Chapter Three

Database Manipulation
using PHP

1 4/15/2024
 Introduction to MySQL
 MySQL is the most popular open source database server.
 Database is an organized collection of data.
 A database defines a structure for storing information.
 Database stores data in tables.
 Tables are composed of rows, and rows are composed of
columns in which values are stored(cells).
 A row of a table represents a record, and a column of a
table represents the value of a single attribute of the
record.

2 4/15/2024
 Database Tables
 A database most often contains one or more tables.
 Each table has a name (e.g. "Customers" or"Orders").
 Below is an example of a table called "Persons":
First Name Last Name Age
Abebe Yonas 33
Belachewu Kedir 56
Hana Temesgen 23

 Each table contains records (rows) with data.

 The table above contains three records (one for each person)
and three columns (LastName, FirstName, age).

3 4/15/2024
 Queries
 A query is a question or a request.
 With MySQL, we can query a database for specific
information and have a recordset returned.
 Look at the following query:
SELECT LastName FROM Persons
 The query above selects all the data in the LastName column
in the Persons table, and will return a recordset like this:
Last Name
Yonas
Kedir
Temesgen

4 4/15/2024
 Connecting to a MySQL Database
 Before you can access and work with data in a database, you must create
a connection to the database.
 In PHP, this is done with the mysql_connect() function.
 Syntax
mysqli_connect(servername,username,password);
 Parameter Description
 servername Optional. Specifies the server to connect to. Default value is
"localhost:3306"
 username Optional. Specifies the username to log in with. Default value is
the name of the user that owns the server process
 password Optional. Specifies the password to log in with. Default is ""
 Note: There are more available parameters, but the ones listed above
are the most important.

5 4/15/2024
 Example
 In the following example we store the connection in a
variable ($con) for later use in the script.
 The "die" part will be executed if the connection fails:
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
// some code
?>

6 4/15/2024
 Closing a Connection
 The connection will be closed as soon as the script ends.
 To close the connection use the mysql_close() function.
<?php
$con = mysqli_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
// some code
mysql_close($con);
?>

7 4/15/2024
 Create a Database
 A database holds one or multiple tables.
 The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a
database in MySQL.
 Syntax
CREATE DATABASE database_name
 To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the
mysql_query() function.
 This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQL connection.

8 4/15/2024
 Example
 In the following example we create a database called "my_db":
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con))
{
echo "Database created";
}
else
{
echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error();
}
mysql_close($con);
?>

9 4/15/2024
 Create a Table
 The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a database table in MySQL.
 Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name1 data_type,
column_name2 data_type,
.......
)
 We must add the CREATE TABLE statement to the mysql_query() function to
execute the command.
 Important: A database must be selected before a table can be created.
 The database is selected with the mysql_select_db() function.
 Note: When you create a database field of type varchar, you must specify the
maximum length of the field, e.g. varchar(15).
10 4/15/2024
 Example
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con) {
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
if (mysql_query("CREATE DATABASE my_db",$con)){ // Create database
echo "Database created";
}
else {
echo "Error creating database: " . mysql_error();
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$sql = "CREATE TABLE person ( FirstName varchar(15), LastName varchar(15), Age
int )";
mysql_query($sql,$con);
mysql_close($con);
?>

11 4/15/2024
 MySQL Data Types
Numeric Data Types Description
int(size) Hold integers only. The
smallint(size) maximum number of digits can
tinyint(size) bespecified in the size parameter
mediumint(size)
bigint(size)
Hold numbers with fractions.
decimal(size,d) The maximum number of digits
double(size,d) can be specified in the size
float(size,d) parameter.
The maximum number of digits
to the right of the decimal is
specified in the d parameter

12 4/15/2024
 MySQL Data Types…
Textual Data Description
Types
char(size) Holds a fixed length string (can contain letters, numbers, and
special characters). The fixed size is specified in parenthesis
varchar(size) Holds a variable length string (can contain letters, numbers, and
special characters).
The maximum size is specified in parenthesis
tinytext Holds a variable string with a maximum length of 255 characters
text Holds a variable string with a maximum length of 65535 characters
blob
mediumtext Holds a variable string with a maximum length of 16777215
mediumblob characters
longtext Holds a variable string with a maximum length of 4294967295
longblob characters
13 4/15/2024
 MySQL Data Types…
Date data type Description
date(yyyy-mm-dd) Holds date and/or time
datetime(yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss)
timestamp(yyyymmddhhmmss)
time(hh:mm:ss)

Collection Data Types Description

enum(value1,value2,ect) ENUM is short for ENUMERATED list. Can store
one up to 65535 values listed within the () brackets.
set SET is similar to ENUM. However, SET can have up
to 64 list items and can store more than one choice

14 4/15/2024
 Primary Keys and Auto Increment Fields
 Each table should have a primary key field.
 A primary key is used to uniquely identify the rows in a table.
 Each primary key value must be unique within the table.
 Furthermore, the primary key field cannot be null.
 The primary key field is often an ID number, and is often
used with the AUTO_INCREMENT setting.
 AUTO_INCREMENT - automatically increases the value of
the field by 1 each time a new record is added.
 To ensure that the primary key field cannot be null, we must
add the NOT NULL setting to the field.

15 4/15/2024
 Example
 The following example sets the personID field as the primary
key field.
$sql = "CREATE TABLE person
(
personID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
PRIMARY KEY(personID),
FirstName varchar(15),
LastName varchar(15),
Age int
)";
mysql_query($sql,$con);

16 4/15/2024
 Insert Data Into a Database Table
 The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new records to a database
table.
 Syntax
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2,....)
 You can also specify the columns where you want to insert the data:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...)
VALUES (value1, value2,....)
 Note: SQL statements are not case sensitive.
 INSERT INTO is the same as insert into.
 To get PHP to execute the statements above we must use the
mysql_query() function.
 This function is used to send a query or command to a MySQL
connection.

17 4/15/2024
 Example
 The following example adds two new records to the "Person"
table:
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
mysql_query("INSERT INTO person (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES ('Peter', 'Griffin', '35')");
mysql_query("INSERT INTO person (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES ('Glenn', 'Quagmire', '33')");
mysql_close($con);
?>

18 4/15/2024
 Insert Data From a Form Into a
Database
 Now we will create an HTML form that can be used to add new
records to the "Person" table.

<html>
<body>
<form action="insert.php" method="post">
Firstname: <input type="text" name="firstname" />
Lastname: <input type="text" name="lastname" />
Age: <input type="text" name="age" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
</body>
</html>

19 4/15/2024
 Insert Data From a Form Into a
Database…
 When a user clicks the submit button in the HTML form in
the example above, the form data is sent to "insert.php".
 The "insert.php" file connects to a database, and retrieves
the values from the form with the PHP $_POST variables.
 Then, the mysql_query() function executes the INSERT
INTO statement, and a new record will be added to the
database table.
 Below is the code in the "insert.php" page:

20 4/15/2024
 Insert Data From a Form Into a
Database…
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$sql="INSERT INTO person (FirstName, LastName, Age)
VALUES ('$_POST[firstname]','$_POST[lastname]','$_POST[age]')";
if (!mysql_query($sql,$con))
{
die('Error: ' . mysql_error());
}
echo "1 record added";
mysql_close($con)
?>

21 4/15/2024
 Select Data From a Database Table
 The SELECT statement is used to select data from a
database.
 Syntax
SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
 To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the
mysql_query() function.
 This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQL connection.

22 4/15/2024
 Example
 The following example selects all the data stored in the "Person" table
(The * character selects all of the data in the table):
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM person");
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];
echo "<br />";
}
mysql_close($con);
?>

23 4/15/2024
 Example…
 The example above stores the data returned by the mysql_query()
function in the $result variable.
 Next, we use the mysql_fetch_array() function to return the first row
from the recordset as an array.
 Each subsequent call to mysql_fetch_array() returns the next row in the
recordset.
 The while loop loops through all the records in the recordset.
 To print the value of each row, we use the PHP $row variable
($row['FirstName'] and $row['LastName']).
 The output of the code above will be:
Abebe Yonas
Belachewu Kedir
Hana Temesgen

24 4/15/2024
 Display the Result in an HTML Table
HTML table: </tr>";
<?php while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
$con = {
mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc1 echo "<tr>";
23");
echo "<td>" . $row['FirstName'] . "</td>";
if (!$con)
echo "<td>" . $row['LastName'] . "</td>";
{
echo "</tr>";
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
}
echo "</table>";
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
mysql_close($con);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM
person"); ?>
echo "<table border='1'> First Name Last Name
<tr> Abebe Yonas
<th>Firstname</th> Belachewu Kedir
<th>Lastname</th>
Hana Temesgen

25 4/15/2024
 The WHERE clause
 To select data that matches a specific criteria, add a WHERE clause to the
SELECT statement.
 Syntax
SELECT column FROM table
WHERE column operator value
 The following operators can be used with the WHERE clause:
Operator Description
= Equal
!= Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal
<= Less than or equal
BETWEEN Between an inclusive range
LIKE Search for a pattern 4/15/2024
26
 The WHERE clause…
 Note: SQL statements are not case sensitive.
 WHERE is the same as where.
 To get PHP to execute the statement we must use the
mysql_query() function.
 This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQL connection.

27 4/15/2024
 Example
 The following example will select all rows from the "Person" table, where
FirstName='Peter':
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM person WHERE FirstName='Peter'");
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'] . " " . $row['LastName'];
echo "<br />";
}
?>

28 4/15/2024
 The ORDER BY Keyword
 The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the data in a
recordset.
 Syntax
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name

29 4/15/2024
 Example
 The following example selects all the data stored in the "Person" table,
and sorts the result by the "Age" column:
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con)
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM person ORDER BY age");
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result))
{
echo $row['FirstName'];
echo " " . $row['LastName'];
echo " " . $row['Age'];
echo "<br />";
}
mysql_close($con);
?>

30 4/15/2024
 Sort Ascending or Descending
 If you use the ORDER BY keyword, the sort-order of the
recordset is ascending by default (1 before 9 and "a" before
"p").
 Use the DESC keyword to specify a descending sort-order
(9 before 1 and "p" before "a"):
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name DESC

31 4/15/2024
 Order by Two Columns
 It is possible to order by more than one column.
 When ordering by more than one column, the second
column is only used if the values in the first column are
identical:
SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column_name1, column_name2

32 4/15/2024
 Update Data In a Database
 The UPDATE statement is used to modify data in a database
table.
 Syntax
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name = new_value
WHERE column_name = some_value
 To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the
mysql_query() function.
 This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQL connection.

33 4/15/2024
 Example
 The following example updates some data in the "Person" table:
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con) First Last Age
{ Name Name
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); Abebe Yonas 36
} Belachewu Kedir 56
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con); Hana Temesgen 23
mysql_query("UPDATE Person SET Age = '36'
WHERE FirstName = ‘Abebe' AND LastName = ‘Yonas'");
mysql_close($con);
?>

34 4/15/2024
 Delete Data In a Database
 The DELETE FROM statement is used to delete records
from a database table.
 Syntax
DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE column_name = some_value
 To get PHP to execute the statement above we must use the
mysql_query() function.
 This function is used to send a query or command to a
MySQL connection.

35 4/15/2024
 Example
 The following example deletes all the records in the
"Person" table where LastName=‘Yonas':
<?php
$con = mysql_connect("localhost","peter","abc123");
if (!$con) First Last Age
{ Name Name
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error()); Belachewu Kedir 56
} Hana Temesgen 23
mysql_select_db("my_db", $con);
mysql_query("DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName=‘Yonas'");
mysql_close($con);
?>

36 4/15/2024
 PHP Database ODBC
 ODBC is an Application Programming Interface (API) that allows
you to connect to a data source (e.g. an MS Access database).
 With an ODBC connection, you can connect to any database, on
any computer in your network, as long as an ODBC connection is
available.
 Here is how to create an ODBC connection to a MS Access
Database:
1. Open the Administrative Tools icon in your Control Panel.
2. Double-click on the Data Sources (ODBC) icon inside.
3. Choose the System DSN tab.
4. Click on Add in the System DSN tab.
5. Select the Microsoft Access Driver. Click Finish.
6. In the next screen, click Select to locate the database.
7. Give the database a Data Source Name (DSN).
8. Click OK.

37 4/15/2024
 Connecting to an ODBC
 The odbc_connect() function is used to connect to an ODBC data
source.
 The function takes four parameters: the data source name,
username, password, and an optional parameter.
 The odbc_exec() function is used to execute an SQL statement.
Example
 The following example creates a connection to a Data Source
called northwind, with no username and no password.
 It then creates an SQL and executes it:
$conn=odbc_connect('northwind','','');
$sql="SELECT * FROM customers";
$rs=odbc_exec($conn,$sql);

38 4/15/2024
 Retrieving Records
 The odbc_fetch_row() function is used to return records
from the result-set.
 This function returns true if it is able to return rows,
otherwise false.
 The function takes two parameters: the ODBC result
identifier and an optional row number:
 odbc_fetch_row($rs)

39 4/15/2024
 Retrieving Fields from a Record
 The odbc_result() function is used to read fields from a record.
 This function takes two parameters: the ODBC result set
identifier and a field number or name.
 The code line below returns the value of the first field from the
record:
$compname=odbc_result($rs,1);
 The code line below returns the value of a field called
"CompanyName":
$compname=odbc_result($rs,"CompanyName");
Closing an ODBC Connection
 The odbc_close() function is used to close an ODBC connection.
odbc_close($conn);

40 4/15/2024
 The following example shows how to first create a
database connection, then a result-set, and then display
the data in an HTML table
<html> {
<body> $compname=odbc_result($rs,"CompNam“);
<?php $conname=odbc_result($rs,"ContName");
$conn=odbc_connect('northwind','',''); echo "<tr><td>$compname</td>";
if (!$conn) echo "<td>$conname</td></tr>";
{exit("Connection Failed: " . $conn);} }
$sql="SELECT * FROM customers"; odbc_close($conn);
$rs=odbc_exec($conn,$sql); echo "</table>";
if (!$rs) ?>
{exit("Error in SQL");} </body>
echo "<table><tr>"; </html>
echo "<th>Companyname</th>";
echo "<th>Contactname</th></tr>";
while (odbc_fetch_row($rs))

41 4/15/2024