r

to
di
E
F
D
P
r
te
as
CONTINUOUS-TIME AND DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS
M
in
ed
at
re

1
 r
to
di
CONTINUOUS-TIME SYSTEM

E
F
D
P
A continuous-time system is a system in which continuous-time input

r
signals are applied and result in continuous-time output signals.

te
𝑥(𝑡) → 𝑦(𝑡)

as
M
in
ed
at
re

2
 r
to
di
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEM

E
F
D
P
A discrete-time system is a system in which discrete-time input signals are

r
applied and result in discrete-time output signals.

te
𝑥[𝑛] → 𝑦[n]

as
M
in
ed
at
re

3
 r
to
SYSTEM EXAMPLES

di
E
RC Circuit

F
D
P
r
te
as
M
in
ed
at
re

4
 r
to
SYSTEM EXAMPLES

di
E
Mechanical system

F
D
P
r
te
as
M
in
where, f: engine force
pv: frictional force
ed

v: velocity.
m: mass
at
re

5
 r
to
SYSTEM EXAMPLES

di
E
Financial system

F
D
P
r
te
as
M
in
where
y[n]: the balance at the end of the nth month
ed

x[n] : net deposit during the nth month

1.01y[n- 1] : 1% interest each month.
at
re

6
 r
to
di
INTERCONNECTIONS OF SYSTEMS

E
F
D
P
Series (cascade) interconnection

r
te
as
M
in
ed
at
re

7
 r
to
di
INTERCONNECTIONS OF SYSTEMS

E
F
Parallel interconnection

D
P
r
te
as
M
in
ed
at
re

8
 r
to
di
INTERCONNECTIONS OF SYSTEMS

E
F
D
Feedback interconnection.

P
r
te
as
M
in
ed
at
re

9
 r
to
di
BASIC SYSTEM PROPERTIES

E
F
D
Systems with and without Memory

P
a system is said to be memoryless if its output for each value of the

r
te
independent variable at a given time is dependent only on the input at that

as
same time

M
(NOT the past NOT the future)
in
ed
at
re

10
 r
to
di
Are these systems memoryless?

E
F
D
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(−2𝑡)

P
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑡 2 𝑥(𝑡)

r
te
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(cos 3𝑡 )

as
1-No
M
a counter example that show why the system is not memoryless would be y(1)=x(-2).
in
To evaluate y at 1, the system requires a memory to recall x at -2.
ed

2-Yes, y at any time 𝑡0 depends only at the input at 𝑡0

3- No as a counter example, y(0)=x(1) the system needs to have memory to be able use x(1)
at
re

11
 r
to
di
E
F
D
P
r
te
as
M
in
ed

1- Yes
2- No the value of the output at any time is an accumulation of past history of the input
at

3- No the output is the input delayed by one sample, delay requires memory
re

4- No, use the definition of the differentiation to know why

12
 r
to
di
BASIC SYSTEM PROPERTIES

E
F
D
lnvertibility and Inverse Systems

P
r
te
• a system is said to be invertible if distinct inputs lead to distinct outputs.

as
• if a system is invertible, then an inverse system exists that, when

M
cascaded with the original system, yields an output equal to the input to
in
the first system
ed
at
re

13
 r
to
di
E
F
D
P
r
te
as
M
in
1-No, more than one value of x(t) result in the same output for example x(t)=0 and x(t)=pi result in y(t)=0
2-Yes, you can generate the input from the output. If we subtract 7 from y(t) and multiply it by -1/2 we get x(t).
ed

3-Yes, the derivative is the inverse of the system

4-No, when you take the derivative of any constant you get zero. In other words, more than one input (in this
at

case all constants) result in the same output, hence the system is not invertible.
re

14
 r
to
di
BASIC SYSTEM PROPERTIES

E
F
D
Causality

P
a system is causal if the output at any time depends only on values of the

r
te
input at the present time and in the past

as
M
(NOT the future)
in
ed
at
re

15
 r
to
Causality

di
Are these systems causal?

E
F
D
P
r
te
as
M
in
1-Yes.
The output at any time 𝑡0 depends only at the input at 𝑡0 not in future times. The factor cos(t+1) does not matter as it is not related to the
ed

input.
2-No. y(-1)=x(-1/2), -1/2 is greater than -1 hence the output depends on the input at a future value
3-Yes. The output of the integrator at any time 𝑡0 depends only at the input at 𝑡0 and the time less than 𝑡0 (no future time is involved)
at

4-No. The output of the integrator at any time 𝑡0 depends at the input at t from -infinity to 𝑡0 +1 “(𝑡0 +1) is greater than 𝑡0 ”, hence there is a
re

future time involved

5-No. the output at any time 𝑛0 depends on a future values 𝑛0 +1
16
 r
to
di
BASIC SYSTEM PROPERTIES

E
F
D
P
Stability

r
a system is stable if and only if for every bounded input, the output is bounded

te
as
M
in
ed
at
re

17
 r
to
di
Stability

E
If x(t) is bounded do we get a bounded y(t)?

F
D
P
r
te
as
1-Yes

M
if the input x(t) is bounded, the output stays bounded as the cos(t+1) is bounded.
2-No
in
if t=0 the output may become unbounded
ed
at
re

18
 r
to
Stability

di
Example of unstable system

E
F
D
P
r
te
as
M
in
ed

Notice if we integrate u(t), which is bounded, we get a ramp signal which is unbounded
at
re

19
 r
to
di
BASIC SYSTEM PROPERTIES

E
F
Time invariance

D
P
a system is time invariant if the behavior and characteristics of the system are

r
fixed over time.

te
as
specifically, a system is time invariant if a time shift in the input signal results in
an identical time shift in the output signal

M 𝑥 𝑡 →𝑦 𝑡
in
𝑥(𝑡 − 𝑡0 ) → 𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑡0 )
ed

𝑥[𝑛] → 𝑦[n]
at

𝑥[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ] → 𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑛0 ]
re

20
 r
to
Time invariance

di
E
F
D
P
r
te
1-No.

as
y(t-t 0 ) is simply x(t-t 0 )/(t -t 0 ) (you can get this by substituting t-t 0 for ever t in y(t)) while y1 (t)= x(t-t 0 )/t (Notice the
output of the system is its input (whatever the input is) divided by t). Since y(t-t 0 ) and y1 (t) are not equal the system

M
in time variant.
2-No.
in
y(t-t 0 ) = x(2(t-t 0 ))=x(2t-2t 0 ). However, y1 (t)= x(2t-t 0 ) (Notice the system scales the t variable in input (whatever the
input is) by 2). This is equivalent to say that shifting then scaling (y1 (t)) is not equivalent to scaling then shifting (y(t-
ed

t 0 ))
3 No. Output of input shifted y1 (t) is sin(t)x(t-t 0 ) while the shifted output is sin(t-t 0 )x(t-t 0 )
at
re

21
 re
at
Time invariance

ed
in
M
as
te
r
P
D
F
E
di
22

to
r
 r
to
Linearity

di
E
A linear system, in continuous time or discrete time, is a system that possesses the important

F
property of superposition

D
let 𝑦1 (𝑡) be the response of a continuous time system to an input 𝑥1 (𝑡) , and let 𝑦2 (𝑡) be the

P
output corresponding to the input 𝑥2 (𝑡)

r
Then the system is linear if:

te
1. The response to 𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑥2 (𝑡) is 𝑦1 𝑡 + 𝑦2 (𝑡).

as
2. The response to 𝑎 𝑥1 𝑡 is 𝑎 𝑦1 𝑡 , where a is any complex constant.

M
The first of these two properties is known as the additivity property; the second is known
in
as the scaling or homogeneity property.
The two properties defining a linear system can be combined into a single statement:
ed

continuous time: 𝑎𝑥1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑥2 (𝑡) → 𝑎𝑦1 (𝑡) + 𝑏𝑦2 (𝑡),
at

discrete time: 𝑎𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑛 → 𝑎𝑦1 [𝑛] + 𝑏𝑦2 [𝑛].

re

23
 r
to
di
E
F
D
P
r
te
as
M
?
𝑎𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑡 → 𝑎𝑦1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑦2 (𝑡)
in
ed

yes
at
re

24
 yes
re
at
ed
in
M
as
te
r
P
D
F
E
di
25

to
r
 r
to
di
E
F
D
P
r
te
as
?
𝑎𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑡 → 𝑎𝑦1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑦2 (𝑡)

M
in
ed
at
re

yes
26
 r
to
di
E
F
D
P
r
te
as
?
M
in
𝑎𝑥1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑡 → 𝑎𝑦1 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑦2 (𝑡)
ed
at

No
re

27
 r
to
di
E
F
D
P
r
te
as
?

M
𝑎𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑛 → 𝑎𝑦1 [𝑛] + 𝑏𝑦2 [𝑛].
in
ed

No
at
re

28
 r
to
di
E
F
D
P
r
te
as
?

M
𝑎𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑥2 𝑛 → 𝑎𝑦1 [𝑛] + 𝑏𝑦2 [𝑛].
in
ed
at

No
re

29