PE Review Notes – 2013

Particle, Particle System, and Rigid Body

The equations of dynamics fall into two categories:
 single particle formulations,
 particle system formulations.
Single particle formulation of motion is simpler than the
particle system formulation and if the problem can be
adequately solved using single particle formulation, that
formulation would lead to faster and easier solution.

Therefore, in dynamics study, we do not physically define

the distinction between a particle and a particle system.
We only need to make a distinction between:
 Particle-problems
 Particle-system problems.

Different questions about the same object can lead to

different applicable formulations. For example, the
questions involving the motion of a car travelling on a road
can often be solved using single particle formulation.
Question involving the behaviour of the same car motion in
a rollover situation in a side impact requires particle system
formulation to be used.

With a little experience and reading the rest of these notes,

you would be able to easily recognize the best formulations
to use.

1
 Clasification of Dynamics Problems

Dynamics

Kinematics Kinetics

Rectangular Polar

Force Energy Impulse

Acceleration Momentum

Dynamics

Single Particle Rigid

Particle Systems Bodies

F=ma F=maG F=maG

U=KE +PE U=KE +PE U=KE +PE
Ft = mV Fit = miVi Ft = mVG
FiRit = miRiVi M = I

2
Coordinate Systems

A coordinate system is a frame of reference. It needs an

origin marker, a marker for x-axis identification, and a
marker for positive Y-axis identification. Imagine you are
on an island and thinking of burying a treasure you
discovered.

Waterfall

Tree
X
R o ck

You can use a big tree as the origin. For the x-axis you can
use a waterfall far away as the marker. The y-axis is
normal to the x-axis but what defines the positive direction
needs another marker and this can be a big rock or
mountain. Normally we need a marker for positive z-axis
too but in this case it is obvious which direction the
treasure is burried. You can now disclose the location of
the treasure in three standard methods – we only look at
Cartesian and cylindrical coordiante methods.

3
Analyzing Particle Motion

1D Rectilinear Motion

Constant Linear Acceleration Motion

V  V0  at
1 2
S  S 0  V0t  at
2
V 2  V02  2aS

1D Angular Motion

d
Y

  
dt
 d
   


dt 

 X


4
Constant Angular Acceleration Motion

   0  t
1 2
   0   0 t  t
2
 2  02  2
2D and 3D Motion in Cartesian (x/y/z) Coordiates

Vx  x a x  x
Vy  y a y  y

Y Vx

aX

5
2D and 3D Motion in Polar and Cylindrical
Coordinates

e
er

  r


X


Velocity and acceleration components are given in the
direction of unit vectors along radial and transverse
(tangential) directions.
Vr  r ar  r  r 2
V  r a  r  2r
When the path of motion is circular, the radial velocity and
accelerations become zero.

V2
Vr  0 ar  r 2  
r
V  V  r a  r
If an object rotate at zero angular acceleration (=0) in a
circular path, its acceleration is the usual centripital
component – a vector pointing toward the center.

6
 Y




X



If an object moves out radially at constant speed on a

uniformly CCW rotating disk, its acceleration would be the
usual coriolis acceleration pointing to its left.

Vr




X



7
Problem #D1 : 2D motion that is best solved in Cartesian
formulation of motion

Projectile Motion

D#1. A cannon is fired at a 30 degree angle with horizon

from a height of 200 feet (60.96 m) at a muzzle velocity of 400
ft/s (121.92 m/s). Find the time to impact the ground and the
distance travelled neglecting the air resistance.

Hints: Motion in X-direction (horizontal) is a constant

acceleration motion with an acceleration of zero. Motion
in Y-direction is also a constant acceleration motion with
an acceleration of g downward.

Vx
aY

Answers: time=13.3 sec , Distance=4626 feet (1410 m)

D#2. A car starts from rest on a horizontal circular road

with an acceleration of 7 ft/s2 (2.1336 m/s2). The road radius is
300 ft (91.44 m). How long would it take for the car to reach

8
an acceleration of magnitude g/4? What is the velocity?
Answer: 4.93 sec at V=34.5 ft/s (10.5156 m/s)

Hints: Tangential acceleration is given and radial

acceleration is a function of velocity. Velocity is a
function of time and tangential acceleration.

D#3. At an instant a rod of 9 inches (0.2286 m) length is

rotating at 10 rad/s CCW and slowing down at a rate of 40
rad/s2. Find the speed of the end of the rod – speed is the
magnitude of the velocity vector. Also find the magnitude
of the acceleration of the end of the rod.

Vr

 


Answers: V=7.5 ft/s (2.286 m/s) and a=80.8 ft/s2 (24.62784 m/s )
2

D#4. At the instance shown, a slider is 18 inches (0.4572 m)

from the pivot point and is sliding outward at a velocity of
15 ft/s (4.572 m/s) on a rod while speeding up at a rate of 180
ft/s2 (54.864 m/s2). The rod is rotating CCW at 10 rad/s and
slowing down at the rate of 40 rad/s2. Find the magnitude
of the acceleration vector of the slider.

9
 Y


 


Answer: 242 ft/s2 (73.7616 m/s2)

Coriolis

r

10
 Relative Motion Formulation

In many problems a complex motion can be expressed in

terms of two or more simpler motions. A typical situation
is the motion of a water skier relative to the ground
coordiante system as shwn below:

VS/B
 VB

The motion of the skier is simple with respect to the boat

(it goes through a circular path relative to the boat). And,
the motion of the boat is simple relative to the ground.
Therefore, we can express the motion of the skier with
respect to the groud using the relative velocity and
acceleration relationships and two simple vectors:

  
VS  VB  VS / B
  
aS  a B  aS / B
The easiest and quickest method of solving simple vector
relationships is through graphical means.

11
Example: Find the skier’s speed and magnitude of
acceleration if the speed of the boat is VB and it is
accelerating at the rate of aB. The skier’s angular velocity
is  and is a constant. The rope length is r.

VS/B
 VB

VB

VS 
VS/B=r

The skier’s square of speed is:

V 2  VB2  (r ) 2  2VB r cos(90   )
The acceleration of the skier is determined from the
following vector diagram:
aB
aS/B=r
aS

12
Example: In the slider crank mechanism shown, the crank
is 18 inches (0.4572 m) and at an angle of 45 degrees. It is
rotating in CCW direction at a constant speed of 100 rad/s.
The connecting rod is at an angle of 30 degrees with the
horizontal line. Find the speed of the slider C and the
angular velocity of the connecting rod at this instance.
B

C
A 45 30

18
VB / A  VB  r  ( )(100)  150 ft / s (45.72m / s)
12
  
VC  VB  VC / B

A 2D vector equation can be solved if it has two unknow

scalars (legnths or directions). This vector equation has
two unknows:
Magnitude of VC
Magnitude of VC/B

A graphical method can be used to easily find both values.

13
 B

C
A 45 30

75 VB=150
VC/B
60 45
VC
Using the law of sines
VC 150
  VC  167 ft / s 50.90 m / s
Sin (75) Sin (60)

Kinmatics of rolling motion (or rope and pully)

VC = R
C AC
VC aC = R

14
 Single Particle Kinetics


Force – Acceleration Formulation
 F

 F  ma
F is the force required to bring about the acceleration a.
The acceleration is measured in a fixed (non-accelerating)
frame of reference. This is called the equation of motion.

In Cartesian formulation of acceleration:

F x  max
F y  may
In Polar formulation of acceleration:

 F  ma
r r

 F  ma
This formulation of kinetics is used when the instantaneous
relationship between the force and acceleration is required.

15
D#5: A 25 lb (111.2 N) ball is hanging from a 2 ft (0.61 m) rope.
At the instant shown the speed of the ball is 13 ft/s (3.96 m/s).
Find the rope tension (T) and angular acceleration of rope.

30

Hint: Draw the Free Body Diagram (FBD) of the ball.

From the velocity information find radial acceleration.
Write the equation of motion along the direction of the
rope to find T. Write the equation of motion along the path
of the particle ( direction) and find the angular
acceleration. Answer: 87.25 lbs (388.1 N) and 8.05 rad/s2

Note on Units
Force Mass Distance gc
2
Lbs Slugs (lb-s /ft) ft 32.2 ft/s2
Lbs “Blobs”(lb-s2/in) in 386 in/s2
N Kg meters 9.81 m/s2
Note: Unfortunately it is also customary to express force
using the units of Kg. When Kg is used to indicate force,
multiply it by 9.8 to convert it to Newtons. For example if
your weight is 60 kg, your weight is about 600 Newtons.

16
Work/Energy Formulation of particle Kinetics

II

Work/Energy formulation of kinetics is obtained when the

equation of motion (Force/Acceleration formulation) is
integrated over the particle path from an initial position to a
final position.
   
  Fdx   ma dx
The left side of this equation is the work done on the
particle during travel including the work by the
gravitational force. The right hand side is the change in the
kinetic energy of the paticle. The final form is:

U12  KE  PE

17
Where:

U1-2 : Work done by all forces (except

gravitational and spring forces).

II

For friction force, the work is:

U1-2=-f d
Where f is the fiction force and d is the length of the path
traveled. For a constant force F acting in the direction of
travel
U1-2= Fd

18
Energy and Power Conversions

 1 ft-lb = 1.35 Jouls

 1 ft-lb/sec = 1.35 Watts
 1 hp = 746 Watts
 1 hp-sec = 746 Jouls
 1 BTU = 1055 Jouls
 1 BTU/sec = 1055 Watts
 1 Calorie = 4.19 Jouls
 1 Calorie/sec = 4.19 Watts
 1 Amp-hour@V volt = V Watt-hr =3600V Jouls

Example: Suppose you weigh 175 lbs. You decide to take

the staris from the 1st floor to the 5th floor of EB (about 100
feet) . How much energy it takes in kilo-calories, jouls,
Watt-hours, BTU, hp-sec, and Amp-hours @ 1.5 volts.
Assume all the energy spent goes into elevation gain.

E1 = 175(100) = 17500 ft-lb

E2 = (17500)*(1.35) = 23625 Jouls (Watt-sec)
E3 = 23625/4190 = 5.64 kilo-calories (called calories)
E4 = 23625/3600 = 6.56 Watt-hr
E5 = 23625/1055 = 22.4 BTU
E6 = 23625/746 = 31.7 hp-sec
E6 = 6.56/1.5 = 4.37 Ah @ 1.5 volts (2 AA size Alkalines)

19
KE: Change in kinetic energy of the particle

The change in kinetic energy of a particle is:

1 1
KE  mV22  mV12
2 2
V

PE: Change in potential energy of the

gravitational and spring forces

Gravitational potential energy

PE gravity  mg(h2  h1 )
When a particle moves up in the gravitational field, the
gravitational force gains potential energy and PE is
postive.

20
Elastic potential energy
1
PE Elastic  k (S 22  S12 )
2
S1 is the spring stretch – the difference in spring length at
position-1 relative to the free length of the spring (S0):

S1=S1-S0
S2=S2-S0

S1

S2

21
D#6: The spring shown is at free length at the position
drawn and has a spring constant of 7 lbs/ft (102 N/m). The
slider weighs 5 lbs (22.24 N). If the slider is released from
rest, what would be its velocity after dropping 1.5ft (0.4572 m).

1 ft
(0.4572 m)
Answer: 8.2 ft/s (2.5 m/s)

#D7 A 25-lb (111.2 N) box is released with an intial velocity

of 30 in/s (9.144 m/s) from the position shown. The spring
constant is 100 lb/in (17500 N/m) and the incline has a slope of
3:4. The coefficient of dynamic friction between the slider
and the path is 0.3. Find the maximum force in the spring
after the block is released.

10 in
.254 m

Answer: 163.7 lbs (728.1 N)

22
Impulse/Momentum Formulation of particle Kinetics

Impulse-Momemtum formulation of kinetics is obtained

when the equation of motion (Force/Acceleration
formulation) is integrated over some time period from t1 to
t2.
 
  Fdt   ma dt
The left side of this equation is the impluse of the external
forces acting on a particle during the time period of
interest. The right hand side is the change in the linear
momentum of the paticle.

Assuming a constant mass, the RHS of the formula (the

momentum) only depends on initial and final velocities:

  
  Fdt  m(V 2  V1 )
Note that both the force and the velocities are vector
quantities. These relationships can be writtten in terms of
their components in (usually) Cartesian coordiates. Here is
an example for one direction:
  
  Fx dt  m(V x 2  Vx1 )

23
Also note that when a particle is not acted upon by any
forces (in some direction), the particle momentum is
conserved in that direction.

Example: A 2000 lb (8896 N) car is travelling at 60 mph (96.6 km/h)

when the driver slams on the brakes resulting in all the wheels to
lock. If the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road is
0.80 and assuming equal friction forces from all tires, how long
would it take for the car to come to a stop?

Classic solution: The friction force is N = 0.8(2000) = 1600 lbs.

From the Newton’s formula
F  ma
 2000 
1600   a  a  25.76 ft / s 2
 32.2 
The velocity is 88 ft/sec and it drops to zero. The time it takes is:
V  V0  at
88  0  25.76t  t  3.4 sec
Alternatively using impulse/momentum
Ft  mV
2000
1600t  ( )(88)  t  3.4 sec
32.2

24
 Multiple Particle Kinetics
When the problem solution involves multiple particles,
multiple-particle formulation of motion formulas would
result in quicker and easier solutions. If the particle system
is rigidly connected together, the formulas for the special
case of rigid-bodies work even better.

F

Force – Acceleration Formulation

 Fext  mt aG
F is the summation of external forces required to bring
about the acceleration aG to the center of mass of the
particle system of total mass mt.

The problems that this Force-Acceleration addresses are

similar to those of single particles.

Work/Energy Formulation of particle Kinetics

The energy formulation for the particle systems is also

similar to single particles:

U i  KE  PE
The KE and the PE terms include the all the particles. The
work includes the work done by external and internal
forces on the particles . The work of internal forces, in

25
general, may not cancel out - so apply only when
frictional losses do not exist and no energy is created or
lost within the system.

Impulse/Momentum Formulation of particle systems

Impulse-Momemtum formulation of kinetics also remains

the same form:

  
  Fext dt   mi (Vi 2  Vi1 )
Fext

The momentum term includes all particles. Fortunately

the impulse term only includes the external forces as the
impulse of internal forces cancel out to zero. The main
application involves interaction of two or more particles
such as in an impact and also in applications involving
fluid flow in nozzles, jet propulsion, and rocket thrusts.

26
Note that both the force and the velocities are vector
quantities. These relationships can be writtten in terms of
their components usually in a Cartesian coordiates. Here is
an example for one direction:
  
  Fx , ext dt   mi (V i , x 2  Vi , x1 )
Conservation of Linear momentum

Any particle system that is not acted upon by any external

forces in a certain direction would preserve its momentum
in that direction.

Example: A railroad car travelling at 2 ft/s (0.6100 m/s) bumps

another car of the same weight and the two cars latch
together. What is the speeds of the two cars immediately
after the impact?

II I

27
l  (2m1Vafter )  (m1V1 )  0
1
Vafter  V1  1 ft / s [0.30 m / s]
2
If the two cars do not latch together, they would not have
the same speed after impact. The change in linear
momentum becomes:
l  (m1V1,after  m2V2,after )  (m1V1  0)  0
This is one equation in two unknows. To solve this impact
problem we need to know an experimental coefficient
known as the coefficient of restitution. Coefficient of
restitution measures the degree of impact elasticity.

Coefficient of restitution

Suppose two particles collide head on as shown below:

Before Collision
V1,b V2,b
1 2

V1,a V2,a
1 2
After Collision

28
If the impact is perfectly elastic, minimal energy is lost
and the relative velocity with which the paricles depart is
the same as the relative velocity of the two particles
approaching before impact.

If the impact is perfectly plastic, maximum energy is lost

due to impact and the parts stick together. The relative
velocity of departure becomes zero. In general, the
coefficient of restitution is defined as:

Re lative _ speed _ of _ departure

e
Re lative _ speed _ of _ approach

Example: Consider the same problem of railroad cars.

Assuming a coefficient of restitution of 0.8, What would
be the speeds of the two cars immediately after the impact?

II I

l  (m1V1,after  m2V2,after )  (m1V1,b  0)  0

V1,a  V2,a  2 ft / s [0.61 m / s]
The coefficient of restitution relationship is:

29
 V2,a  V1,a
e  0.8   V2,a  V1,a  1.6
V1,b
Note: V2,a and V2b are unknowns and they are assumed to
be positive or in the same direction. From the two
equations
V2,a=1.8 ft/s [.55 m/s]
V1,a=0.2 ft/s [.061 m/s]
Our assumption of both being positive and in the same
direction was right. The bumping car loses almost all of its
speed where the bumped car jumps ahead almost as fast as
the approaching car before impact. Those who have played
pool should be well familiar with this kind of impact.

30
Kinetics of Fluid Flow

Fluids are also particle systems and the impulse-

momentum formulation applies to the mass within a control
volume. In this review, we only consider systems in which
the mass within control volume remains a constant. This
includes fluid flow through nozzles but not rockets. For
fluid flow through nozzles, the basic relationship is:
  
R  m (Vout  Vin )
where R is the total resultant force that would bring about a
change in fluid momentum within the control volume. The
mass flow rate is m and is measured in slugs per second
[or kg/s] and it can be calculated as:

  AV
m
Where A is the flow (pipe) area, is the mass density of
the fluid, and V is the flow velocity. The last useful
relationship is the conservation of mass:
AinVin  AoutVout
where A and V are the flow area and the flow velocity
magnitudes.

Data:
Mass density of water is 1.94 slugs/ft3
Mass density of water is 1000 kg/m3

31
Example: Consider a horizontal pipe with the bend
shown. Determine the vertical force exerted by the water
on the bend support. The bend angle is 60 degrees.

d=10 in [.254 m]
P=4 psi [27580 pa]

60 degrees

d=8 in [.203 m]
V=20 ft/s [6.1 m/s]
P=6 psi [41370 pa]

Using conservation of mass

AinVin  AoutVout
din 2 8 2
Vout  Vin ( )  20( )  12.8 ft / s
d out 10

The mass density of water is about 1.94 slugs per cubic

feet. The mass flow rate is:

32
 din2
m  AV  Vin
4
 8
m  ( ) 2 (1.94)(20)  13.5 slugs / s
4 12
Momentum relationship (force needed to divert fluid)
  
R  m (Vout  Vin )
The vertical component is:
Ry  m (Vy ,out  Vy ,in )
Ry  13.5(12.8Sin 60  0)  150 lbs
This is the net force acting on water. Now we must
consider the inlet and outlet pressures. The total resultant
force is composed of three terms:
Foutlet

Finlet

=
Fsupport

150

Equating the forces in the Y-direction:

R y  Fpipe  Foutlet Sin(60)

33
Where
 (10) 2
Fout  Poutlet Aoutlet  4( )  314.16
4
Solving for the support force
150  Fsup  314.16 sin(60)
Fsup  422 lbs {1877 N }
The pressure difference increases the support force
substantially.

In SI Units

d in 2 .203 2
Vout  Vin ( )  6.1( )  3.9 m / s
d out .254

The mass density of water is about 1000 kg per cubic

meters. The mass flow rate is:
d in2
m  AV  Vin
4

m  (.203) 2 (1000)(6.1)  197.43 kg / s
4
Momentum relationship (force needed to divert fluid)
Ry  m (Vy ,out  Vy ,in )
Ry  197.43(3.9Sin 60  0)  666.8 N

34
This is part (a) solution. Equating the forces in the Y-
direction:
R y  Fpipe  Foutlet Sin(60)
Where
 (.254) 2
Fout  Poutlet Aoutlet  27580( )  1397.5 N
4
Solving for the support force
666.8  Fsup  1397.5 sin(60)
Fsup  1877 N

35
Kinetics of Rigid Bodies
A rigid body is a special case of a system of particles in
which the particles have a fixed rigid relationship with
respect to each other. (no internal movements or internal
work)

Force/Acceleration Formulation

 
 Fext  mt aG
A rigid-body being one rigid object can also have an
angular velocity  and angular acceleration . The motion
of a rigid body is completely defined (at an instant) by its
mass center acceleration as well as its angular acceleration.

36
Force Moment – Angular Acceleration Formulation

The angular impulse – angular momentum relationship for

particle systems (which was not presented in its general
form) takes a new and very useful form for rigid bodies:
 
 M ext ,O  IO
Where point O is a fixed (non-accelerating) point. The
constant IO is called the mass moment of inertia of the rigid
body about point O:
I o   Ro dm
2

M
It is a measure of rotational inertia. The more mass or
radius, the harder it is to spin the body. Alternatively, the
formulation can also be applied with respect to the rigid
body’s center of mass:
 
 M ext ,G  IG
and
I G   RG dm
2

M
Relations for mass moments of inertias for common shapes
can be found in dynamics book tables. This formula does
not apply to any other points (other than O and G).

While the moment-angular acceleration formulation applies

to 3D dynamic systems, most rigid body problems are
planar allowing the moments of forces to be calculated
using the familiar cross-product methods.

37
The magnitude of the moment vector is F.d where F is the
Plane of forces
F
R

magnitude of the force vector and d is the normal distance.

The direction of the moment vector is either out of the
plane or into the plane. This direction is identified by a
plus sign or a minus sign. The convention is to use the
right-hand rule for postive or negative directions. For
example the figure shows a moment going into the page
according to the rule and therefore the moment value
would be negative.

Parallel-Axis theorem

A mass moment of interias with respect to any axis can be

easily calculated if the moment of inertia is known with
respect to a parallel axis at CG. The relationship is:

I O  I G  md 2
where d is the distance between the parallel axes.

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Example: A 120 lb (533.76 N) pulley (r =8” 0.2032 m) is
released from rest lowering a box with a mass of 2 slugs
(29.16 kg). During lowering the rope tension remains constant.
What value is this rope tension?
T
A
a


T
Choosing downward to be positive and from the freebody
diagram of the box:
  F  ma
W  T  ma
Where
W = 2(32.2) = 64.4 lbs and m = 2 slugs
Also from kinematics of motion:
a  r
Note that the direction of  must be consistent with a. The
equation of motion for the mass becomes
8
64.4  T  2( )
12 (I)
OR T  64.4  1.33

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Now from the FBD of the pulley (ignoring pivot reaction
forces as they are not needed for moment relationship)
8 1 120 8 2
 M O  IO T( )  ( )( ) 
12 2 32.2 12
(II)
OR T  1.24
Note that the direction of T in the pulley FBD must be
consistent with that in the box FBD. Setting (II) into (I)
T = 64.4 – 1.33*(T/1.24)
T=31.1 lbs

SI T = 138.33 N

Work and Kinetic Energy Formulation for Rigid Bodies

The energy relationship is the same as in particle systems:

40
U i ,12  KE12  PE12
In this relation the work done on the system is due to
external forces only (the work of all internal forces cancel
out for single rigid bodies).

Kinetic Energy of a Rigid Body

1 1
T  mVG2  I G 2
2 2
When the rigid body is pinned at a fixed point O and is
only rotating, the kinetic energy is:
1
T  I O 2
2
The change in potential energy due to gravitational force
and spring forces remain as before:
PE gravity  mg(h2  h1 )
and
1
PE Elastic  k (S 22  S12 )
2
Example
A uniform disk of raduis 0.75 ft (0.2286 m) and weight 30lbs
(133.44 N) is pulled by a spring with K=2 lb/ft (29.16667 N/m). The
free length of the spring is 1 ft (0.3048 m). The disk is released
from rest at the position shown. The disk is going to roll

41
without slipping. Find the angular velocity of the disk as it
travels 3 ft(0.9144 m) toward left.

Kinematics of Rolling
4 ft
1.22 m 
VG
3 ft

VG=r

Change Kinetic Energy

T1  0
1 1
T2  mVG2  I G 2
2 2
1 30 1  1 30 
T2  ( )(.75) 2 ( ) 2   ( )(.75) 2  2  0.393 2
2 32.2 2  2 32.2 
In SI
1 133.4 1  1 133.4 
T2  ( )(.23) 2 ( ) 2   ( )(.23) 2  2  0.54 2
2 9.8 2  2 9.8 
Change in Potential Energy
1 1
U1  k (5  1) 2  (2)(4) 2  16 ft  lb
2 2
1 1
U 2  k (4  1) 2  (2)(3) 2  9 ft  lb
2 2
In SI

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 1
U1  (29.17)(1.52  .30) 2  21.7 N  m
2
1
U 2  (29.17)(1.22  .30) 2  12.3 N  m
2
Applying the energy formulation:
0.393 2  7    4.22 rad / sec
in SI
0.54 2  9.4    4.17 rad / sec
The diference is due to truncation errors with SI units.

#D8 Solve the problem when a constant force of 1-lb [4.45

N] acts on the roller center tending to slow it down. Ans:
3.2 rad/s

#D9 The disk in the figure has a

mass of 1 slugs [14.6 kg] and a
raduis of gyration of 2.5 in.
[0.063 m] and a raduis of 4 inches
[0.1 m]. The block’s mass is 2
slugs [29.2 kg]. The spring
constant is 40 lb/ft [583 N/m] and
the free length of the spring is 5
in. [0.127 m]. The system is
released from rest when the
spring is at free length. What is
the velocity of the block after it falls 9 inches [.23 m].

Ans: V=4 ft/s [1.22 m/s] {in SI the ans. is slightly

different}

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Impulse-Momentum Formulation of Rigid Bodies

The linear Impulse of the resultant external force on a rigid

body changes the linear momentum of the body as follows:
  
 Fext dt  m(VG, f  VG,i )
Also, in a planar motion, the change in the angular
momentum of a rigid body with resprct to a fixed point O
is equal to the angular impulse of the all external forces
about O:

M ext ,O dt  I O ( f  i )
It is easy to see that if we take derivatives of both sides
with respect to time, we get Mext=I.

#D10 A 1-lb [4.45 N] uniform

rod is struck by a bullet
weighing 0.05 pounds(.2224
1 ft
N). The bar’s maximum angle .3 m
of swing is measured to be 120 2 ft
degrees. Estimate the velocity .61 m
of the bullet in feet per second.
Ignore friction. The bullet gets
embedded in the rod.

Answer: 226 ft/sec [68.9 m/s]

(44 ft/sec if you ignore the energy loss during impact!)

44