activity of the cardiac muscle Module: CVS Module Group: A
By: Maram Abdullah Alsamti
ID: 431001172 Intro: Electrical signals arising in the SA node (located in the right atrium) stimulate the atria to contract. Then the signals travel to the atrioventricular node (AV node), which is located in the interatrial septum. After a short delay that gives the ventricles time to fill with blood, the electrical signal diverges and is conducted through the left and right bundle branches of His to the respective Purkinje fibers for each side of the heart, as well as to the endocardium at the apex of the heart, then finally to the ventricular epicardium; causing the ventricles to contract.[2] These signals are generated rhythmically, which results in the coordinated rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the heart. Electrical activity: An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart.
SA node: P wave: Under normal conditions, electrical activity is spontaneously generated by the SA node, the cardiac pacemaker. This electrical impulse is propagated throughout the right atrium, and through Bachmann's bundle to the left atrium, stimulating the myocardium of the atria to contract. The conduction of the electrical impulses throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as the P wave As the electrical activity is spreading throughout the atria, it travels via specialized pathways, known as internodal tracts, from the SA node to the AV node.
AV node and bundles: PR interval:
The AV node functions as a critical delay in the conduction system. Without this delay, the atria and ventricles would contract at the same time, and blood wouldn't flow effectively from the atria to the ventricles. The delay in the AV node forms much of the PR segment on the ECG, and part of atrial repolarization can be represented by the PR segment. Purkinje fibers/ventricular myocardium: QRS complex
The two bundle branches taper out to produce numerous Purkinje
fibers, which stimulate individual groups of myocardial cells to contract.
Ventricular repolarization:
The last event of the cycle is the repolarization of the ventricles. It is
the restoring of the resting state. In the ECG, repolarization includes the J point, ST segment, and T and U waves.[9] The transthoracically measured PQRS portion of an electrocardiogram is chiefly influenced by the sympathetic nervous system. The T (and occasionally U) waves are chiefly influenced by the parasympathetic nervous system guided by integrated brainstem control from the vagus nerveand the thoracic spinal accessory ganglia. Refrences: https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/sites/ default/files/smch13.pdf https://www.ea.com/games/th e-sims/the-sims-4/download https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/heal th/heart/heart-beats
