Life Processes x x x “HANDWRITTEN NOTES (Previous yr. Ques Included) 8 x xMW Lets know how our "BO! wor @ The basis function performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this Earth. @ These include nutrition, respiration, transportation, excretion. Life Processes — Nutrition Respiration Digestion Transportation Excretion 7 Nutrition: The process of intake of nutrients (like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals , vitamin and water) by an organism as well as the utilization of these nutrients by the organism. _7 Nutrients: Group of food in which protein, fats, vitamins and minerals are involved is called nutrients. “eesof Natron © Autotrophic Nutrition * The process by which organism synthesize its own food from simple inorganic substances like carbon dioxide and water present in the surrounding environment is called as autotrophic nutrition. * Eg- Green Plants and Bacteria ®© Heterotrophic Nutrition © Organisms that can't synthesize there own food from simple inorganicsubstances and obtain there own food from other organisms , this process is called heterotrophic nutrition. * Eg- Animals and fungi The process by which green plants takes in inorganic substances like CARBON DIOXIDE (COz) and WATER (H20) and convert them into food (ike glucose) in the presence of SUNLIGHT and CHLOROPHYLL is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS. * OXYGEN gas is released during PHOTOSYNTHESIS. 1. Sunlight 2. Chlorophyll 3. Carbon Dioxide 4. Water ‘Steps of Photosynthesis © Absorption of Light Energy by Chlorophyll. Cotiversion of Light Energy to Chemical Energy and splitting of Water molecules into Hydrogen and Oxygen @ Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by Hydrogen to form Carbohydrates like Glucose. Ques) Where do plants get each of the raw materials required for photosynthesis?The process of photosynthesis requires two raw materials: 1. Carbon Dioxide 2. Water 1. Carbon Dioxide - The green plants take Carbon Dioxide from air through Stomata. 2. Water - Water required for photosynthesis is absorbed by roots from soil. e Tiny Pores present on the surfaces of leaves ‘« Responsible for gaseous exchange Open Stomata Close Stomata © Surrounded by a pair of guard cells which control opening and closing of stomata. Nucleus Chloroplasts Vacuole —® Water flows into —+ Stomata Open Guard cet guard cells Dena Cot wat 7 Water flows out of ——> Stomata Close guard cells | =>=™-‘Saprophytic Nutrition Parasitic Nutrition In this the organism In this organism obtains its nutrition obtains food from the from decaying organic body of another living matter of the dead organisms (host) Plants and Animals without killing it. Eg. Fungi Eg. Lice, Ticks etc. - Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger like extensions of the cell surface called as Pseudopodia - Pseudopodia fuse over food particle performing a food - vacuole - Various enzymes from cytoplasm enter into food vacuole and breaks down complex substances into simpler ones. - The simple soluble food is absorbed by cytoplasm of Amoeba through the process of dif fusion - The remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out. Holozoic Nutrition In this the organism takes in Complex organic food by a process called Ingestion, which is then digested and absorbed into the body and waste, undigested part is thrown out of the body through Egestion. Eg. Amoeba, Man, Dog etc Nucleus % Y Food particle Bern $ Food vacuole Food particley Paramecium is an unicellular organism, the cell has definite shape and food is taken in at a specific spot by the movement of Cilia Food. fot tot which cover the entire surface of the cell. “Mouth - The food is ingested through mouth. - Teeth crushes and breaks down food into smaller pieces. - The process of Digestion starts from Mouth. - The salivary glands secrete Saliva which contains an enzyme called salivary amylase which digest the starch present in food into Sugar. GADESPGEG, - The walls of oesophagus show peristaltic movement (Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles) which pushes the food forward into the Stomach.- The glands present in the walls of stomach secrete gastric juice. ~ Gastric juice contains - 1. Hydrochloric Juice 2. Enzyme Pepsin 3. Mucus ic medium which facilitates 1) Hydrochloric Acid - Creates an ac the action of enzyme pepsin... 2) Pepsin - It is a Protein digesting enzyme. 3) Mucus - Protects the Inner lining of the stomach from the action of Acid.. - The exit of food into small intestine is regulated by "Sphincter muscle’. | Smell Intestine - Small Intestine is the site for complete digestion of food (Carbohydrate, Fats, Proteins). ‘Small Intestine receives secretion of two glands: Liver and Pancreas. 1) Liver - Liver secrets Bile juice. Bile juice performs two functions. i) Makes the acidic food coming from Stomach Alkaline so that pancreatic enzymes can act on it. ii) Bile juice breaks the fat present in food into small globules(emulsified fat) so that enzymes can act on it and digest them. 2) Pancreas - Secrets Pancreatic juice which secrets digestive enzyme Trypsin and Lipase. se - Breaks down emulsified fat.i) Lipase - Breaks down emulsified fat. ii) Trypsin - Digests Protein. The walls of small intestine contains glands which secrets Intestinal juice. ~ Intestinal Juice contains enzyme which convert :- The process of absorption starts in small Intestine Villi- Small finger - like projections which increase ‘the surface area for absorption and are richly Supplied with blood vessels which take absorbed food to each and every cell of body. - The inner surface of small intestine has millions of villi which absorbs nutrients from digested food pagaens - Unabsorbed food reaches large Intestine where more villi absorb water.“Anus - Rest of the undigested food is removed from anus. Detailed Diagram of Digestive System On Next PageHuman Body: Digestive System The main functions of the digestive system are mechanical and chemical digestion, and absorption. Digestion is the process in which the body breaks food down into ‘smaller molecules so that nutrients can be easily absorbed. The entire digestion process can take anywhere from 24 to 50 hours. Poristalsis muscle —> Lie <— contraction —+ BK — muscle contraction 5 Large intestine ‘The lage intestine, about S feet long, is responsible for Intestines Duodenum ‘eliminating waste matte. The small intestine and large Intestine (colon) combined average 25 feet ong, ‘Mouth/Esophagus Digestion begins in the mouth through the mechanical and chomical reakown of food Smooth musce tissue in the esophagus squeezes the food down toward the stomach na process called vistas Stomach Mechanical and chemical digestion continues inthe stomach. Smooth muse tissue inthe stomach wal squeezes and churns the material, while enzymes and chemicals are ‘added to help further break dow the food ‘Stomach structure “The intemal structure of the stomach has rdges and folds called rugae. This increases the ‘surface area within the stomach and allows itt expand to hold ‘more fod, Stomach Pugae ‘Small Intestine Seon ‘The majority of absorption takes place inthe smal intestine, wich is about 20, feet lng, The small intestine has 3 iB] sections: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, Finger ke extensions called vil and mirovli increase Microw tho surface area ofthe small a intestine, allowing maximum aan ni and CAROLINA water. ‘www.carolina.com ©2017 Carolina Biloical Supply Companyepedtads - The process of releasing energy from food is called Respiration. - The process of respiration takes place inside the cells of the body. How Energy Released During Respiration is Stored - The energy released during respiration is stored in the form of ATP (i) Energy released during respiration is used to make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ADP + Phosphate + Energy ——> ATP (ii) When the cell needs energy, then ATP can be broken down using water to release energy. ATP —+ ADP + Phosphate + Energy - The Energy equivalent to 30.5KJ/mole is released in this process. = The Respiration which uses oxygen is called aerobic respiration. - Glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water in presence of oxygen.- Most of the organisms carry out Aerobic Respiration for Eg:- Man, Dogs, Earthworms etc. 2. Anaerobic Respiration - Respiration which takes place without oxygen is called Anaerobic respiration. - Glucose is completely broken down into carbon dioxide and water in presence of oxygen. (i) Micro-organisms like yeast break down glucose into ethanol and carbon-dioxide, and release the energy. - This process is known as Fermentation. (ii) Anaerobic Respiration takes place in our muscles during vigorous physical exercise, - This causes Muscle Cramps.[_Acrobicnesprtion | Anaerobic Respiration —_| 1) It takes place in the 1) It takes place in the absence presence of oxygen. of oxygen. 2) In this complete breakdown | 2) In this, partial breakdown of food occurs. of food occurs. 3) End products are carbon- 3) End products maybe ethanol dioxide and water. and carbon-dioxide (in 4) It produces a considerable amount of energy. yeast) or lactic acid (in animal cells) 4) Much less energy is produced. Human Respiratory System - The main organs of human respiratory system are: Nose, Nasal passage (or nasal cavity), Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs and Diaphragm. Air is taken in the body through nostrils. The Air passing in through nostrils is filtered by fine hair that the line passage. The passage is also lined with mucus. The part of throat between the mouth and wind pipe is called pharynx. From nostril, air enters into pharynx and then goes into the trachea or wind pipe. The upper end of trachea has a voice box called larynx.Trachea is a tube which is commonly is called wind pipe. Tt is composed of rings of cartilage which prevent the collapse of trachea in the absence of air. The trachea divides into two smaller tubes called "Bronchi". The two bronchi are connected to the lungs. The lungs lie in chest cavity which is separated from abdominal cavity by a muscular partition diaphragm. The lungs are enclosed ina "Rib Cage" made of bones called "Ribs". Each bronchus divides into smaller tubes called “Bronchioles". These are Air-Sacs at the end of "bronchioles". Tts walls are very thin and they are surrounded by thin blood capillaries. Gaseous exchange takes place inside alveoli. Millions of alveoli in the lungs provide large area for the exchange of gases, Detailed Diagram of Human Respiratory System On Next PageHuman Body: Respiratory System The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange—the inhalation of oxygen (0,) and the exhalation of carbon dioxide (CO,). The lungs, conducting airways, and the diaphragm are key structures of the system. Lungs and Diaphragm Human lungs are sponge-tke organs ‘found in the thoracic (chest) cavity. The right lung has 3 lobes and is larger than the blobed et lung asthe heart ‘occupies more space on the left side. The diaphragm isa domed, sheet-ke ‘muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, Breathing During inaaton the caphragm contracts, an ais pulled through the condetng aways int the ngs. During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and aris pushed from the lungs Diaphragm Inhalation Trachea Fight Bronchus Loft Bronchus Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli ‘renters the lungs from the trachea ‘through the right and lett bronchus. ‘These branching airways lead to bronchioles and end in microscopic air sac called alveoli The alveoli are the sites of gas exchange between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, CAROLINA ‘www.carolina.com ©2017 Carolina Biloical Supply CompanyMechanism of Breathing - Breathing - Inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of Carbon-Dioxide is called Breathing. Breathing consists of Inhalation and Exhalation. 1) Inhalation - As we inhale, Ribs lift and Diaphragm moves downward the chest cavity becomes larger. Because of this, air is sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The oxygen in alveolar air is taken up by the alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all cells of body. The oxygen is carried in the blood by the respiratory pigment Haemoglobin Which can store high quantity of Oxygen. This pigment is present in the Red Blood Corpuscles. The oxygen reaches the cells where the process of respiration takes place producing Carbon-Dioxide. This Carbon-dioxide diffuses into blood which carries it to the lungs in dissolved form. 2) Exhalation- As we exhale, Ribs relax due to which Diaphragm moves upward. This decreases the space in our chest cavity pushing the air out of the lungs. Ques) What advantage over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration? ‘Since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. The rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that of Terrestrial organisms. _ Respiration in PlantsRespiration in Leaves Through Stomata Respiration in Green Stem ——+ Through Stomata Respiration in Woody Stem ——+ Through Lenticel (i) During the day, COz generated during respiration is used up for photosynthesis, hence there is no COz release. Instead Oxygen release is the major event at this time. (ii) At night, When there is no photosynthesis occurring, CO2 elimination is the major exchange activity going on. DAY NIGHT Give Oz Give CO. ) 7? ive COz 7 Take Oz Take COzHuman Circulatory System Blood - Blood is a fluid connective tissue which consists of :- “i)Plasma - It is the fluid medium in which cells are suspended. - It transported food, carbon-dioxide and nitrogenous waste. ii) Red Blood Cells - RBC contains haemoglobin which carries oxygen from lungs to all the cells of the body. iii) White Blood Cells - They protect us from diseases by fighting infection. iv) Platelets - They help in clotting of the blood in the case of injury. * The human blood circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. « There are three types of blood vessels: (DWABHEFIES| - Carry blood from heart to all parts of the body. G)IVEIA! - RBC contains haemoglobin which carries oxygen from lungs to all the cells of the body. lii)iCapillaniesy - Norrow, Thin walled blood vessels that connects arteries to veins. = The exchange of materials such as 02, CO2 and food between blood and cells takes place through capillaries. Venule Atteriole CapillariesHuman Heart- - Heart pumps blood around the body. It is triangular in shape and roughly the size of our ‘closed fist’. - Human heart has four chambers The upper two chambers are called Atrium and lower two chambers are called Ventricles. - These chambers are separated by a partition called "Septum". - Valves present inside heart prevents the backflow of blood Vena cava Aura: From upper body Plmonary N 2 ‘Actery Riimonary — Ven Vena Cava —— Left From lower body Atria Lett Right Ventricle Atria Right Ventricle ‘Septum Blood Circulation - 1) When the muscle of all the four chambers are in relaxed state, the pulmonary vein brings “oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium. 2) Oxygenated blood is pushed from the left atrium to left ventricle. 3) The muscles of left ventricle contract and the blood is pushed through Aorta (largest artery) to the whole body (except lungs). The oxygenated blood reaches the cells of the different body organs where the process of respiration takes place. Due to this oxygenated blood4) Deoxygenated blood reaches right atrium through vena cava (largest vein). 5) When the right atrium contracts, deoxygenated blood is pushed into right ventricle. 6) When the right ventricle contracts, the deoxygenated blood is pumped into lungs In lungs, the deoxygenated blood becomes oxygenated. This oxygenated blood is again sent to left atrium by pulmonary vein for circulation in the body. Capillaries in the lungs Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery: Capillaries in the body: Red: Oxygen-rich blood Blue: Oxygen-poor blood Double Circulation- - Inhuman circulatory system, the circulation of blood from heart to lungs and back to the heart is called Pulmonary Circulation and the circulation of blood from heart to rest of the body and back to heart is called - Insuch circulatory system in which blood travels twice through the heart is one complete cycle is called Double Circulation.- Eg. Humans Single Circulation- - Fishes have a two-chambered heart and thus show single circulation. Lymphatic System- - Lymphatic system contains lymph which is another type of fluid involved in transportation. = Lymph is colourless and contains less protein than blood. - Lymphatic system carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drainsiexcess “fluid from cellular space back into the blood. - Lymphatic system plays role in the immunity of our body. Detailed Diagram of Human Circulatory System On Next PageHuman Body: cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system circulates blood through the body. The heart pumps. blood through blood vessels—arteries, capillaries, and veins. As blood flows through these vessels, it delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells while removing carbon dioxide and waste products from them. ‘The human heart ‘The human heart isa muscular pump about the size ofa human fst. thas 4 chambers—2 fi atria and 2 ventricles thas 4 heart valves, Two are located between the chambers and 2 exit the heart, preventing the backflow of blood cardiac muscle pulmonary artery pulmonary vein Fight trim Fight ventricle left atrium left ventricle The heart consists of cardiac muscle, a striated and involuntary muscle. Individual cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) are connected by Intercalatee dices that coordinate ‘smchronized muscle contraction Blood composition ‘The human body contains about § liters of blood. Blood consists of red blood cels, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, ‘Arteries carry oxygenated Dood away trom the heart °, to arterioles and then to capilares. Capillary wall are thin—oniy a single ‘cal tick—allowing O, and rutients to enter tissues while waste products are removed. Blood then travets through venules and int larger veins that cary it back to the heart, vein artery arterioet——Cvenule The 2 circulation loops Pulmonary The right side ofthe heart pumps oxygen-deicient blood tothe lungs where it releases CO, and becomes oxygenated. This blood then returns to the heart Pathway: right atrium —» ight ventricle ~ lungs —> lft atrium Systemic ‘The lf ide of the heart pumps oxygenated bid to body tissues where It delivers 0, and picks up CO, and ther waste products. This deoxygenated blood then travels. beck to the heart winere it begins the Patweycttnun—ervenae oy GARQLINA right atrium ‘www.carolina.com (©2017 Gaoina Biloie! Supp CompanyTransport in Plants - Plants have two transport systems : 1) Transport of water & minerals --> Conducted by Xylem ( Xylem vessels &Xylem tracheids ) 2) Transport of food --> Conducted by Phloem (Primarily by Sieve tubes helped by companion Cells ) Ta = At the roots, cells in contact with the soil actively take up ions. - This creates a difference in concentration of ions between the root and the soil. - Water moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference which results in steady movement of water. - Root pressure occurs mostly at night and can transport water over short distances only. The loss of water in the form of water vapour from aerials parts of the plant is known as transpiration. Evaporation of water molecules from stomata creates a suction which pulls water from the Xylem cells of roots. Tr also helps in temperature regulation. Transpiration occurs mostly during the day and can transport water over highest points of plant body. TranslocationTranslocation in phloem is achieved by utilising energy. Material like sucrose is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP. This increase the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move into it. This pressure moves the material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure. This allows the phloem to move material according to plant's needs. Eg: In the spring, sugar stored in root or stem tissue would be transported to the buds which need energy to grow. Xylem v/s Phloem Xylem and Phloem Water and Water and minerals food One-way Two-way flow of sap flow of sap Thick cell wall Thin cell wall made of lignin made of cellulose Ils havi Seale Cells with no end walls between them end walls and perforations Xylem Phloem SB Scena Facts =e Ques) What are the differences between the transport of material in Xylem and Phloem?1) It transports water and Minerals. 2) It only transports in upward direction. 3) Its transport occurs due to the suction force produced due to evaporation of water in the form of water vapours 1) It transports food. 2) It transports in both upward and downward directions 3) Food is transported by utilizing energy from ATP.- The process of removal of toxic wastes from the body of an organism is called Excretion. 1) Kidney —-_Kidney are bean shaped organ. - We have a pair of kidney. - Function of kidneys is to clean our blood by filtering it to remove unwanted substances present in it. 2) Ureter = - The Ureter isa long tube which collects urine from kidneys. 3) Urinary Bladder - Urine is stored in the urinary bladder 4) Urethra = - The collected urine is passed out from the body through urethra. Detailed Diagram of Human Excretory System On Next PageHuman Body: Urinary System The urinary system filters extra water and waste products from the blood to help maintain proper fluid balance inside the body. An elaborate system of tubes and tubules intertwines with arteries and veins within the kidneys to allow for maximum. excretion of waste products, such as various salts and proteins. The ureters carry this waste to the bladder, where it is stored until excretion. Normal diy wine output ange Inferior vena cava, fetal ca {ain vein to heart (main artery from eine on carries filtered blood carries blood from heart to yt hy BY omnes tbody ede lle 2 oon gates Urinary System Ureters are long, thin tubes that cary Urine fom the kidneys (where it is produced) to the bladder. ‘The bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine ‘The urothra isa narrow tube connected to the bladder that removes urine from the bod. Kidneys “The kidneys are found inthe upper ‘abdomen on each side ofthe spine, These {ist-size organs filter waste products out Glomerulus AA glomerulus is a smal, round ofthe boocsteam and rode ue. Adamant are ind Nephrons Conceiaton gent remove ‘Nephrons contain a network of tube nitrogenous waste and salts from the and arteries that intertwine to exchange ‘blood vessels that pass through it. sats wastes, and fas to emove tem fom the lodsteam, oe ney Giomerutus ; ‘Renal artery oe uniteres vlog rom treneat fitered oo rs Renal en omens Distal vase“ "Gaps bile Ureter: = turn) vaste procs CAROLINA (urine) to the bladder ‘www.carolina.com ©2017 Carolina Biloical Supply CompanyNephron - Nephron is the filtration unit of kidney. Bowman's capsule @ Proximal tubule Nephron has a cup shaped structure at its upper Arteries: end called Bowman's capsule. artery - The Bowman's capsule contains a bundle of blood —_ftom'glemeralue capillaries called glomerulus. Branch of - The renal artery brings dirty blood containing urea renal vein which passes through glomerulus. Glomerulus filters the blood passing through it. © L00p of Henle - Small molecules like Urea, Uric Acid, Extra glucose, with capillary Amino acid, Salt and Water is filtered out and reaches the tubular part of nephron. In the tubular part of nephron, selective reabsorption of useful substances such as Glucose, Amino acid, Salt and water takes place. = The remaining liquid from various nephrons forms urine which is collected in the collecting duct. From collecting duct, urine is passed into ureter. From ureter, urine passes into urinary bladder where it is stored for some time and ultimately passed out of the body through Urethra. Ques) Name the nitrogenous waste that is removed from the blood in our Kidney. Ans- Urea Excretion in Plants - Plants excrete: *Gaseous waste = —————» through stomata/ lenticels * Solid/ liquid waste through shedding of leaves + In the form of Gum and Resins. + In the surrounding soil.