LESSON 7: THE CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT

Key Concepts
In this lesson we will focus on summarising what you need to know about:

 Terminology associated with development, such as developed, developing, more

economically developed countries (MEDCs) and less economically developed countries
(LEDCs) and industrialised countries.

 The role the Brandt Line plays in terms of development.

 Economic, social and demographic indicators of development: GNP (Gross National Product),
GDP (Gross Domestic Product), HDI (Human Development Indicator), Gini-coefficient, life
expectancy and infant mortality.

 Identifying and describing examples to illustrate differences in development from local,

regional, and global contexts.

Terminology
Development: The use of resources and technology to bring about change. This
change is positive and generally involves the improvement in people’s
quality of life and improving the standard of living in a country.

Development Indicators: Are used to measure the level of development with regard to a
countries economic, social and institutional growth. There are two main
types’ economic indicators and social indicators.

Brandt Line: The line dividing the world into the developed and developing world.

Industrialised: The country is involved in manufacturing and processing of raw

materials in factories. The more industrialised a country is the more
developed the country will be.

Infant Mortality: The number of children who die because of childhood related and other
diseases.

Life expectancy: The average number of years a person can expect to live.

Primary Activities: The extraction of raw materials from the earth’s surface. For example,
forestry, farming, mining, and fishing.

Secondary Activities: Involves the manufacturing and processing of goods obtained in the
primary activities.

Tertiary Activities: Provision of services.

Quaternary Activities: Involves research and technology

X-planation
Geographers classify countries according to their level of economic and human development. There
will always be poor people in rich countries and rich people in poor countries. The Brandt Line is used
to divide the world into two halves, the developed north (rich, industrialised) and the developing south
(poor).The Brandt Line may also be referred to as the North-South divide. It is important to remember
that the Brandt line is not the same as the equator. There are some countries that are found in the
Southern Hemisphere but are north of the Brandt Line e.g. Australia.

Below is a table comparing the main differences between Developed and Developing countries:

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

First world Third World

Rich world Poor World

The haves The have not’s

More economically developed countries Less economically developed countries

(MEDCs) (LEDCs)

Industrialised Non-industrialised/ Industrialising

The North The South

High income Low income

Low human development index (HDI 0,5 and

High human development index (HDI 0.8+)
less)

E.g. United States of America, France,

E.g. India, Ethiopia, Brazil
Japan
Indicators of Development
Measuring development between different countries is very difficult. That is why geographers make
use of different indicators in order to compare the level of development around the world.

There are three different types of indicators that can be used in order to compare development:

Indicators of
Development

Economic Indicators Social Indicators Demographic Indicators

(Show how well off a (Show level of human (Statistics of a country’s

country is economically) development, welfare and population)
quality of life)

Economic Indicators
 Gross National Income (GNI) – the amount of money the average person in a country can
expect to have. (Low income and middle income countries are developing while high income
countries are developed).

 Gross National Product (GNP) – Total value of all goods and services produced by a
country in one year including foreign earnings.

 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – Shows the total value of all goods and services produced
by a country in one year.

NB! All of the above indicators are often given as per capita or per person. To calculate this amount
you take the GNI, GNP or GDP and divide by the country’s total population. It is therefore an average
amount that is available to each person in that country.

 Human Development Index (HDI) – This indicator is a combination of GDP per capita, life
expectancy and literacy rate. Zero (0) indicates the worst quality of life, while one (1) shows
an almost perfect place.
 Top 10 Countries according to the HDI Bottom 10 Countries according to the HDI
(2013) (2013)

NORWAY (0,955) BURUNDI (0.355)

AUSTRALIA (0, 938) GUINEA (0,355)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (0,937) CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (0,352)

NETHERLANDS (0,921) ERITREA (0,351)

GERMANY (0, 920) MALI (0,344)

NEW ZEALAND (0,9 19) BURKINA FASO (0,343)

IRELAND (0,916) CHAD (0,340)

SWEDEN (0,9 16) MOZAMBIQUE (0,327)

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO

SWITZERLAND (0,9 13)
(0,304)

JAPAN (0,912) NIGER (0,304)

 Gini-coefficient – Indicates how wealth is shared in a country. A Gini score of 0 indicates

complete equality in income (every household receives the same amount of money). A Gini
score of 1 indicates complete inequality (income received is not the same; one household
gets more than the other).

Greatest Income inequality Most income equality

Namibia (0,74) Denmark (0,24)

Sierra Leone (0,62) Japan (0,24)

Social Indicators
Social Indicators may include things like:

 The percentage of the population living in urban areas

 Education levels and level of literacy

 Availability of services such as water, electricity and healthcare

 Food and nutrition

Demographic Indicators
The following are examples of demographic indicators and are usually obtained through a census in a
particular country. A Census is an official counting a country’s population which is usually done every
ten years.

 Birth rate

 Death rate

 Infant mortality rate

 Life expectancy

 Maternal Mortality rate( the number of mothers who dies during childbirth)

 Population growth rate (the percentage by which a country’s population grows each year)

 Fertility rate (the expected number of children the average women in a country has)

Development from different contexts – local, regional and global

Local – refers to development in the area in which you are living. Development in a local context is
often small-scale.

Regional – refers to development in an area that has similar characteristics which distinguish it from
other areas (e.g. Gauteng)

Global – refers to development worldwide. Here the best example is the Millennium Development
Goals. These goals included:

 Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger

 Achieving universal primary education

 Promoting gender equality and empowering women

 Reducing child mortality

 Improving maternal health

 Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

 Ensuring environmental sustainability

 Developing a global partnership for development

X-ample Questions
Question 1
Complete the following table which summarises the development indicators for developed vs.
developing countries.

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

INDICATOR
(MEDCs) (LEDCs)

GNP/capita (also GDP and

GNI)

Human Development Index

Gini coefficient

Birth rate

Death rate

Infant mortality rate

Life expectancy

Adult literacy

Urbanisation rate

Population structure

% working in primary
activities

% working in tertiary and

quaternary activities

Daily calorie intake

Question 2
Study the development indicators for the countries shown in the table below and answer the
questions that follow:

Infant
Life mortality
GNP (US GNI/capita Gini
Country HDI Expectancy rate (IMR)
$) (US $) coefficient
(years) per 1000
live births
Mozambique 20,2 bill 900 0.28 0.40 41 104
Norway 267,4 bill 57 400 0.94 0.26 80 3.6
Vietnam 256,9 bill 2900 0.57 0.37 72 21.6
For each question, choose the correct answer from the options given.

2.1 Mozambique is a developing country because it has a...

A: high GNI/capita

B: high HDI

C: low GNI/capita

D: low IMR

2.2 Norway is a highly developed country because it has a...

A: low GNI/capita

B: high HDI

C: low LE

D: large Gini coefficient

2.3 Vietnam has a reasonably high LE because...

A: its GNI/capita is high

B: its HDI is reasonable at 0, 57

C: its healthcare sector is weak

D: it is a highly developed country

2.4 The degree of inequality in Mozambique is relatively high because...

A: the Gini coefficient is high

B: the Gini coefficient is low

C: the HDI is high

D: the country is north of the North-South divide

2.5 If the three countries in the table were ranked in terms of their development from most
developed to least developed, the correct order would be...

A: Vietnam, Mozambique, Norway

B: Mozambique, Norway, Vietnam

C: Norway, Mozambique, Vietnam

D: Norway, Vietnam, Mozambique

Question 3

GDP/capi

Doctors/
ta (US $)
GDP(US

Literacy

people
10000
Gini

IMR
HDI

BR

DR

LE
Australia $)
851 40 000 0,94 0,35 12,4 6,8 82 4,7 99 29,9
bn

Brazil 2 trn 10 100 0,70 0,55 18,1 6,4 72 21,9 90 17,2

Japan 4,2trn 32 700 0,88 0,24 7,4 9,8 82 2,8 99 20,6

Kenya 62,6 1 600 0,47 0,48 35,1 9,3 59 53,5 87 1,4

bn

South 505,3 10 300 0,60 0,57 19,6 17 49 43,8 89 7,7

Africa bn

Switzerland 314,7 41 400 0,87 0,33 9,6 8,7 81 4,1 99 40,7

bn

Thailand 540,1 8 200 0,65 0,42 13 6,5 75 16,7 94 3

bn

USA 14,1 46 000 0,90 0,40 13,8 8,4 78 6,1 99 26,7

trn

3.1 From the development indicators given above in the table list one example of an economic,
social and demographic indicator.

3.2 Switzerland has a much lower GDP than Thailand, but a far higher GDP/capita. Explain why.

3.3 Name the three development indicators that are used to calculate HDI.

3.4 Explain why Kenya has got such a low HDI even though its literacy levels are close to South
Africa’s.

3.5 Explain why birth rates, death rates tend to decrease with increased wealth in a country.

3.6 From the table above write down the name of the country that best suits the description
below:

a) Largest GDP

b) Lowest GDP/capita

c) Highest HDI

d) Lowest Gini coefficient

e) Lowest Life Expectancy

f) Highest Infant Mortality Rate

 g) Lowest Literacy Rate

h) Highest doctor: patient ratio

3.7 According to the HDI figures for Australia, Japan and Switzerland where would one expect to
find these countries in relation to the Brandt Line?

3.8 Why do we use US Dollars to give the GDP and GDP/capita statistics?

3.9 Many developing countries such as Kenya have a rapid population growth. How does this
affect sustainable development in the country?

3.10 Using information from the table, which country would be the most developed and which
country would be the least developed?

X-ercise Questions
Question 1
(Adapted from Gr 11 Exemplar, DBE, Paper 1, Question 4.5)

Refer to the cartoon in FIGURE 1 showing globalisation.

FIGURE 1: GLOBALISATION

1.1 Define the term globalisation. (1 x 2) (2)

1.2 What message does the cartoon portray about globalisation? (1 x 2) (2)

1.3 According to the cartoon, which country plays a major role in globalisation? (1 x 2) (2)

1.4 Give THREE reasons why many people are opposing globalisation. (3 x 2) (6)

1.5 In a short paragraph, give suggestions how globalisation can be

more beneficial to developed countries. (6 x 2) (12)
Solutions to X-ercise Questions
Question 1
(Adapted from Gr 11 Exemplar, DBE, Paper 1, Question 4.5)

1.1 Refers to social and economic interconnection between countries

1.2 Creates a negative impression

Globalisation is not good
Globalisation monopolised by the USA

1.3 The United States of America

1.4 LDCs are exposed to external economic forces over which they have little control
Reduced national independence making macro-economic management by domestic
governments difficult
A state's ability to raise corporation taxation is declining
Trans-national companies may relocate if taxed too highly and use transfer price to avoid
paying domestic taxes
Globalisation may be strengthening the position of the developed economies that are better
able to take advantage of free trade
Exploitation of resources in LEDCs
Labour exploitation in LEDCs e.g. long hours/low wages/child labour, etc.
Pollution/Environmental problems in LEDCs
Low profits for LEDCs as finished goods are sent back to country where multinational
company is situated for export

1.5 Developing economies may gain through foreign direct investment

Developing economies may gain through the benefits of trade
Developing economies may gain through technology transfer
Globalisation can increase the ratio of trade to GDP for many LEDCs
Increase in capital flows between counties
An increase in trade in goods and services
Job creation on LEDCs
Improved standards of living in LEDCs