Answer the questions below on combustion. Cut out the cards at the bottom of the sheet to help you answer Questions 4 and 6.
1 What does combustion mean?
2 When hydrogen burns in air, which gas does it react with?
Remember: Air is a mixture of gases, including nitrogen, oxygen and 3 What product is formed when hydrogen burns in air? carbon dioxide.
4 Stick the correct cards in the spaces below to model the combustion of hydrogen in air.
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5 Use your word equation above to:
a name a reactant in the reaction
b name a product in the reaction
6 Stick the correct cards in the spaces below to model the reaction between carbon and oxygen.
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7 What is a hydrocarbon?
8 Write a word equation that models the combustion of a hydrocarbon in air.
hydrogen carbon dioxide water
carbon oxygen oxygen
1 8 Ea-3 2 Combustion questions
Name Class Date
1 Use one word from the box below to complete each of these sentences. (Note: some of the words will not be used.)
a Another name for burning is .
b Fuels formed by living organisms that died millions of years ago are called
fuels. c A substance that contains only hydrogen and carbon is called a .
combustion explosion fossil hydrocarbon hydrogen
2 This word equation models the combustion reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. hydrogen + oxygen water
a Is oxygen a reactant or product of this reaction? .
b Is water a reactant or product of this reaction? .
3 Complete this word equation to model the combustion reaction of carbon and oxygen:
carbon + oxygen .
4 The diagram shows equipment used to test what is produced when the fuel in a spirit lamp is burnt.
a What does the cobalt chloride paper test for? .
b What does the limewater test for? .
c How will the thermometer reading change during the experiment?
d Explain why the thermometer reading changes in this way.
2 8 Ea-4 3 Methane explosion
Name Class Date
In January 2014, a cow shed in Germany exploded, causing flames that damaged the roof and injured one of the cows. The 90 cows had been living in the shed during the winter. A cow may produce up to 500 dm3 of methane each day from the digestion of its food. Police suspected that the explosion was caused by combustion of the methane.
1 a What is meant by ‘combustion’?
b Methane is a hydrocarbon. What does this mean?
c What did the methane react with during the explosion?
d Which two products would have been formed in this reaction?
e Describe tests that could be used to identify the two products. (Remember to describe all that happens in each test.)
f Write a word equation for the combustion reaction of methane.
g What else was released in this reaction? Explain your answer.
h Police investigating the accident found no open flame that could have caused the explosion. Instead they suggested that there must have been a spark, such as from static electricity. Explain why the police thought a spark or flame must have started the reaction.
2 Methane is a fuel that is used in some kinds of car engines. Explain why methane is a fuel.
3 Hydrogen is another fuel that can be used in vehicles. In some kinds of engines the hydrogen is combusted, as with methane. Other vehicles have hydrogen fuel cells. Describe what happens in a hydrogen fuel cell.
3 8 Eb-1 4 Oxidation
Name Class Date
1 Hydrogen and oxygen react to form water.
a Colour the oxygen atoms in red. Colour the hydrogen atoms in grey.
a How many hydrogen atoms are there in all the reactants?
b How many hydrogen atoms are there in all the products?
c How many oxygen atoms are there in all the reactants?
d How many oxygen atoms are there in all the products?
e If the masses of oxygen and hydrogen were measured before the reaction, and the mass of water formed was measured after the reaction, what would we see? Tick () the correct box.
total mass of hydrogen and oxygen greater than mass of water
total mass of hydrogen and oxygen same as mass of water
total mass of hydrogen and oxygen less than mass of water
2 When a metal reacts with oxygen, the metal oxide is formed. Write down the products of these reactions.
a magnesium + oxygen
b copper + oxygen
c What is the name of this kind of reaction?
3 Sometimes it seems as if mass has been gained in a reaction.
The zinc has combined with oxygen to form zinc oxide.
Where did the oxygen come from?
4 8 Eb-4 5 Metal reactions
Name Class Date
1 The diagram shows magnesium ribbon that has been heated strongly in air. What evidence in this diagram shows that a reaction is happening? Tick () the correct box.
The magnesium is changing colour.
The very bright flame shows that energy is released. The magnesium gets hotter. 2 What kind of reaction is shown happening in the diagram? Circle the correct answer.
neutralisation oxidation revision
3 Which gas in air does the magnesium react with? Tick () one box.
carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen 4 Write a word equation to model what happens in the reaction shown above.
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5 When copper metal reacts with oxygen, copper oxide is formed. Write a word equation for this reaction.
6 If the mass of copper and the mass of oxygen were measured before the reaction, what would be the mass of copper oxide formed? Tick () one box.
The same as the mass of copper added to the mass of oxygen.
More than the mass of copper added to the mass of oxygen. Less than the mass of copper added to the mass of oxygen.
5 8 Eb-5 6 Mass in reactions
1 A magnesium flare is a bright light produced when magnesium metal burns in air. It has several military uses. Magnesium flares may be dropped at night to illuminate a landing area for paratroopers. They may also be launched from planes or helicopters as decoys, to attract heat-seeking missiles that usually target hot engines.
a Which gas in air does the magnesium in the flare react with? b What kind of reaction is happening when magnesium reacts with this gas? c What is the evidence that the magnesium is reacting? Explain your answer. d Write word equations for the reaction of each of these metals with the gas. magnesium lead potassium 2 When zinc powder is heated strongly in air a white ash is formed. a What is the white ash? b How does the mass of the ash compare with the mass of the zinc powder before the reaction? c Explain your answer to part b. 3 The table shows the mass of a spirit burner and the hydrocarbon fuel it contains during a 20-minute period after the burner was lit.
Time (min) 0 5 10 15 20
Mass of burner 182.3 181.8 181.2 180.7 180.2
+ fuel
a Describe what the results show.
b Explain why the results show this pattern.
6 8 Ec-2 7 Candle height
Your teacher may watch to see if you can:
● follow instructions to carry out a fair test.
Aim To investigate the effect of candle flame height (inside a container) on the length of time it takes to go out.
Introduction Candles are made from a hydrocarbon wax. There are many variables that could affect the time it takes the candle flame to go out. To carry out a fair test, where only the height of the candle affects the time, all other variables must be controlled. 1 Look at the apparatus in the box. a Which variables, apart from the height of the block on which the candle stands, could vary in a way that affects the time that the candle flame burns for? b What could be done to control these variables, so that they don’t affect the time?
Method Apparatus Open flames can cause fires. ● 2 tea lights ● 2 heat-resistant glass containers Tie long hair back and keep loose clothing away from ● stopwatch ● ruler flames. Allow the glass ● wax taper ● 2 heat-resistant mats containers to cool before ● modelling clay ● small block touching them.
A If the glass containers have a pouring lip, block the lip with a small piece of modelling clay to prevent air from entering when the containers are placed top-down on the bench. B Place one tea light on a heat-resistant mat. Place the other tea light on the block on a heat-resistant mat. C Measure the height of the base of the wick of both lights from the mat and record the values. D Use a lit wax taper to light both lights. Cover both lights at the same time with the glass containers and start the stopwatch. E Measure the time taken for each flame to go out and record the values.
Considering your results/Conclusions
2 What do your results show about the effect of height of candle on the time taken for the flame to go out? 3 Suggest a reason why height had this effect.
Evaluation 4 Explain why you can be sure that this effect was caused by the height of the flame and not something else.
7 8 Ec-5 8 Fire safety
Name Class Date
1 Below are two hazard symbols that are particularly important in fires. Identify what each symbol means, and why any substance with this symbol is dangerous in a fire. A This means
This is dangerous because
B This means
This is dangerous because
2 The table below describes four different fires. For each fire, complete the last two columns in the table. If you put ‘fire extinguisher’ in the second column, you must also say which type you plan to use: water, powder, foam or carbon dioxide gas. Type of fire How to put out the What is removed: heat/ fire fuel/oxygen? (it may be more than one of these) chip pan fire
plane fuel fire
electrical fire
forest fire
8 8 Ed-1 9 Air pollution
Name Class Date
1 Use the words in the word box to answer these questions.
a Name two substances produced when hydrocarbons burn fully in air.
b Name two other substances produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
c Name one substance that is produced from impurities in fossil fuels when they burn.
d Name one substance produced by a reaction of gases in air at the high temperature within an engine.
2 Draw a line to link each pollutant with the problems it can cause.
poisonous, will kill if too much is
carbon dioxide breathed in
acidic, dissolve in water droplets in
carbon monoxide clouds and cause acid rain
probably causes global warming
soot particles and climate change
coat the lining of the lungs when
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides breathed in and can trigger asthma
3 Complete the sentences to show how pollution from burning fossil fuels can be reduced. a Acidic gases are removed from the chimney smoke of power stations and factories by
b Soot is removed from the exhaust of diesel vehicles by a
c In the catalytic converter on a car exhaust, carbon monoxide reacts with
to form . d In a catalytic converter, nitrogen oxides are broken down to
9 8 Ed-5 Pollution 10 by non-metal oxides
Name Class Date
1 Circle the names of non-metal oxides in this list.
2 The non-metal oxides in Question 1 are pollutants. What is a pollutant?
3 Name one source of these pollutants.
4 The graph shows the amount of sulfur dioxide gas released into the air in the UK each year between 1970 and 2012.
a Complete the word equation to show how sulfur dioxide is formed.
+ sulfur dioxide b Sulfur dioxide can cause acid rain. Why is acid rain a problem?
c Use the graph to help you describe why acid rain is much less of a problem in the UK now compared with 30 years ago.
5 Carbon monoxide and soot particles are formed when there is incomplete combustion in a car engine. a What does incomplete combustion mean?
b Why is carbon monoxide a pollutant?
c Why is soot a pollutant?
10 8 Ee-5 11 Which car?
Name Class Date
The table compares two cars of similar size and power that run on different fuels.
Petrol car Diesel car
New car price £19 100 £21 090
Fuel use 10 miles per litre 13 miles per litre
Estimated running cost for 3 years £15 964 £15 300
1 a Which is the more expensive car to buy?
b Which car costs the least to run over 3 years?
c Which car uses the least fuel when driving?
d Explain how you chose your answer to part c.
2 Carbon dioxide is released when petrol and diesel burn. Carbon dioxide is linked to global warming. a What do we mean by ‘global warming’?
b Describe one effect that global warming might have.
c Use your answer to Question 1c to identify which car might be chosen by someone who is concerned about global warming. Explain your answer.
3 Some people choose to drive cars that run on electric batteries. The batteries are charged by plugging them in to the mains electricity supply. When the car drives no fuel is burnt. a How does driving an electric car help the environment?
b Electricity is generated in power stations. Most UK power stations burn fossil fuels. Explain why driving an electric car is not as environmentally friendly as it might first seem.
