CHE133P

Heat and Mass

Transfer
LECTURE 30
Engr. Ria Grace P. Abdon
Crystallization 2
Malayan Colleges Laguna
 Equilibrium Solubility

In crystallization, equilibrium is attained when the solution or mother

liquor is saturated.

This is represented by a solubility curve.

Solubility in crystallization is dependent mainly upon temperature.

Pressure has negligible effect on solubility.

In general, the solubilities of most salts increase slightly or markedly with

increasing temperature.
 Equilibrium Solubility

In crystallization, equilibrium is attained when the solution or mother

liquor is saturated.

This is represented by a solubility curve.

Solubility in crystallization is dependent mainly upon temperature.

Pressure has negligible effect on solubility.

In general, the solubilities of most salts increase slightly or markedly with

increasing temperature.
 Equilibrium Solubility

In crystallization, equilibrium is attained when the solution or mother

liquor is saturated.

This is represented by a solubility curve.

Solubility in crystallization is dependent mainly upon temperature.

Pressure has negligible effect on solubility.

In general, the solubilities of most salts increase slightly or markedly with

increasing temperature.
 Equilibrium Solubility

In crystallization, equilibrium is attained when the solution or mother

liquor is saturated.

This is represented by a solubility curve.

Solubility in crystallization is dependent mainly upon temperature.

Pressure has negligible effect on solubility.

In general, the solubilities of most salts increase slightly or markedly with

increasing temperature.
 Equilibrium Solubility

In crystallization, equilibrium is attained when the solution or mother

liquor is saturated.

This is represented by a solubility curve.

Solubility in crystallization is dependent mainly upon temperature.

Pressure has negligible effect on solubility.

In general, the solubilities of most salts increase slightly or markedly with

increasing temperature.
 Equilibrium Solubility

In solubility plots, the solubility data are ordinarily

given as parts by weight of anhydrous material per 100
parts by weight of total solvent (i.e., water in many
cases).
Solubility Curve
Solubility Curve
 Table 2-122 page 2-126 to 2-129 8th ed
Solubility Table Table 2- 20 9th ed
 Table 2-122 page 2-126 to 2-129 8th ed
Solubility Table Table 2- 20 9th ed
 Table 2-122 page 2-126 to 2-129 8th ed
Solubility Table Table 2- 20 9th ed
 QUESTION
What is the solubility of the following compounds at
the given temperature in g/100g water ?
A) Saltpeter at 60°C
B) Potassium thiocyanate at 0°C
C) Soda ash in hot water at 104°C
D) Sal soda in cold water at 0°C
E) Copperas in hot water at 50°C
 QUESTION
What is the solubility of the following compounds at
the given temperature in g/100g water ?
A) Saltpeter at 60°C
B) Potassium thiocyanate at 0°C
C) Soda ash in hot water at 104°C
D) Sal soda in cold water at 0°C
E) Copperas in hot water at 50°C
Common Names of Compounds

Table 2-1 page 2-7 to 2-27

Perry’s Handbook 8 ed
th
 QUESTION
• What is the solubility of the following compounds at the given temperature in
g/100g water ?
A) Saltpeter at 60°C
KNO3 → 110 g/ 100 g H2O
B) Potassium thiocyanate at 0°C
KCNS → 177 g/ 100 g H2O
C) Soda ash at 0°C
Na2CO3 → 48.5 g/ 100 g H2O
D) Sal soda in cold water at 0°C
Na2CO3-10H2O → 21.5 g/ 100 g H2O
E) Copperas in hot water at 50°C
FeSO4-7H2O → 149 g/ 100 g H2O
 QUESTION
• What is the solubility of the following compounds at the given temperature in
g/100g water ?
A) Saltpeter at 60°C
KNO3 → 110 g/ 100 g H2O
B) Potassium thiocyanate at 0°C
KCNS → 177 g/ 100 g H2O
C) Soda ash at 0°C
Na2CO3 → 48.5 g/ 100 g H2O
D) Sal soda in cold water at 0°C
Na2CO3-10H2O → 21.5 g/ 100 g H2O
E) Copperas in hot water at 50°C
FeSO4-7H2O → 149 g/ 100 g H2O
 Vapor , V
Crystals , C
Feed, F (anhydrous/hydrated)
(solution)
Crystallizer

Mother liquor, L
(saturated solution)
 Vapor , V
Feed, F Crystals , C
(solution) (anhydrous/hydrated)
Crystallizer

Mother liquor, L
(saturated solution)
 Vapor , V
Feed, F Crystals , C
(solution) (anhydrous/hydrated)
Crystallizer

Mother liquor, L
(saturated solution)
 Vapor , V
Feed, F Crystals , C
(solution) (anhydrous/hydrated)
Crystallizer

Mother liquor, L
(saturated solution)
 Vapor , V
Feed, F Crystals , C
(solution) (anhydrous/hydrated)
Crystallizer

Mother liquor, L
(saturated solution)
Yields and Heat and Mass Balance in Crystallization

The mother liquor is

The solution (mother
saturated at the final
liquor) and the solid
temperature of the
crystals are in contact
process, and the final
for enough time to reach
concentration of the
equilibrium.
solute in the solution can
be obtained from
solubility curve.
Yields and Heat and Mass Balance in Crystallization

The mother liquor is

The solution (mother
saturated at the final
liquor) and the solid
temperature of the
crystals are in contact
process, and the final
for enough time to reach
concentration of the
equilibrium.
solute in the solution can
be obtained from
solubility curve.
Yields and Heat and Mass Balance in Crystallization

The mother liquor is

The solution (mother
saturated at the final
liquor) and the solid
temperature of the
crystals are in contact
process, and the final
for enough time to reach
concentration of the
equilibrium.
solute in the solution can
be obtained from
solubility curve.
Material Balance in a Crystallizer
 Material Balance in a Crystallizer

Overall Material Balance:

F=L+C+V
V

Where: F – feed C
F
L – mother liquor Crystallizer

C – crystal
V – water vapor
L

Solute Balance:

F (Xf) = L(Xl) + C(Xc)

 Material Balance in a Crystallizer

Overall Material Balance:

F=L+C+V
V

Where: F – feed C
F
L – mother liquor Crystallizer

C – crystal
V – water vapor
L

Solute Balance:

F (Xf) = L(Xl) + C(Xc)

 Material Balance in a Crystallizer

Overall Material Balance:

F=L+C+V
V

Where: F – feed C
F
L – mother liquor Crystallizer

C – crystal
V – water vapor
L

Solute Balance:

F (Xf) = L(Xl) + C(Xc)

 Material Balance in a Crystallizer

Overall Material Balance:

F=L+C+V
V

Where: F – feed C
F
L – mother liquor Crystallizer

C – crystal
V – water vapor
L

Solute Balance:

F (Xf) = L(Xl) + C(Xc)

 Material Balance in a Crystallizer

Overall Material Balance:

F=L+C+V
V

Where: F – feed C
F
L – mother liquor Crystallizer

C – crystal
V – water vapor
L

Solute Balance:

F (Xf) = L(Xl) + C(Xc)

 Material Balance in a Crystallizer

Overall Material Balance:

F=L+C+V
V

Where: F – feed C
F
L – mother liquor Crystallizer

C – crystal
V – water vapor
L

Solute Balance:

F (Xf) = L(Xl) + C(Xc)

 Material Balance in a Crystallizer

Overall Material Balance:

F=L+C+V
V

Where: F – feed C
F
L – mother liquor Crystallizer

C – crystal
V – water vapor
L

Solute Balance:

F (Xf) = L(Xl) + C(Xc)

 MRII reviewer
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6
g/100 g of water at 20C and 16.4 g/100 g of water at
60C. If a saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate at
60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt
that crystallizes out is
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

𝟔𝟎℃

F C
Crystallizer

L
𝟐𝟎℃
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

𝟔𝟎℃

F C
Crystallizer

L
𝟐𝟎℃
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

𝟔𝟎℃

F C
Crystallizer

L
𝟐𝟎℃
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

𝟔𝟎℃

F C
Crystallizer
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
L
𝟐𝟎℃
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

𝟔𝟎℃

F C
Crystallizer
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

𝟔𝟎℃

F C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

% of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out

𝟔𝟎℃

F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

% of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out

𝟔𝟎℃

F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 % of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out=

Crystallizer 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪=𝑪
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 𝑥100%
100 𝑔 𝐻20 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

% of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out

𝟔𝟎℃

F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 % of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out=

Crystallizer 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪=𝑪
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 𝑥100%
100 𝑔 𝐻20 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

% of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out

𝟔𝟎℃

F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 % of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out=

Crystallizer 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪=𝑪
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 𝑥100%
100 𝑔 𝐻20 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

% of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out

𝟔𝟎℃

F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 % of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out=

Crystallizer 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪=𝑪
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 𝑥100%
100 𝑔 𝐻20 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is

% of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out

𝟔𝟎℃

F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 % of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out=

Crystallizer 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪=𝑪
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 𝑥100%
100 𝑔 𝐻20 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3

16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer Basis?
100 𝑔 𝐻20
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3

16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer Basis?
100 𝑔 𝐻20
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
L
g of water in L?
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20 g of water in L=100g
L
𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20 g of water in L=100g
L
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 =? 𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20 g of water in L=100g
L
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 16.4 g 𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20 g of water in L=100g
L
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 16.4 g 𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 =?
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20 g of water in L=100g
L
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 16.4 g 𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 9.6
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 =? 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20 g of water in L=100g
L
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 16.4 g 𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 9.6
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 6.8 𝑔 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20 g of water in L=100g
L
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 16.4 g 𝟐𝟎℃
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 9.6
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 6.8 𝑔 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
F satd C
Crystallizer Basis: 100 g of water in F
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20 g of water in L=100g
L
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 16.4 g 𝟐𝟎℃
% of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 9.6
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g of water at 20C
and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a saturated solution of sodium
bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to 20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that
crystallizes out is
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑪 = 𝑪
𝑥100%
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝒊𝒏 𝑭
𝟔𝟎℃ 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 6.8 𝑔 Basis: 100 g of water in F
F satd C
Crystallizer g of water in L=100g
16.4 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑔 𝐻20 % of Na2CO3 that crystallizes out
L
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 16.4 g 𝟐𝟎℃
𝟔. 𝟖𝒈
𝑥100% = 41.46%
9.6 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝒈
100 𝑔 𝐻20
𝑔 𝑁𝑎2𝐶𝑂3 = 9.6
 MRII reviewer
The solubility of sodium bicarbonate in water is 9.6 g/100 g
of water at 20C and 16.4 g/100 g of water at 60C. If a
saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate at 60C is cooled to
20C, the percentage of dissolved salt that crystallizes out is
A. 14.5% B. 15.4% C. 41.5% D. 48%
Glaubers salt is made by crystallization by evaporation. The original
solution contains 8.4% sodium sulfate. How many g of water must be
evaporated from 1.00 L solution with a density of 1.077 g/ml. 80% of
original sodium sulfate will crystallized as decahydrate. The solubility of
sodium sulfate is 19.4 g Na2SO4/ 100 g water.
A. 821 B. 721 C. 850 D. 801
Glaubers salt is made by crystallization by evaporation. The original solution
contains 8.4% sodium sulfate. How many g of water must be evaporated from
1.00 L solution with a density of 1.077 g/ml. 80% of original sodium sulfate
will crystallized as decahydrate. The solubility of sodium sulfate is 19.4 g
Na2SO4/ 100 g water. 821 B. 721 C. 850 D. 801

V
C
F (hydrated)
Crystallizer

L
 Glaubers salt is made by crystallization by evaporation. The original solution
contains 8.4% sodium sulfate. How many g of water must be evaporated from
1.00 L solution with a density of 1.077 g/ml. 80% of original sodium sulfate
will crystallized as decahydrate. The solubility of sodium sulfate is 19.4 g
Na2SO4/ 100 g water. 821 B. 721 C. 850 D. 801

V
F = 1L soln
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝑳 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒

L
 Glaubers salt is made by crystallization by evaporation. The original solution
contains 8.4% sodium sulfate. How many g of water must be evaporated from
1.00 L solution with a density of 1.077 g/ml. 80% of original sodium sulfate
will crystallized as decahydrate. The solubility of sodium sulfate is 19.4 g
Na2SO4/ 100 g water. 821 B. 721 C. 850 D. 801

V=?
F = 1L soln
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝑳 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒

L
 Glaubers salt is made by crystallization by evaporation. The original solution
contains 8.4% sodium sulfate. How many g of water must be evaporated from
1.00 L solution with a density of 1.077 g/ml. 80% of original sodium sulfate
will crystallized as decahydrate. The solubility of sodium sulfate is 19.4 g
Na2SO4/ 100 g water. 821 B. 721 C. 850 D. 801

V=?
F = 1L soln C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝑳 Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒

L
 Glaubers salt is made by crystallization by evaporation. The original solution
contains 8.4% sodium sulfate. How many g of water must be evaporated from
1.00 L solution with a density of 1.077 g/ml. 80% of original sodium sulfate
will crystallized as decahydrate. The solubility of sodium sulfate is 19.4 g
Na2SO4/ 100 g water.

V=?
F = 1L soln C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝑳 Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒

L
 Glaubers salt is made by crystallization by evaporation. The original solution
contains 8.4% sodium sulfate. How many g of water must be evaporated from
1.00 L solution with a density of 1.077 g/ml. 80% of original sodium sulfate
will crystallized as decahydrate. The solubility of sodium sulfate is 19.4 g
Na2SO4/ 100 g water.

V=?
F = 1L soln C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝑳 Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒

L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
 V=?
F = 1L soln C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝑳 Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒

L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis? 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
 V=?
F = 1L soln C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝑳 Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒

L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
 V=?
F = 1L soln C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝑳 Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒

L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝐹 =
 V=?
F = 1L soln C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝝆 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝟕𝒈/𝒎𝑳 Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒

L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

1.077 𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝐹 = 1000𝑚𝐿𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 1077
1𝑚𝑙𝑠𝑜𝑛
 V=?
F = 1077g C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 =
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4=0.8 of Na2SO4 in F
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4=0.8 (90.468) = 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4=0.8 (90.468) = 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB:
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB: 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟕 = 𝑽 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB: 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟕 = 𝑽 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟕 = 𝑽 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
𝟑𝟐𝟐. 𝟐
OMB: 𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟕 = 𝑽 + 𝑳 + 𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟒𝟒𝒙
𝟏𝟒𝟐. 𝟎𝟒
𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB: 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳

𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB: 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳

𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB: 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳

𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
19.4
90.468 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 𝑥 +
119.4
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB: 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳

𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
19.4
90.468 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 𝑥 +
119.4
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB: 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳

𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
19.4
90.468 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 𝑥 +
119.4
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB: 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳

𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
19.4
90.468 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 𝑥 +
119.4
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

OMB: 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳

𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
19.4
90.468 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 𝑥 + 72.3744
119.4
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂

𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳 𝐿 = 111.36𝑔

OMB:
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
19.4
90.468 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 𝑥 + 72.3744
119.4
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
𝐿 = 111.36𝑔

OMB: 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳 𝑉 = 801.47𝑔

𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

19.4
90.468 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 𝑥 + 72.3744
119.4
 V=?
F = 1077 C=𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Na2SO4= 72.3744g
Crystallizer
𝟖. 𝟒% 𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂4 = 142.04 𝑀𝑁𝑎2𝑆𝑂410𝐻2𝑂 = 322.2
𝑵𝒂𝟐𝑺𝑶𝟒 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟖𝐠
L=satd
19.4 𝑔𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
Basis: 1L feed 100𝑔𝐻2 𝑂
𝐿 = 111.36𝑔

OMB: 𝟗𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟐𝟕𝟖 = 𝑽 + 𝑳 𝑉 = 801.47𝑔

𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

19.4
90.468 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒏 𝑥 + 72.3744
119.4
Glaubers salt is made by crystallization by evaporation. The original solution
contains 8.4% sodium sulfate. How many g of water must be evaporated from
1.00 L solution with a density of 1.077 g/ml. 80% of original sodium sulfate will
crystallized as decahydrate. The solubility of sodium sulfate is 19.4 g Na2SO4/
100 g water.

A. 821 B. 721 C. 850 D. 801

Hydrated Crystals

Perry’s
Handbook
Figure 18-63
(8th Edition)

Figure 18-52 (9th

ed)
Example 27.1. McCabe and Smith

A solution consisting of 30% MgSO4 and 70% H2O is cooled to 60F.

During cooling, 5% of the total water in the system evaporates. How
many kilograms of crystals are obtained per 1000 kilogram of original
mixture.

Ans: 261. 11 kg
A solution consisting of 30% MgSO4 and 70% H2O is cooled to 60F. During cooling, 5% of
the total water in the system evaporates. How many kilograms of crystals are obtained
per 1000 kilogram of original mixture.

Ans: 261. 11 kg
 Concentration
of hydrated
MgSo4 using
phase diagram:

24.5

60°F
 Concentration
of hydrated
MgSo4 using
phase diagram:

24.5

60°F
 Concentration
of hydrated
MgSo4 using
phase diagram:

24.5

60°F
 Concentration
of hydrated
MgSo4 using
phase diagram:

24.5

60°F
 Concentration
of hydrated
MgSo4 using
phase diagram:

24.5

60°F
 Concentration
of hydrated
MgSo4 using
phase diagram:

24.5

60°F
 Concentration
of hydrated
MgSo4 using
phase diagram:

24.5 At 60°F, the

crystal formed is
MgSO4•7H2O and
the composition of
mother liquor is
24.5% MgSO4

60°F
 A solution consisting of 30% MgSO4 and 70% H2O is cooled to 60F.
During cooling, 5% of the total water in the system evaporates. How
many kilograms of crystals are obtained per 1000 kilogram of original
mixture.
V=5% of the water in F

Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg

L
24.5% MgSO4
 V=5% of the water in F

Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 138.381
L
24.5% MgSO4
 V=5% of the water in F

Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 138.381
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4
 V=5% of the water in F

Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 138.381
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4
 V=5% of the water in F
V=
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 138.381
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 138.381
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

OMB:
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝐿 + 𝐶
OMB:
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
OMB:
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
OMB:
MgSO4:
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
OMB: 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔
MgSO4: 300 = 0.245𝑳 + 𝑪(𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝒙
𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟏
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
OMB: 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔
MgSO4: 300 = 0.245𝑳 + 𝑪(𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝒙
𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟏
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
OMB: 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔
MgSO4: 300 = 0.245𝑳 + 𝑪(𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝒙
𝟏𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟏
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
OMB: 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔
MgSO4: 300 = 0.245𝑳 + 𝑪(𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝒙
𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟕𝟑
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
OMB: 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔
MgSO4: 300 = 0.245𝑳 + 𝑪(𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝒙
𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟕𝟑
𝐿 = 703.85𝑘𝑔 𝐶 = 261.15𝑘𝑔
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
OMB: 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔
MgSO4: 300 = 0.245𝑳 + 𝑪(𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝒙
𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟕𝟑
𝐿 = 703.85𝑘𝑔 𝐶 = 261.15𝑘𝑔
 V=5% of the water in F
V =0.05*700 = 35kg
Required: C?
F = 1000kg C=MgSO4•7H2O
Crystallizer
30% MgSO4 Ans: 261. 11 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 = 120.366
MgSO4=300 kg 𝑀𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4∙7𝐻2𝑂 = 246.473
H2O = 700 kg L
24.5% MgSO4

1000 = 35 + 𝑳 + 𝑪
OMB: 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟔𝟔
MgSO4: 300 = 0.245𝑳 + 𝑪(𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 ∙ 𝟕𝑯𝟐 𝑶)𝒙
𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟒𝟕𝟑
𝐿 = 703.85𝑘𝑔 𝐶 = 261.15𝑘𝑔
 MRII reviewer
If an aqueous solution of 25% MgSO4 at 140F is cooled to
30F the type of crystal formed is

A. MgSO4.12H2O
B. MgSO4.2H2O
C. MgSO4.7H2O
D. MgSO4.10H20
 MRII reviewer
If an aqueous solution of 25% MgSO4 at 140F is cooled
to 30F the type of crystal formed is
 MRII reviewer
If an aqueous solution of 25% MgSO4 at 140F is cooled
to 30F the type of crystal formed is
 MRII reviewer
If an aqueous solution of 25% MgSO4 at 140F is cooled to
30F the type of crystal formed is

A. MgSO4.12H2O
B. MgSO4.2H2O
C. MgSO4.7H2O
D. MgSO4.10H20
 MRII reviewer
• The mother liquor concentration will
be ____% MgSO4.
• A. 10
• B. 18
• C. 24
• D. 4
 MRII reviewer
The mother liquor concentration will be
____% MgSO4.
A. 10
B. 18
C. 24
D. 4
 MRII reviewer
The mother liquor concentration will be
____% MgSO4.
A. 10
B. 18
C. 24
D. 4