Lecture # 5
31 Aug 2021
Digital Design Google Classroom code:
nzdcewi
CS F215/ECE F215/EEE F215/INSTR F215
AUGUST 2021
I N S T R U C TO R : D R . M A N I S H
Consultation hours: Tue, Thu, Fri : 12 noon - 1 PM
https://meet.google.com/cfy-bmps-cib
Agenda
Logic operations
+ve and –ve Logic
Logic gates and symbols
Logic operations and possible functions
Two operators: OR (+) and AND (.)
Let’s say for two variables and y, truth table can be written as:
So total possible functions = 16 𝐹6 = XOR = Exclusive OR = x or y but not both
𝐹0 = 𝐹7 = OR
𝐹1 = AND = 𝐹8 = NOR = Not OR
𝐹2 = 𝐹14 = NAND = Not AND
𝐹3 =
𝐹4 =
and so on….
Number of different
Boolean functions for
n binary variables =
𝑛
2(2 )
Please don’t
confuse it with
𝑛
(22)
Which would be
incorrect.
Logic levels
Let’s assume two logic levels defined for 0 V and 5 V
The term positive and
Conventionally, Positive logic: negative can be
Signal logic misleading, since both
signals may be positive
0V 0 or both may be negative.
5V 1 “1” level value > “0” level value
Sometimes, Negative logic: We can also write this as
Signal logic Signal logic
0V 1 “1” level value < “0” level value -5 V 1
5V 0 0V 0
Types of functional blocks / logics
Two types of logic functions
1. Combinational
2. Functional (will necessary have combinational blocks)
Combinational Sequential
Output depends only on Output depends on the
the present values of present and past values of
input. input form Memory.
Feedback path is not Feedback path is used
present
Memory element is not Memory element is
present. present.
Logic gates
The basic building blocks
NOT (a.k.a. inverter)
These are called fundamental gates.
Logic gates
The basic building blocks
We have more fundamental gates to make digital design cheaper and easier, for reasons:
(1) Manufacturing these gates may results in lesser cost
(2) For extending basic gates to more than two inputs
(3) For implementing Boolean functions more easily on hardware alone or in combination with
other gates
NAND NOR NAND and NOR
alone can design
any circuit and
hence a.k.a
universal gates
Logic gates
The basic building blocks
XOR XNOR
Logic gates
The basic building blocks
Buffer
This may seem like a pointless thing to do, it does have practical application
A weak signal source may be boosted by means of two inverters. So a special gate called buffer
is manufactured.
Extension to multiple inputs
• AND and OR gates can be simply extended to three inputs (due to their commutative and
associative property)
(A + B) + C = (B + A + C) = A + B + C
• NAND and NOR are commutative but not associative : Not extendable in the simple sense
Non-associativity of
the NOR operator
Multiple input NOR and NAND gates
Multiple input XOR and XNOR
XOR and XNOR are both commutative and associative and can be extended in the simple sense;
just like AND and OR gate.
Brief Introduction to
Integrated Circuits (ICs)
Levels of Integration
Small scale integration : The number of gates integrated in such Ics are usually less than 10
Medium scale integration : Approximately 10 to 1000 gates in a single package
Large scale integration: May containg thousands of gates in a single package. Such as
processors, memory chips etc.
Very Large scale integration (VLSI) : contains millions of gates in a single package. Example:
complex microcomputer chips
Digital Logic Families
The circuit technology in an IC is referred to as a digital logic family.
(Fabrication of IC)
TTL : transistor-transistor logic : Oldest, used for more than 50 years
ECL : emitter coupled logic: High speed operation
MOS : metal oxide semiconductor : suitable for high component density
CMOS : complementary metal oxide semiconductors : low power consumption
Low power consumption is essential for VLSI design and hence CMOS has become the dominant
logic family.
Some definitions:
Fan In: The number of inputs available in a gate
Fan out: The number of output gates a typical gate can drive without
impairing its normal operation.
Power dissipation: Power consumed by the gate available from the power supply
Propagation delay: average transition delay time for a signal to propagate from input to output
Noise margin: maximum margin of the external noise that can be added to the input signal
without changing the output.
Hardware descriptive language (HDL) : Tool for computer aided digital design of large circuits.
Examples: Verilog (C language based) and VHDL (based on Pascal). VHDL stands for Very high
speed integrated circuit HDL.
