MODULE 1
Very Important
Derive general heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordinates with relevant
figure? Apply this equation for the design of two dimensional, unsteady heat
conduction system without internal heat generation?
A steel pipe with 50 mm outside diameter is designed such that it is covered with two
layers of insulation. The inner layer is 7.5 mm thick and has K=0.3 W/mK & top layer is
25 mm thick and K=0.12 W/mK. Pipe wall is at 315 °C and outside temperature is 25°C.
The outside convective heat transfer coefficient is 16 W/m²K. Determine the surface
temperatures and heat loss per meter length for 10 minutes?
Explain lumped system analysis. Derive an expression for temperature distribution
for a lumped body
Discuss Fourier’s law of heat conduction
A small electric heating application uses wire of 2 mm diameter with 0.8mm thick
insulation (k=0.12W/m∘C). The heat transfer coefficient (ho) on the insulated surface is
35W/m2∘C. Determine the critical thickness of insulation in this case and the percentage
change in the heat transfer rate if the critical thickness is used, assuming the temperature
difference between the surfaces of the wire and surrounding air remains unchanged
A metallic sphere of 25 mm diameter (K = 40 W/m°C, ρ = 7900 kg/m3, C = 480J/kg°C)
is cooled by exposing air at 25°C with a convective heat transfer coefficient of 125
W/m2°C. Estimate the time required to cool the sphere from 650°Cto 150°C.
Least Important
Discuss thermal contact resistance related to composite geometries
Explain Biot number. How it is used for classifying different bodies
How does transient heat transfer differ from steady state heat transfer?
Distinguish between fin effectiveness and fin Efficiency?
Differentiate between thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity.
Why thin and closely packed fins are preferred
MODULE 2
Very Important
Explain the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers for an internal
flow with relevant figures?
Explain the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers for an external
flow with relevant figures?
A plate heater is designed such that its dimensions are 600 mm x 300 mm. Air at
25°C flows past heater at 2.5 m/s and is maintained at a uniform temperature at
95°C. Calculate the heat loss from the plate, if the air flows parallel to the 600 mm
side? How would this heat loss be affected if the flow of air is made parallel to the
300 mm side?
An incandescent bulb can be considered as a sphere of 0.06 m dia. The bulb surface
is at 130°C. Air at 30°C flows over it with a velocity of 0.6 m/s. Determine the heat
loss from the bulb surface.
Important
Vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained at a constant temperature of
1200C. The pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric air at 300C. Find heat loss by natural
convection.
Calculate the rate of free convection heat loss from a 30 cm diameter sphere maintained
at 90°C and exposed to ambient air at 20°C?
Air at 20°C at atmospheric pressure flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 3 m/s. If the
plate is 1 m wide and at 80°C, calculate the following at x = 300 mm.
i. Hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness
ii. Thermal boundary layer thickness
iii. Local friction coefficient
iv. Average heat transfer coefficient
v. Heat transfer rate
A hot square plate 40 cm x 40 cm at 90°C is exposed to atmospheric air at 30°C.
Calculate the heat loss from both surfaces of the plate, if (a) the plate is kept vertical (b)
the plate is kept horizontal. The following empirical correlations have been suggested:
Nu = 0.125 (Gr Pr)0.33 for vertical position of plate, and
Nu = 0.72 (Gr Pr) 0.25 for upper surface (horizontal position)
Nu = 0.35 (Gr P r)0.25 for lower surface (horizontal position)
where the air properties are evaluated at the mean temperature.
Least Important
Using Reynolds-Colburn analogy, prove that for laminar flow over a flat plate
Nuavg= 0.664 Re0.5 Pr0.333
Discuss any three non-dimensional numbers used in convection
Define Reynold’s number (Re) , Grashof number.and Prandtl number (Pr), Nusselt
numbr Nu with their significance
Pool boiling and forced convection boiling
What is boundart layer thickness
MODULE 3
Very Important
A double pipecounter flow heat exchanger is designed with water flows at the rate of
65 kg/min and is heated from 50°C to75°C by oil flowing through the tube. The
specific heat of the oil is 1.780 kJ/kgK. The oil enters heat exchanger at 115°C and
leaves at 75°C. The overall heat transfer co-efficient is 340 W/m2K. Assume tube
diameter as 25 mm and using LMTD method, determine
(i) Heat transfer rate
(ii) Heat exchanger area
(iii) Length of tube required
The following are the details of a parallel flow heat exchanger - Heat capacity of cold
flow entering at 40°C = 20000 W/K, Heat capacity of hot flow entering at 150°C = 10000
W/K, A=30 m2 , U=500 W/m2K. Determine heat transfer rate and exit temperatures
With the help of neat diagram explain the pool boiling process for water
Derive an expression for Log Mean Temperature Difference for a parallel flow heat
exchanger.
In a double pipe heat exchanger hot water flows at a rate of 14 kg/s and gets cooled from
370K to 340K. At the same time 14 kg/s of cooling water at 303K enters the heat
exchanger. The flow conditions are such that overall heat transfer coefficient remains
constant at 2270 W/m2K. Determine the effectiveness and the heat transfer area required,
assuming two streams are in parallel flow.
Assume the specific heat for the both the streams = 4.2 kJ/kg K.
With the help of suitable sketches explain the classification of heat exchangers.
Important
Write down the relation for overall heat transfer coefficient in heat exchanger with
fouling factor
Problem to find U with fouling factor given in question
Least Important
Explain the effectiveness of a heat exchanger
Compare film wise and dropwise condensation
Distinguish between boiling heat transfer and condensation heat transfer
What is meant by LMTD.
Plot temperature curve of evaporator and condenser heat exchangers
What is meant by shell and tube heat exchanger?
MODULE 4
Very Important
Two large parallel planes with emissivities of 0.3 and 0.5 are maintained at
temperatures of 527°C and 127°C respectively. A radiation shield having
emissivities of 0.05 on both sides is placed between them. Calculate
Heat transfer rate between them without shield.
Heat transfer rate between them with shield
Two rectangular surfaces are perpendicular to each other with a common edge of 2 m.
The horizontal plane is 2 m long and vertical plane is 3 m long. Vertical plane is at 1200
K and has an emissivity of 0.4. The horizontal plane is 291 K and has a emissivity of 0.3.
Determine the net heat exchange between the planes?
Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800°C and 300°C are 0.3 and 0.5
respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter of the plates? If a
polished aluminium shield (Є = 0.05) is placed between them. Find the percentage
reduction in heat transfer?
Explain the concept of black body
Derive an expression for the net radiation exchange between two black bodies.
Important
Define shape factor. A sphere of diameter D is enclosed in another sphere of diameter
2D. Stating the reciprocity theorem, find the shape factor of the outer cylinder with
respect to itself?
The radiation shape factor of one circular surface of a thin hollow cylinder, 10 cm
diameter and 10 cm long, to the other circular surface is 0.2. What is the shape factor of
the curved surface of the cylinder with respect to itself?
Problem using Weins displacement law to show that wavelength for sun is 0.5 nm
Prove that sum of reflectivity, transmittivity and reflectivity is 1.
Least Important
What is the use of radiation shield?
Define shape factor. Discuss reciprocity theorem.
Explain the effectiveness of a heat exchanger.
MODULE 5
Very Important
Discuss the analogy between heat transfer and mass transfer
Discuss Fick’s Law of diffusion. Write its analogy with Fourier law.
Explain steady state equi-molar counter diffusion? Show that the diffusion
coefficient remains same in the process?
A pan of 40 mm deep, is filled with water to a level of 20 mm and is exposed to dry
air at 30°C. Calculate the molar flux of water. Take mass diffusivity as 0.25 x 10 -4
m2/s.
Dry air at 30°C and 1 atm flows over a wet flat plate 600 mm long at a velocity of 50
m/s. Calculate the mass transfer co-efficient of water vapour in air at the end of the
plate. Take the diffusion co-efficient of water vapour in air, D = 0.26 x 10-4m2/s
Define Schmidt Number, Lewis Number and Sherwood Number?
Explain different modes of mass transfer
Important
What is the difference between mass concentration and molar concentration?
Problem of Hydrogen gas on both sides of membrane solved in class
