Business Research M.

M o d u l1e
D.
Slesi

Module 1

INTRODUCTION TO MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

MODULE 1: Outcues Process,
Business Research, Types of Research based on Purpose,
Nature and role of Propositions
Theory building Research Concepts, Constructs,
Nature, Action and Logic,
good Research Study, Research Process, Tnternet and
ofa
Variables and Hypotheses, Features research.
Research and Ethical issues in

Introduction: about oursclves. ou.

feature of human beings. Curiosity to know
distinctive
Curiosity or inguisitiveness is a qucstions go on arising in
planet, the universe is inherent to us. Innumcrable
institutions, our environment, our What is the shapc of our carth?
Why it
exist in and around us.
to many things that
our mind constantly relating happen? How rains arc
the solar system cxist? How do solar and lunar cclipses
is round in shape? How does do they vary in
other planet? How human beings existed on this planet? Why
formed? Is there any life on any change from one place to another place?
Why
another? Why there is a climate
all aspects from one region to causes for industrial unrest? Why
recession took
differ? What are the
organisations performance appraisal answers to them. Whenever we
encounter
seek
place? And so on. whenever such questions arise we problem have
Finding answers to the questions and solutions to the
them.
problems we find out solutions to or solution to the problem
for an answer to the question
progress. A systematic search
been the basis of human
is called as RESEARCH.
problems. It is an
- answers to the questions, solutions to the
for facts
Research simply means a search happenings, to clarify doubts and
correct the
explanations to unexplained
ordinary enquiry. It seeks to find
misconceived facts.
scientific and systematic search
for intormation
search for knowledge. It is a
Research in simple terms refers to scicntific investigation. Several social
scientists have
the art of
issue. It is also known as
on a particular topic or
defined research in different ways.

Definitions critical investigation of

defines research as a "systematic, controlled, empirical and
Kerlinser phenomena"
presumed relations among natural
hypothetical propositions about the
as g
Current English lays down the meaning of research
Che Advanced Learner's Dictionary of
tacts in any branch of knowledge »
Carelul uvestigation or inqury specially (hrough Search tor new
nry delnes 1esearch as "any organized inquiry designed and carried out to provide information for
solving a problem."

Redman and Mory define research as a "systematized etlort lo gain new knowledge."
According to Clilford Woody research comprises defning and redefining problems,
formulating
hypotheses or suggested solutions; collecting, organising and evaluating data; making
deductions and
reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to
determine whether they fit the
formulating hypotheses.
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 Business Rescarch Methods
Module 1
Social Sciençes define research as "the
D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopedia of
to extend, correct or verify
manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalising
theory or in the practice of an art,"
knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of
cxisting stock of knowledge making for its
Rescarch is, thus, an original contribution to the
observation, comparison and experiment.
advancement. It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study,
the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a
In short,
The systematic approach concerning generalisation and the formulation of a theory
problem is research.
is also research.

method consisting of enunciating the problem, formulating

As such the term 'research' refers to the systematic
collecting the facts or data, analyzing the facts and reaching certain conclusions either in the form
a hypothesis, formulation.
in certain generalisations for some theoretical
of solutions towards the conccrned problem or
method of enquiry, directed towards a
Management research is an unbiased, structured, and sequential
clear implicit or explicit business objective."

What makes people to undertake research?

motives for doing research may be either one or
This question is of fundamental importance. The possible
more of the following:
1. Extend the existing knowledge.
2. Making important and strategically important decisions for the company.
development of the workers through training
3. In-house research is required for professional and self -
and mentoring.
4. To weigh the alternatives and solve a problem.
5. Ündertaking research can help a company avoid future failure.
6. Helps in planning and executing the plan.
7. Helps in understanding the behaviour and change management.
8. Tosolve a societal problem.
The other intrinsic motives to conduct research could be the following
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benetits
practical problems
2.. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e., concern over
initiates research
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work
4. Desire to be of service to society
5. Desire to get respectability more
studies. Many
However, this is not an exhaustive list of factors motivating people to undertake research
things, desire to
factors such as directives of government, cmployment conditions, curiosity about new
(or times
understand causal relationships, social thinking and awakening, well motivate
and the like may as
compel) people to perform research operations.

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 Module 1

Characteristics of research
Business Research Modulei

Example.
An

Empirical- Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher.

Logical -Research is based on valid procedures and principles.
Cyclical-Research starts with a problem and ends with a problem.
Analytical - Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering data, whether historical
descriptive, experimental and case study.
Critical - Research exhibits careful and precise
judgement.
Methodical Research is conducted in a methodical manner
without bias using systematic mcthod and
procedure.

Replicability research design and procedures are repeated to enable the

and conclusive results. researcher to arrivc at valid

ObËectives of research
The purpose of research is to discover
answers to questions
through the application of scientific procedures. The
main aim of research is to find out the
truth which is hidden and which has
not been discovered as yet.
However, the following objectives can be listed out.
1. To gain familiarity with a
2.
phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.
Research extends knowledge of human beings, social life
and environment. Researchers
types of questions such as What, When, Where, search for various
How and Why of various phenomena and
3. Research unravels the mysteries nature; brings to light the hidden
of enlighten us.
discovered fully during the ordinary course of life. information that might never be
4. Research establishes
generalisations and general laws and contributes to theory building in various
knowledge. fields of
5. Research verifies and tests existing
facts and theory and helps in improving our
handle the situations and events. knowledge and ability to
6. Research may enable us to make reliable predictions of
events yet to happen.
7. Research aims to analyse
inter-relationships between variables and to derive casual explanations and thus
enables us to have a better understanding of the world in
which we live.
8. Research also helps in
developing new tools. concepts and theories for a better study of
phenomena. unknown

BUSINESS RESEARCH
Business research is a process of obtaining a detailed study of
all the husiness areas including the market
and the customers and using that
information maximize the sales & profit of the
to
When you run a business, there are business.
several things you can research on. You
shares to sales. Business research helps research everything irom markel
you make intelligent and
to invest your
money in. informed decisions and identify the key arcas
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 ch Me Business Research Methods
Module I
Example, nodel in the markct,
An automobile company plans to u)veil the latest car
customer demand.
Forthat, theyneed to develop stralcgies lo cxplorc andmonitor
and analyse markct trends,
So, thecompany will conduct rescarch locollcct information
finc quality car at the right pricc
This wil| hclp them draw bctler conclusions and comc up with a
ica
resulting in alarger market sharc.

Nature of Business Research

is crucial for any organization's
In busincss, knowledge is power. The ability lo make inlormed decisions
-a systematic inquiry that helps unravel
success and growth. To achieve this, busincsses rely on rescarch
complcx problems,discover insights, and cxplore ncw opportunitics.
Busincss rescarch involves a structurcd invcstigation aimed at collecting and analyzing data to address spccific
business challenges or explore potential opportunilies. This often includes conducting market research studies
and producing business research reports based on the rescarh findings.

It is a multi-faceted procoss that employs various methodologies, including quantitative and qualitative
techniques, to acquire knowledge that drives decision-making. While quantitative rescarch focuses on numerical
data and statistical analysis, qualitative rescarch emphasizes an in-depth understanding of sbjective
experiences, opinions, and motivations.
From problem identification to market analysis and decision support, research empowers businesses to navigate
complexities, adapt to change, and scize opportunitics. Investing in robust research practices can help
organizations lay the foundation for sustainable growth and success. It is crucial to hire a reputable business
research company with proven experience in providing specialized business market research services.

Benefits of Business Research

Business Research helps you communicate with current and potential customers in a better way.
It helps you identify opportunities and threats in the marketplace.
It helps you minimize risks.
Business research is used to plan investments and financial outcomes effectively.
It helps you build a lbeter maket position.
It can keep you updaled wilh curent trends and innovations inthe murket.

Why is Business Research Important? (Role of

Business Research)
Business rescarch helps busineSses understand their customers' buying patterns, preterences and pa
poinis, gain deeper insights into the contenders, current market trends, and demographics.
oSing efteclive strategies to understand the denund andsupnly of the market, businesses can always
slay ahcad of the
competition.
Using business rescarch, they can market demand and
reduce costs and design solutions that aim at the
their target audience.
MPBIM - MBA I Sem
Module 1 Business Research Module

gives an idea of the target

Chances of failures are less with business research as it customers Induction
a

perfect time to launch a product. In

logic,
w

Deduc

Management Research
Management Rescarch is an unbjascd, structured and sequential method of enquiry, directed towards aa spec

implicit or explicit business objective. This enquiry might lead to validating the existing postulates or anivin be
at new theories and models.

The search of facts may be made through either

Arbitrary (Unscientific) Method

Scientific Method

Scientific and Non-Scientific Methods

Research is a scientific endeavor. It involves scientific method.
Scientific Method is a systematic rational approach to seeking facts. It is objective, precise and
arrives at
conclusions on the basis of verifiable evidences. Scientific method is the pursuit of truth as
determined by
logical considerations. The ideal of science is to achieve a systematic
interrelation of facts. Scientific method
attempts to achieve "this ideal by experimentation, observation, logical
arguments from accepted postulates and
a combination of these three in varying
proportions. The scientific method is, thus, based on certain basic
postulates which can be stated as under:
1. It relies on empirical evidence.
2. It utilizes relevant
concepts.
3. It is committed toonly objective
considerations.
4. It presupposes cthical neutrality,
i.e., it aims at nothing but making only
about population objects. adequate and correct statements
It results into probabilistic
predictions.
Its methodology is made known to all concerned for critical
through replication. scrutiny is for use in testing the conclusions
7. lanIs at fomulating most general axioms or
what can be termed as scientific
theories.
TIhus, i Is a
melhod free from personal bias or
preiudice a method to ascertain demonstrable
phenonehon capable of being verified, amethod wherein the qualitics Ol a
TcasoninB. ü melhod wherein the investigation researcher is guided by the ruies tv
proceeds in an orderly manner and a method that
consisteney. imples m

Non-scientific Method is also known as based on

imagination, opinions, blind belief or Arbitrary Method. It seeks answers to the questions
subjective. The findings will vary fromimpression. This method suffers from serious weakness that it is
person to person depending on his impression or imagination. It is
Vague and incorrect.

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Module 1
Business Research Methods

Induction and Deduction Approach

In logic. we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and
inductive approaches.
Deductive reasoning works from the morc gencral to the more
specific. It is informally called a "top-down" approach. We might Thearv
begin with thinking up a theory about our topic of interest. We then8
narrow that down into more specific ypotheses that we can test. We
narrow down even further when we collect observations to address Hypothesis
the hypotheses. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the
hypotheses with specificdata - a confirmation (or not) of our original
theories.
Observation
General
Confirmation
M e v if
n s
o m
e n t i c u l a

Theory Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from

specific
observations to broader generalizations and theories. Informally, we
Tentative sometimes call this a "bottom up" approach. In inductive
Hpcthesis reasoning,
we begin with specific observations and
measures, begin to detect
patterns and regularities, formulate some tentative
Pattern hypotheses that
we can explore, and finally end up
developing some general
conclusions or theories.
Observation
CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH
Types of research

From the viewpoint of

Application Objectives Enquiry mode

Pure Quantitative
research Descriptive
research
Exploratory
research research

Applied Correlational Explanatory

Qualitative
research research research
research

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 Business Resenreh Modul
1e

Module1 Explorato

stud
Fundamental Research (Pure Research) undertaken The

for knowledge's sake is termed pure' or basic' research." It is for the a resca

of knowledgeknowledge
"Gathering without any intention to apply it in practicc. Pure rescarch is also called as Fundamen, usua

Research. It is not necessarily being problem oriented. It aims at cxtension of knowlcdge. It may cither \cad,
bu
sciences owes m.,
of a new theory or refinement of an existing theory. The developmentof various
discovery
that can be drawn bon:.
research enrich the storehouse of knowledge
topure research. The findings of pure
Thus, it lays foundation for applied research. Research
the future to formulate significant practical research.
mathematics, Einstein's theory of relativity, Newton's
concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure
some of the examples of pure research.
contribution, steam engines, electronic gadgets, automobiles etc., are
Forms of Basic research

Discovery
Invention

Reflection

Contribution of Basic research

A By developing principles, pre research offers solutions to many practical problems.

Pure research helps to find the critical factor in practical problem.

A Pure research develops many alternative solutions and thus enables us to choose the best solution.

Applied Research
Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business
organization.
Research done for specific purposes.
It is highly specific, done for a particular reason and using many accumulated theories, knowledge,
methods, and techniques, for a specific, state, commercial, or client driven purpose.
It isquite efficient in churning out results.
There is a vast scope for applied research in the fields of technology, management, commerce.
economics and other social sciences.

Examples: Research to identify social, cconomic or political trends that may affect a particular
institution or the markeling rescarch or evaluation rescarch.
Contributions of Applied Research
Applied research can contribute new facts.
Applied research can put theory to test.
Applied research may aid in conceptual clarification.
Applied research may integrate previously existing theoriCs.

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for the sake Exploratory Rescarch

ammuleccnahtdl to
The study is conducted to explore aproblem at its preliminary stage to get some basic idea about the solution of
arescarch study. Àstudy of an unfamiliar problem about which the rescarcher has litle or no knowlcdge. It is
LUSually conductcd when there is no carlicr thcory or model to guide. It may be qualitative as well as quantitative
but more enmphasis is given to qualitative approach. They are less structured, more lexible in approach. They
in are not conducted to test or validate any preconceived propositions and could lcad to some testable hypotheses.
The exploralory research allows researcher to gain a better understanding of the concept and Provides direction
to initiate anew structured research. It is also called as "formative Rescarch." ItExplore unknown facts that are
previously undefincd. It Hclps in developig new concepts and theories. Further hclps in identification of best
rescarch ncthods, data collection techniqucs, data analysis tool.
Purposes of Exploratory Research
To generate new ideas

To increase the researcher's familiarity with the problem

To make a precise formulation of the problem
To gather information for classifying concepts
To determine whether it is feasible to attempt the study.
Levels of Exploratory Study
First level is Discovery of significant variables
Second level is discovery of relationship between variables.
Steps in Exploration
A review of pertinent literature
An experience survey
An analysis of insight stimulating cases

Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research is a fact-finding investigation with adequate interpretation of different kinds. The major
purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of aairs as it exists at present. Also called "Statistical
escaren. Ihis research that is carried out lo describe siluation. phenomena, community ctc. Goal of such
Tesearch is to describe the data and characteristics about whatis being studied. It Studies the characteristie ot the
population in study. It tries to answers 5 W and IH, Data are collected by using one or more appropriate
US suen as observation, interviewing and auestionnaire The min characteristic - the rescarcher hàs no
control over the variables; he can only report what has
happened or what IS hppem
Explanatory / Causal / Relational Research
These studies involye studying the relationship between two
impact of' one variable on the other und also the
variables. The relevance of variables. Causal
causal study arises only when there is correlation between two
variable is also called as Explanatory variable because it explains the etfect or impact on the dependent variable.
MPBIM -MBA II Sem 13
 Module 1 Attitud
o er
opin

Once the cause and effect Business Researeh

of the two variables chosen is known the study can proceed furthe.
M o d u1 l e

p a r t i c us
laurb j

relationship between the variables. to find

A variable is a measurement of some characteristics like
Used to observe the effect of one variable on the other.
income, age behaviour

researc

Yt requires rigid, sequcntial and proper sampling, data collection and data analysis.
mak

The outcome of such research may vary in

accordance with many factors.
Hence, it's necessary to have a Control Group and Treatment
group to increase accuracy.

Correlational Research
It is a quantitative method of
research in which you have 2 or more quantitative variables from the same
group of subjects.
Determine if there is a relationship between the 2
variables.
Use 30 or more participants; this is
important to increase the validity of the research.
Other Types of Research
All other types of research are
variations of one or more of the above stated
purpose of research, or the time required to accomplish research, on the approaches, based on either the
or on the basis of some
other similar factor.
environment in which research is done,

In Analytical Research, on the other hand, the

analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the
researcher has to use facts or information already available, and
material.
Quantitative Research is based on the measurement of
quantity or amount. It is applicable to
can be expressed in terms of quantity. Quantitative Research is phenonmena that
used to quantify the problem by way of
generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into
usable statistics. It is used to quantify
opinions, behaviours and other defined variables - and attitudes.
generalize results from a larger sample
Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and population.
uncover patterns in research.
Quantitative data collection methods are much more
structured than Qualitative data collection methods.
Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of
surveys online surveys, paper surveys, mobile
surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews,
telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website
interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.
Qualitative Research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative
or
phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to
involving quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested in
investigating the reasons for human
behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things), we quite often talk of
'Motivation Research', an
important type of qualitative research. Other techniques of such
research are word association tests, sentence
completion tests, story completion tests and similar other projective techniques.

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 rch Met
fge ind etc. out Module 1 Business Rescarch Methods
Attitude or opinion research i.c., research designed to find out how people feel or what they think about a
particular subject or institution is also qualitative research. Qualitative rescarch is specially important in the
bebavioural sciences where the aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour. Through such
research we can analyse thc various lactors which motivate pcople to behave in a particular manncr or which
make people like or dislike a particular thing. It may be stated, however, that to apply qualitative rescarch in
ny2ctice is relatively a difficult job and therefore, while doing such rescarch, one should seck guidance from
experimental psychologists.

Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and
thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.

On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for
system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verificd by
observation or experiment.

We can also call it as experimental type of research. In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand,
information.
at their source, and actively to go about doing certain things to stimulate the production of desired
In such a research, the researcher must first provide himself with aworking hypotheses or guess as to the
probable results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypotheses. He then sets up
bring forth
experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as to
variables
the desired information. Such research is thus characterised by the experimenter's control over the
Empirical research is
under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects.
some way. Evidence gathered
appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in
support possible for a
through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful
given hypothesis.

time; we can think either one-time

One-time research or longitudinal research - From the point of view of
a single timne-period, whereas
research or longitudinal research. In the former case the research is confined to
in the latter case the research is carried on over several time-periods.

Research can be field-setting

Field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research -
upon the environment in which it is to be
research or laboratory research or simulation research, depending
carried out.

clinical or diagnostic research. Such

Chmcal or diagnostic research - Research can as well be understood as
researches follow case-study methods or in-denth approaches to reach the basic causal relatioNs. sueu Suus
very deep
USually go deep into the causes of things or events that interest us, using very sall sanples nd
probing data gathering devices.
an
The rescarch may be exploratory or it may be fornmalized. Exploratory research is a prelminary stuay otpilot
unfamiliar problem about which the researcher has little or no knowledge. usually takes the form of a
15
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Business Research . MFoÉ

duAleT U RQE

development of hypotheses rather than their

Module 1
exploratory research is the Cle
study. The objective of substantial structure and with specific
Whereas formalized research studies are those
with hypotheses
tested.
evente
sources like documents, remains, etc. to study
Historical research is that which utilizes historical
and groups at any remote point of time.
ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons
classified as conclusion-oriented and
Conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented Research can also be
free to pick up a problem,
decision-oriented. While doing conclusion-oriented research, a researcher is
wishes. Decision-oriented research
redesign the cnquiry as he proceeds and is prepared to conceptualize as he
case is not free to embark upon research
is always for the need of a decision maker and the researcher in this
decision oriented research since it is
according to his own inclination. Operations research is an example of
a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative
basis for decisions regarding
operations under their control.

SurvevS
Survey is a fact-finding study. It is a method of research involving collection of data directly from a population
or a sample thereof at a particular time. It must not be confused with the mere clerical routine of gathering and

tabulating figures. It requires expert and imaginative planning, careful analysis and rational interpretation of the
findings. Data may be collected by observation or interviewing or mailing questionnaire. The analysis of the
data may be made by using simple or complex statistical techniques depending upon the objectives of the study.

Case Study
A Case Study is an in-depth comprehensive study of a person, a social group, an episode, a process, a situation,
a programme, a community, an institution or any other social unit. It is one of the most popular
types of

research methods. Its purpose may be to understand the lifecycle of the unit under study or the interaction
of the
between factors that explain the present status or the development over a period of time. A study
financial health of a business undertaking, a study of labour participation in management, a study of lifestyle of
working women, a study on urban poor, a study on economic factors of a country etc., are some of the examples
of Case Study.

Field Studies
Field Studics are scientific enquiries aimed at discovering the relations and interactions among sociological and
educational variables in social institutions and actual life situations like communities, schools, factories,
organisations and institutions. Examples of Field Studies are study on socio-economic basis of class in Aknon,

Ohio, study on social revolution in Kerala village, etc.

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 atheirrch tesMet Module1 Business Research Methods

es to FEATURES OF RESEARCH
Clearly defined objectives
Ethically conducted
ts or Flexibility
Reliability
Validity
Accuracy
Credibility of sources

CRITERIA FOR GOOD RESEARCH

Whatever may be the types of research works and studies, one thing that is important is that they all meet on the
common ground of scientificmethod employed by them. One expects scientificresearch to satisfy the following
criteria:

1. The purpose of the research should be clearly defined and common concepts should be used.
2. The research procedure used should be described in detail to permit another researcher to use the same for
further advancement, keeping the continuity of what has already been attained.
3. The procedural design of the research should be carefully planned to yield results that are as objective as
possible.

4. The researcher should report with complete frankness, flaws in procedural design and estimate their effects
upon the findings.
D. The analysis of data should be sufficiently adequate to reveal its significance and the methods of analysis
Used should be appropriate. The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully.
6. Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for which
the data provide an adequate basis.

I reater confidence in research is warranted if the researcher is experienced, has a good reputation in
research and is a person of integrity.

Inother words, we can state the qualities of a

good research as under:
s Systematie: lt means that rescarch is structured with specified steps to be taken in a specitied sequence
n decordance with the well defined set of ales Svstematic characteristic of the rescarch does not rule out
Creauve thinking but it certainly does reiect the use of guessing and intuition in arriving at conclusions.
6A simplies lhat research is guided by the rules of logical reasoning and the logical process of
nuenon and deduction are of great value in carrving out research. Induction is the process of reasoning
from a part to the whole whereas a conclusion
deduction is the process of reasoning from some premise to
which follows from that meaningful in the
very premise. In fact, logical reasoning makes research more
context of decision making.

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Business Research M, Module

ModuleI aspects of a real

I implies that rescarch is related basically to onc or more situatn
3, It is empirical: rescarch results.
basis for cxternal validity to
R e s e a rpc h

concrete data that provides a

deals with
replicating the stud
allows rescarch results to be verified by
seque

4. It is replicable: This characteristic

thereby building a sound basis for decisions.
In other words,
Must have clearly statcd purpose.
Must follow a systematic and detailed plan for everything.
Selection of research topic, collection of information, sampling and data analysis must be justified.
Study should be unbiased, objective and neutral manner.
Maintain cthical standards (less faults)
Must be replicable, mcthod and process should be reliablc.
The validity and reliability of the data should be checked carefully.
+ Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research and limited to those for

which the data provide an adequate basis.

QUALITIES OFA GOOD RESEARCHER

Research oriented
Efficient
Scientific
Effective
Active
Resourceful
Creative
Honest
Economical
Religious

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studiytuaion an Module 1

RESEARCH PROCESS
Business Research Methods

Research process consists of series of actions or steps necessary to effectively carry out research and the desired
sequencing of thesc steps.

Research
Problem

Define objectives of Review of Formulate

study Literature Hypotheses

Select Research
Data Collection Sample Design
Design
Analysis of the
Data

Interpretation Prepare the Report

Testing the
Hypotheses

Formulating the research problem

1nereare two types of research problems, viz., those which relate to states of nature and those which relate to

relationships between varibles. At the very outset the researcher must be clear bout the problem he wants to
study, i.e, he must decide the area of interest or characteristic feature of a subject-matter that he would like to
inquire into. Initially the problem may be stated in a broad general way and then the ambiguities, it any,
relating to the problem be resolved. Then. the feasibility of aparticular solution has to be considered betore
formulating the problem.
1ne 1ormulation of a general topic into a specific research problem, thus, constitutes the tirst step in a seientttte

Cnqury. Essentially two steps are involved in formulating the research problem, viz., understanding the
problem thoroughly and rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from an analytical pont of Vie:
those having some expettis
es Way of understanding the problem is to discuss it with colleagues or with
in the subjcct matter.
with the selected
The rescarcher must also examine all the available literature to get himself acquainted
theories,
conceptS and
problem. He may review two types of literature - the conceptual literature concerning the
similar to the one proposed. ne basi
ad the empirical literature consistino of studies made eorlier which are
available for operational
outcome of this review gives the knowledge as to what data and other materials are
After this
purposes which will enable the researcher to research problem in a meaningful context.
specity his in as specific
the researcher rephrases the problem into operational terms i.e., to put the problem
analytical or in
terms as possible. This task of reseearch problem is a step of greatest importance
formulating, or defining, a help in
the cntire research process. The must be defined unambiguously which will
problem to be investigated
verify the objectivity and validity of
discriminating relevant data from Care must be
irelevant ones. exercised to
19
MPBIM - MBA II Sem
 Module 1
Business Rescarch M. M o d u 1l e

the background facts relating lo the problem. If there are certain related terms, the same shoula
defined along with the task of formulating the problem. Formulation of the problem often follows
sa
pattern where a number of formulations are set up, cach formulation is more specific, analytical sandequeN m
rcalistic in terms of the availablc data and the rcsourccs.

Define the objectives of the study

After defining thc rescarclh problem, the subject scope, nature and motives that underlie it should he
formulated.

The objectives encompass one clear, unambiguous sentence that fully expresses the
essential element of
the research.
Should answer the following questions - What is the project all about?

Literature survey
Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary should be
written. It is compulsory for the researcher to write
a synopsis of the topic and submit it to the
necessary Committee or the Research Board for approval.
At this juncture the researcher should undertake
extensive literature surveys that are associated with the
problem. For this purpose, the researcher can go through the abstracts,
journals, published or unpublished
bibliographies, conference proceedings, government reports, books etc. In this process, it should be
remembercd that one source will lead to another. The earlier studies, if any, which are
similar to the present
problem, should be carefully studied. Agood library willbe a great help to the researcher at this
stage.
Development of working hypotheses
After extensive literature survey, the rescarcher should state clearly the
working hypotheses or hypotheses.
Working hypotheses is a tentative assumption made in order to draw and test the logical or
empirical
conscquences of the problem stated and formulated. It is a tentative answer to a research problem. For this
purpose, the manner in which the research hypotheses are developed is more important as they provide the focal
point for the research. It will also affect the manner in which tests may be conducted in the analysis of data.

In most types of research, the development of working hypotheses plays an important role. Hypotheses should
be very specific and linited to the piece of research because it has to be tested. The role of the hypotheses is to
guide the rescarcher by delimiting the arca of research and to keep him on the right rack. It sharpens his
thinkng and focuses altention on the more important facets of the problem. It also indicatcs the type of data
required and the type of methods of data analysis to be used.
Working hypotheses can be developed by:
1 Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem, its origin and the objectives in seeking a
solution;
2. Exanination of data and records, if available, concerning the problem for possible trends, peculiarities and
other clues;
3 Reviewy of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar problems; and

MPBIM - MBA II Sem

20
hould asequenti bech cleaMeth Nlodule 1 Business Research Methods
4. Exploratory personal investigation which involves original ficld intervicws on a limitcd scale with interested
land more
parties and individuals with a view tosecure greater insight into the practical aspects of the problem.
Thus. working hypotheses arise as a result of an intensive thinking about the subject, cxamination of the
available data and material including related studies and the counscl of cxperts and interested partics. It may as
wellbe remembered that occasionally we may encounter a problem whcre we do not nccd working hypothescs,
specially in the case of exploratory or formulative researches which do not aim at testing the hypotheses. But as
a general ule. specification of working hypotheses is another basic step of the rescarch prOcess in most rescarch
problems.

Preparing the research design

The research problem having been formulated, the researcher must prepare a rescarch design, i.c., he has to state
the conceptual structure within which research would be conducted. A Rescarch Design is a logical and
systematic plan prepared for directing a research study. It specifies the objectives of the study, the methodology
and techniques to be adopted for achieving the objectives. It constitutes the blue print for the collection,
measurement and analysis of data.

Sample design
It refers to about how one goes about making an investigation of the respondent population to be studied. It is
not always possible to study the entire population; hence samples have to be drawn. The sample drawn should
be a true representative of the population. There are different techniques available to select samples from the
population based on various assumptions. Hence, appropriate sample design should be adopted based on the
study. Sample design = Sample frame+ Sampling technique+ Sample size.

Collecting the data

When we are dealing with any real life problem, it is often found that data at hand is insufficient. Hence, it
becomes necessary to collect data that are appropriate. There are several ways of collecting the appropriate data
which differ considerably in context of money costs. time and other resources at the disposal of the
rescarcher.
Primary data can be collected either through experiment or through survey. If the researcher conducts an
Cxperiment, he observes some quantitative measurements. or the data, with the help of which he exanmines he
truth contained in his hypotheses.

Analysis of data
hiter the data have been collected, the researcher has to analvze them, The analysis of data requires a nunioer o
Closely related operations such as establishment of categories, the application of these catcgoies to ta
nrougn coding, tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. The unwieldy data should neceSSy
COnensed nto a few manageable groups and tables for further analysis. Thås, rescarcher should classify the
raw data into some
purposeful and usable categories. Coding operation is usually done at this stage through
wien ne categories of data arc transformed into symbols that may be tabulated and counted. Editing is the
procedure that improves the quality of the data for coding. With coding the stage is ready for tabulation.
01S ä part of the technical procedure wherein the classified data are put in the form of tabies.
MPBIM -MBA II Sem 21
 M o d u1 l e

Business Research N ResearC c

Module 1
A Con

Testing of Hypotheses Based

or formulated hypotheses. on varo obj

test the previously assumed

The next step after data analysis is to essential to test accuracy and
rejected. This step is very
statistical calculations, hypotheses are accepted or representative of %
This step also helps in validating if the population is the true
prccision of the test.
or not.
population or not and if the sample size is sufficient

Preparation of the report or the thesis

done by him. Writing of report must be done
Finally, the researcher has to prepare the report of what has been
report should contain the preliminary pages,
with great care keeping in view the following. The layout of the
the main text and the end matter.

THEORY BUILDING (THEORY IN RESEARC)

are advanced to
A theory is a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that
successful
explain and predict phenomena. To the degree that our theories are sound and fit the situation, we are
in our explanations and predictions. The term theoretical framework is often used to interchangeably with the
terms theory, theoretical model, and theoretical system. It is the process of identifying a core set of connectors
within a topic and showing how they fit together.

Role of Theory in Research

A theory can develop scientific knowledge in research by these criteria:
Prediction of Behaviour

Understanding relationships
Theory as orientation
Theory in summarising role.
Theory predicts facts.
+ Theory points gaps in knowledge

COMPONENTS OF THEORY IN RESEARCH

As business researchers, we need to be able to think of things in a very abstract manner, but eventually link
these abstractconcepts to observable reality.
To understand theory and the business research process, it willbe usefiul to know various components and how
they are related.
Theory has following components:
Research Concepts
Constructs
+ Definitions
+ Variables
+ Propositions and Hypotheses
MPBIM -MBA II Sem 22
 le hlodule t Business Rescarch Methods

Rescareh Coneepts

\anos AConcept is agenetally aCCepled colletion ot meanings on cluaracteristics associated with certain events.
objects, conditions, situations and behvious, ClaNitying and categorising objccts or cvents that have common
characteristics beyondany single obseIvation creates coneepts. Concepts are vicwed as the beginning point for
allthe rescrch endeavous and ate oflen vervy broad in nature. They are the bases of theorics and serves as a
means tocomuniwate, intoduec,clussity and buildthouhts and ideas.
The suceess of rescarch hinges on (wo things:
Y How clearly we conceptualise.
Ilow well others understand the conceptswe UusC.
Eg Cowept of distanee is borrowed tron plysies. Distnee is used in neasuring success of relationship. the
travel, the attitude measuremcnt cte, We keep adding meanings to the existing concepts and broaden them.
People tend to attach diflerent meanings to the existing concepts and have variety of meanings to a single
coneept. Two types of concepts; CONCRETE, ABSTRACT eoncepts E.g. Motivation, Leadership, Personality

Sources of Concepts
Concepts that are in frequent usuge huve been developed over time through shared
ure the sources of
cxperience. The following
concepts:
+ Personal Experience
+ Continued Observation

Borrowing from other langunges

Level of Concepts
+ Abstract level of concept
+ Operational level
+ Empirical level of variables
Constructs
Abstract concepts are oflen called as
0 given research and / or
Coustructs, A Costuct is al mage or abstract idea speeitically invented
theory building nupOse. We build
coneTele concepts, espccially when the deu coIstUUcts by combinung the splet, mere
0T Mape we intend to convey is not subject to dircct observation.
COncepls And constructs ae eusily contused. A
could be coustruet js a theoreical diension that
has been T potenty
operationalized by one or more variables, Rescarchers sOmeties teler to Hypothetical Coustructs
they can be inferred
only fronn the data, needs
But ldeal Mother would be turher testing Exanple: Pain is a construct as well as concept
regurded as concept but ol construct.
Types of Construct
Intervenlng Varables -is aCOnsuuct whiclh is utiliscd as usunwary term tor agroup of other
COUstrue; it has no meanin ADart rom contex in which it is utilised.
MPBIM - MBA IISenm 23
 Propositio
a
Modu1 le

Business Research Propositi

real
Module 1
theoretical term which is employed to describe something
is a
+ Hypothetical Construct - Hull as the nue
propos

which has tangible characteristics, habit, strength defined by

is an intermediary
reinforced trails, is a hypothetical construct.

Definitions
involved, then the parties are not communicating well
If words have different meanings to the parties
definitions are:
Definitions are one way to reduce the danger. Two types of
Dictionary Definitions - the concept is defined with asynonym
for testing and
Operational Definitions - definition stated in terms of specific criteria
measurement.

through our
They must refer to empirical standards (must be able to count, measure or gather the information
senses). Whether the object to be defined is physical or highly abstract, the definition must specify the
characteristics and how they are to be observed. Specifications and procedures must be clear that any competent
person using them would classify the object in the same way.

Variables
Variable is used as a synonym for construct or the property being studied. Variable is a symbol of an event, act,
characteristic, trait or attribute that can be measured and to which we assign categorical values.
Independent Variable Extraneous Variable

Dependent Variable Intervening Variable

Moderating Variable

Basis of Concepts Constructs Variables

Difference

Meaning Concepts involve They are mental pictures, A variable is a measurable

organising & totally abstract of the essence of characteristic that varies
discerning abstract the reality of anything.
thoughts
Nature Concept are logical not Constructs are usually Variables can be straightforward
mental hypothetical and easy to measure such as
gender, age, etc.

Objective Concepts deal with the Constructs are deliberately and Variables are generally used in
human ability to consciously invented for a experiments to determine the
classify ideas specific purpose. changes to one thing result in
changes in other thing.
Example Alienation quile Intelligence is made up of Age can be considered as a
concrete. It is directly several behaviours such as variable because age can take
observable. verbal , quantitative ability etc. different values for different
people.

MPBIM - MBA II Sem

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 M
rha Module 1
Propositions and Hypotheses
Business Research Methods

Proposition is a statement about observable phenomena (concepts) that may be judged as true or false. When a
propositionis formulated for empirical testing, it is called as hypotheses.
Descriptive Hypotheses Alternative Hypotheses
/ Relational Hypotheses Null Hypotheses

Explanatory Hypotheses

INTERNET AND RESEARCH

How to Efectively Use the Internet for Research
Before the internet, conducting research for school, work or out of curiosity involved a set of encyclopedias and
a trip to the library. However, we now live in an age where information is readily accessible from your
computer.

On the Web, you can find information albout any topic you desire. The World Wide Web is a huge database of
user submitted content where you can access an astronomical number of informative sources, online groups and
multi-media.
Because all of the content on the internet is self-submitted, and there are very few regulations as to
what a
person can and can't publish (depending on local laws), content found on the Web may be inaccurate and
opinion based.
Nevertheless, the internet should not be disregarded when conducting academic research. It is a major source for
scholarly journals, current news, books, credible magazines, general information and other relevant
content.
Here are a few tips to help you efficiently conduct online research and
find the information you want:
Tap into reputable sources - Many reliable statistics, articles and other information can be
found on
government and educational websites. These websites are easily identified because their domain names
end in .cdu or -gov. additionally, you can conduct a search for only scholarly information. See the
Sources below.

Subscribe to RSS Feeds - Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds is new technology that allow
Du0scnbers an immediate update when new information is posted. RSS feeds are particularly handy for
ews Sources or other websites that are constantly updated. If you need to collect current events on a
particular topic, RSS feeds will practicallydo your work for you.
Join or Create a Group -A number of
websites like Google, Yahoo and MSN offer online groups
Wnere members can share information. This is an exXcellent way to
meet people who share yout S
interests and discover new
resources.
Understand and Use Boolean Logic or an advanced search - Boolean Logic is becoming less
Common as more search engines offer advanced search features. Boolean Logic uses the words and,
or and not to
createrelationships
among search terms and allow yos to narrow your
search.
The

advanced search feature on Google, Yahoo, MSN, Ask.com and other popular search engines
MPBIM - MBA II Sem 25
 Modu
1 le
Module 1
Business Research Me To
p

avvomplsh the Nle 0al. Ise these methods to filter your results and find the
looking ton. information yo
Tse Nynonyus, Alternate Spellings and Related Topics - As youconduct your Issu

research, take note

Nyonyms, alternate spellings and telated keywords of your topic. For cxample, if you're lookine fo.
intormation on dogs, vou may also want to scarch puppies, canines and pets.
Use Ditlerent Seareh Eugiues - Dierent search
engines function differently. Google and Ask.com are
link rankn cngnes, which mean they consider the
relevance and importance of the links that link to a
website and the sites the website links to, On the other
hand, Yahoo and altavista rank by general
content. They look at keywords in metatags and in the
webpage s content. Thercfore, differcnt scarch
cngines provide difterent results.
Choose a Browser that's Conducive to Research -
There are many frce internet browser
Explorer, FiretoN and Opra ale ust a lew, Some downloads Internct
browsers allow you to add notes, save groups of websites and
have integrated search engines that make web
reseurch casicr and faster. Any of the three listed above are
for web researclh. great
Listed below are a number of tree
res0urees to help you with your internet research:
For Academie /ournals, articles and
other scholarly content:
Google Scholar http:/scholargoogle.com/
MSN Live Academic
htp:/lacademic.live.com/
INFOMINE htp://infomine.ucr.edu/
Resourece Discovery Network http://www.rdn.ac.uk/
SearchEdu.com http://ww.searchedu,com/

ETIIICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH

Lthics are nons or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about
our behavior and our relationships
with others. The poal etthics ) esearch is to ensure that no one is
harmed or suffers adverseconsequences trom
reScarch aciViies.

EthicalTreatment of Participants -
Rescarh must bc desipncd suhthl a putiwipant should not sufler physical harm, discomtort, pain,
CmbarrassIent or Joss to puvwy lo satepuard against these, the researcher should tollow three guidelines:
" 3egun data olleon by cxplanng to he participant the benetits expected from the
rescarch.
" I xplan o he paupants that heir rights and well-beug will be adequately prolected, and say how it
will be done

" Be certan hat interviewers obtain he informned consent of the paricpant.

Deception
The partic1pant is told oly part of the truth or when the truth is fully compromised.
To prevent the participants trom giving right answers before the survey or
experiment.
MPBIM - MBA HSem 26
 Toprotect the Business Research Methods
confidentiality of athird party.
J Deception should not be used in an attempt to
improve response rates.
sues Related to Protecting Participants
Informed consent - disclosing the procedures of the proposed
research before requcsting for permission
to proceed with the study
+ Debriefing - involves several activities following the collection of data:
+ Explanation of any deception
+ Description of Hypotheses, goals or purpose of the study
t Post study sharing the results
+ Right to Privacy/Confidentiality - privacy guarantee is important not only to retain validity of the
rescarch but also to protect the participants. Confidentiality of the survey answers is an
important
aspect the participant's right to privacy.
of
+ Data Collection in Cyberspace

Ethical Issues related to the Client /Sponsor

Sponsor non-disclosure
Purpose non-disclosure
Findings non-disclosure
Right to quality research

Ethics Related to Sponsor

Sometimes researchers will be asked by sponsors to participate in unethical behavior.
To avoid coercion by sponsor the researcher should:
Educate sponsor to the purpose of research
* Explain researcher's role
Explain how distortion of the truth leads to future problems
If necessary, terminate relationship with sponsor

Ethical Issues related to Researchers and Team Members

Safety
Ethical behavior of assistants
Protection of anonymity
Professional Standards
Various standards of Etlhics exist for the professional researcher.
Many corporations, professional associations and universities have a code ot conduct.
The impetus for thesepolicies and standards can be raced to two documents: The Belmont
Report of
1979 and the Federal Register of 1991.

MPBIM -MBA II Sem 27

Modulc 1 Business Researeh Method
Ihe society or association guidelines include ethical standards for the conduct of research.
One comprehensive source containing 51 official codes of ethics issued by 45 associations in business.
health and law.

Stakeholders in research
The research participants
AIlthose with direct and indirect involvement in a res Garhstuly
Those who are likely to b affocted by tho findings of astudy
Service providers, service managers and planners
Communities providing information to help a researcher to gain
understanding of a phenomenan etc.
The r e s e a r c h e r
Anyone vho collects information for the spocific pLurposO of
understanding, consolidation, enhancement and development of
professional knowledge
The funding body
Responsible for financing a researchh activity

Ethicalissues concening research

participants
Seeking Providing
consent inçeties

ekinR Possibility of Malntalning

harm confidentiality

Ethical issues relating to researcher

Provslon or Inapproprlate
Avojdingbias deprivatlo of research
treatmant methodologY
Incorrect napppit
TepOrtinE
Intoernaon

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