Dr.
SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 1
UNIT - 1
• Part-1: Introduction to Microcomputer Architecture
• Part-2: ARM Embedded Systems
• Part-3: ARM Processor Fundamentals
• Case Studies:
Survey of various microcontrollers, their
specifications, use cases and applications
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 2
Part-1:
Introduction to Microcomputer Architecture
• Microcomputer Organization (CPU, Memory, I/O Devices and Clock)
• Processor architecture (ALU, Register and Control Unit)
• Bus Architecture
• Processor characteristics
• Instruction set Architecture
• RISC and CISC architectures
• Concept of polling and interrupts
• Computer Languages (Machine level, Assembly level and High-level
language)
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 3
Microcomputer Organization
• Processing Unit : CPU
• Input to CPU – one or more input devices
In 8051
• Output from CPU - one or more output devices
• Storage – Memory device
Interconnection of these devices
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 4
Microcomputer Organization
In 8051
BUS: System Bus
• Address Bus
• Data Bus
• Control Bus
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 5
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 6
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 7
Processor Architecture(CPU)
Components of CPU
• ALU
• Control Unit
• Registers
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 8
Processor Architecture(CPU)
ALU
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 9
Bus Architecture
• Bus
• Group of wires – Carry information
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 10
Processor Characteristics
• Speeds and Feeds
• Cache
• Cores
• Bandwidth
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 11
Processor Characteristics
• Speeds and Feeds : 1. Clock
2. IPC
• Cache: Fast access to memory
• Cores : Multicore Arch.
Each core has its own cache (L1,L2)
Core can share info in a cache(L3)
• Bandwidth: need to communicate with the
outside world.
PCI Express slots
(graphics cards and other expansion cards,
and USB ports)
The speed of this communication is called bandwidth.
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 12
Instruction Set Architecture
• Interface between hardware and the software
• Only way to interact with the hardware is the
instruction set of the processor.
• Instructions are the words of a computer’s
language and the instruction set is basically its
vocabulary.
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 13
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 14
Types of Instruction set
• Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
• Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
• Minimal instruction set computers (MISC)
• Very long instruction word (VLIW)
• Explicitly parallel instruction computing
(EPIC)
• One instruction set computer (OISC)
• Zero instruction set computer (ZISC)
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 15
Two types of ISA
1. RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
2. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer)
Dr. SURESH KURI, GIT BELAGAVI 16
Difference Between CISC & RISC
Architectural Complex Instruction Set Reduced Instruction Set
Characteristics Computer (CISC) Computer (RISC)
Large set of instructions with
Instruction size Small set of instructions with
variable formats (16-64 bits per
and format fixed format (32 bit).
instruction).
Data transfer Memory to memory. Register to register.
Most micro coded using control
Mostly hardwired without
CPU control memory (ROM) but modern
control memory.
CISC use hardwired control.
Instruction type Not register based instructions. Register based instructions.
Memory access More memory access. Less memory access.
Clocks Includes multi-clocks. Includes single clock.
Instruction Instructions are reduced and
Instructions are complex.
nature simple.
