was jailed for constructing Ram temple with
government money, AbulHasanTanisha released
Gopanna and donated Badhrachalam, Shankaragiri and
Palvancha to Badhrachalam temple.
Other famous poets during the Qutubshahi rule were:
• Mariganti Singanacharya who wrote Dasharatha Raja
NandanaCharithra ,1stNiroshta book
• Potuluri Veerabrahmendra swamy who popularised
"Achala doctrine"
• Vemana, famously called Prajakavi wrote more than
1000 poets in the meter "Aataveladhi".

Conclusion Thus, Telugu literature under QutubShahis received huge royal

patronage and people's support. Undeniably, Qutubshahis did great
service to Telugu language.

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