Lecture Hrs/Wk Tutorial Hrs/Wk Practical Hrs/Wk Total Hrs/Semester
Delivery Mode: 2 2 1 80
Assessment Mode: Coursework: (40%), Final Exam: (60%).
Prerequisites: None Objective: This course provides students with the conceptual knowledge of computer networks. The course will concentrate on standard communication architectures, medium access protocols, switching and routing concepts, classification and fundamental operations of local and wide-area networks. Learning Outcomes: At the end of this course, students should be able to: 1. Explain the various types of networks classifications 2. Describe the importance of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI/ISO) reference Model in networking 3. Distinguish the applicability of OSI/ISO reference model from the TCP/IP model 4. Discuss the various existing networking protocols and their usability Course Content Unit I: Networking Fundamentals: Network classification – LAN, WAN, Intranet, Internet, Extranet, peer-to-peer, client server, hybrid models, and network topologies.
Unit II: Layered models:
Introduction to layered models, Benefits of Using a Layered Model; Unit III: Open Systems Interconnection (OSI/ISO) reference Model: The seven (7) layers of the OSI model Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Datalink, Physical; TCP/IP Model: 4/5 layers Application, Transport, Internetwork, Network Interface, TCP/IP Data Encapsulation, OSI vs. TCP/IP, addressing – MAC addressing, port addressing, IP addressing. Unit IV: Network media Overview of LAN cabling – coaxial, UTP, STP, Fibre; Coaxial cables –10base5, 10base2, UTP/STP standards, different types of connectors; Fibre optic cabling: types of fibres, mode of transmission, splicing, connectors and termination, structured cabling; Cable testing: UTP, Fibre. Unit V: Local Area Networks Ethernet, Token Ring, ARCnet, FDDI, WLAN, LANs extension and Internetworking Devices.
Unit VI: Ethernet Fundamentals
NIC, MAC address (unicast, multicast, broadcast), old Ethernet standards, recent Ethernet standards – fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet; Unit VII: Media Access Methods CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Data Link Control, performance limitation, methods to reduce collisions, Error Detection and Correction.
Internet architecture, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Domain Name servers, Routing and routing tables. Assessment Mode
1. Continuous Assessment 40 Marks
❑ Online Tests - 10 Marks ❑ Labs/Practical - 10 Marks ❑ Written Test - 20 Marks 2. University Examinations 60 Marks
Timetable ❑ Lecture, Monday 13:00 to 15:00hrs – D01 ❑ Practical, Wednesday 14:00 to 16:00hrs-B106 ❑ Tutorial, Friday 18:00 to 19:00hrs – B305 5 INTRODUCTION
Definitions • A network can be defined as two or more computers connected together in such a way that they can share resources.
• A resource may be: file, folder, printer, disk drive, or just
about anything else that exists on a computer INTRODUCTION
Definitions • A network is simply a collection of computers or other hardware devices that are connected together, either physically or logically, using special hardware and software, to allow them to exchange information and cooperate.
• Networking is the term that describes the processes involved in designing,
implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise working with networks and network technologies. INTRODUCTION Advantages of networking 1. Connectivity and Communication 2. Data Sharing 3. Hardware Sharing 4. Internet Access 5. Internet Access Sharing 6. Data Security and Management 7. Performance Enhancement and Balancing 8. Entertainment INTRODUCTION The Disadvantages (Costs) of Networking
1. Network Hardware, Software and Setup Costs
2. Hardware and Software Management and 3. Administration Costs 4. Undesirable Sharing 5. Illegal or Undesirable Behavior 6. Data Security Concerns Fundamental Network Classifications • PAN, LAN, WAN, Intranet, Internet, Extranet, Peer-to-Peer, Client Server, Hybrid Models, and Network Topologies. Fundamental Network Classifications Personal Area Networks (LANs) • PANs (Personal Area Networks) let devices communicate over the range of a person. • A common example is a wireless network that connects a computer with its peripherals. Other examples include the network that connects your wireless headphones and your watch to your smartphone. Fundamental Network Classifications Personal Area Networks (LANs) Fundamental Network Classifications Local Area Networks (LANs) • A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or group of buildings. • A LAN (Local Area Network) is a private network that operates within and nearby a single building such as a home, office, or factory. • LANs are widely used to connect personal computers and consumer electronics to let them share re- sources (e.g., printers) and exchange information Fundamental Network Classifications Local Area Networks (LANs) Fundamental Network Classifications Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) • A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). • The term is applied to the interconnection of networks in a city into a single larger network (which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network). Fundamental Network Classifications Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) covers a city. • The best-known examples of MANs are the cable television networks. These systems grew from earlier community antenna systems used in areas with poor over-the-air television reception. • In those early systems, a large antenna was placed on top of a nearby hill and a signal was then piped to the subscribers’ houses. Fundamental Network Classifications Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Fundamental Network Classifications Wide Area Networks (WANs) • Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a broad area (i.e., any network whose communications links cross metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). Or, less formally, a network that uses routers and public communications links. • The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet. • WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations Fundamental Network Classifications Wide Area Networks (WANs) • A WAN may serve a private organization, as in the case of an enterprise WAN, or it may be a commercial service offering, as in the case of a transit network. Examle of Networks • Internet - The Internet is a vast collection of different networks that use certain common protocols and provide certain common services. • Mobile Network – A mobile networks have more than five billion subscribers worldwide. • Wireless Networks (WiFi) Intranet, Internet and Extranet Intranet • An intranet is a private network that is contained within an enterprise. • It may consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network. • An intranet uses TCP/IP, HTTP, and other Internet protocols and in general looks like a private version of the Internet. • With tunneling, companies can send private messages through the public network, using the public network with special encryption/decryption and other security safeguards to connect one part of their intranet to another. Intranet, Internet and Extranet Intranet - Tunneling Intranet, Internet and Extranet Internet • Internet: is a worldwide system of computer networks - a network of networks in which users at any one computer can, if they have permission, get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers). Extranet • An extranet is a controlled private network that allows access to partners, vendors and suppliers or an authorized set of customers – normally to a subset of the information accessible from an organization's intranet. Intranet, Internet and Extranet Client and Server Server • A server computer is a core component of the network which providing a link to the resources necessary to perform any task. • The link it provides could be to a resource existing on the server itself or a resource on a client computer. Client • A client computers normally request and receive information over the network client. • Client computers also depends primarily on the central server for processing activities Client and Server Peer-to Peer Network • A peer-to-peer network is a network where the computers act as both workstations and servers. • Great for small, simple, and inexpensive networks. • In a strict peer-to-peer networking setup, every computer is an equal, a peer in the network. • Each machine can have resources that are shared with any other machine. • There is no assigned role for any particular device, and each of the devices usually runs similar software. Any device can and will send requests to any other. Peer-to Peer Network Computer Network Classifications • Based on coverage area; PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN, Internet Covered • Based on the communication means; Covered Peer to peer, Client and Server • Based on The communication Media Wired, wireless • Based on the Topology Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring, Hybrid etc Based on the communication Media
30 Twisted Pair Wires • As the name suggests, a twisted-pair cable consists of pairs of wires that form the circuit to transmit data. The wires are insulated conductors generally made of copper and twisted together. One conductor is used to carry the signal, and the other one is used only as a ground reference. Twisted Pair Wires-Categories • Category 1 or Cat 1 – UTP cables with data rate < 0.1 Mbps, used in telephone lines • Category 2 or Cat 2 − UTP cables with a data rate of 2 Mbps, used in transmission lines • Category 3 or Cat 3 − UTP cables with a data rate of 10 Mbps, used in LANs or 10baseT Ethernet • Category 4 or Cat 4− UTP cables with a data rate of 20 Mbps, used in token ring networks • Category 5 or Cat 5 – UTP cables with a data rate of 100 Mbps, used in LANs or 100baseT Ethernet • Category 5e or Cat 5e – 1000baseT Ethernet with a data rate of 1000 Mbps • Category 6 or Cat 6 − UTP cables with a data rate of 200 Mbps, used in high-speed LANs • Category 7 or Cat 7 − STP used in super high-speed Gigabit Ethernet. Coaxial Cable • Coaxial cable is a type of copper cable specially built with a metal shield and other components engineered to block signal interference. • A coaxial -- or coax -- cable is primarily used by cable TV companies to connect their satellite antenna facilities to customer homes and businesses i. Center Conductor/Core ii. Dielectric Insulator iii. Shield(s) iv. Jacket (Rubber Wrapper) Coaxial Cable • At the core, coaxial cables consist of a single copper or copper- coated steel wire. It’s what carries the RF signals. A dielectric insulator, often made of plastic, surrounds the wire. It keeps a constant distance between the center conductor and the next layer. • The metal shield, made of woven copper, aluminum, or other metals, wraps around the insulator. It cancels outside electromagnetic interference. Some coaxial cables are constructed with multiple shields for extra protection. The final layer is a jacket that protects the whole configuration. Its rating (more on this later) lets you know where the cable can be installed. Fibre Optic Cables • A fiber-optic cable, also known as an optical-fiber cable, • Is an assembly similar to an electrical cable but containing one or more optical fibers that are used to carry light. • The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable is used. Fibre Optic Cables • The optical fibre; Cable is classified based on three factors – the refractive index, the materials used, and the mode of propagation of light.
• The basis of the refractive index OFC is of two types:
• Step Index Fibers: It comprises a core enclosed by the cladding, which has a single uniform index of refraction. • Graded Index Fibers: The refractive index of the optical fiber decreases as the radial distance from the fiber axis increases. • Based on materials, OFC is of two types: • Plastic Optical Fibers: The poly(methyl methacrylate) is used as a core material for the transmission of light. • Glass Fibers: This fiber cable consists of extremely fine glass fibers. • Based on the mode of propagation of light, OFC is divided into: • Single-Mode Fibers: Used for long-distance transmission of signals. • Multimode Fibers: Used for short-distance transmission of signals. Wireless Technologies • Bluetooth, WiFi and WiMAX are wireless technologies which allow devices to inter-connect and communicate with each other. • Radio waves are electomagnetic waves and have different frequencies. • These technologies are radio frequencies. Similar to the analogue radio, or FM radio. – Bluetooth works on 2.45GHz frequency. – WiFi works in two frequency bands 2.4GHz and 5GHz. – WiMAX works in two frequency bands, 2 - 11GHz and 10 - 66GHz. Wireless Technologies Examples of Wireless Devices
38 Wireless Technologies • Bluetooth, WiFi and WiMAX are wireless technologies which allow devices to inter-connect and communicate with each other. • Radio waves are electomagnetic waves and have different frequencies. • These technologies are radio frequencies. Similar to the analogue radio, or FM radio. – Bluetooth works on 2.45GHz frequency. – WiFi works in two frequency bands 2.4GHz and 5GHz. – WiMAX works in two frequency bands, 2 - 11GHz and 10 - 66GHz. Based on Network Topology • A topology is a way of “laying out” the network. • Topologies can be either physical or logical. • Physical topologies describe how the cables are run. • Logical topologies describe how the network messages travel. Example • Bus (can be both logical and physical) • Star (physical only) • Ring (can be both logical and physical) • Mesh (can be both logical and physical) Computer Network…..
❑ Hybrid
52 Network Topology Advantages and Disadvantages of Network topologies ❑ Network Topology
BUS Network is small Network will not be frequently reconfigured Least expensive solution is required Network is not expected to grow much STAR It must be easy to add/remove PCs It must be easy to troubleshoot Network is large Network is expected to grow in the future RING Network must operate reasonably under heavy load Higher speed network is required Network will not be frequently reconfigured
54 Network Uses • Access to Information - A common method of accessing information via the Internet is using a Web browser, which allows a user to retrieve information from various Web sites, including increasingly popular social media sites. • Person-to-Person Communication - Email is already used on a daily basis by millions of people all over the world and its use is growing rapidly. It already routinely contains audio and video as well as text and pictures. • Electronic Commerce - Online shopping is already popular; users can browse the online catalogs of thousands of companies and have products shipped right to their doorsteps. Network Uses • Entertainment - This has made huge strides in the home in recent years, with the distribution of music, radio and television programs, and movies over the Internet beginning to rival that of traditional mechanism. • The Internet of Things - Many homes are already wired with security systems that include door and window sensors. Also, there are many more sensors that can be folded into a smart home monitor, such as energy consumption. Smart electricity, gas, and water meters report usage over the network.
Digital Marketing The New Rules of Digital Marketing. Digital Marketing Made Simple, Learn Latest Skills, Techniques And... (Odame, Paul Jubi, Gloria) (Z-Library)
Digital Marketing The New Rules of Digital Marketing. Digital Marketing Made Simple, Learn Latest Skills, Techniques And... (Odame, Paul Jubi, Gloria) (Z-Library)
