Short Technical Report

General Physics Lab Report

Transformator (Lab)
Andi Rahmat1 Daniel Darrent1 Stefannie Inge Lim1 and Farhan Zarif1

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Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Keywords:

Abstract
Transformers are electrical devices that transmit electrical energy between circuits using
alternating current and increase or decrease the voltage between circuits. In the laboratory,
transformator experiments are conducted to observe the qualitative impact of the change of
magnetic fields and the amount of loops on the voltage and current, as well as the
quantitative of transformator equation. In the first part, it’s an inducing coils experiment
where the maximum deviation of the coil in the galvanometer is observed and calculated.
The part 2 is transformers experiment with three different combination, determining the
voltage. These experiment shows the reason why transformator can change the voltage and
current which is because alternating current has a direct relationship with the ratio of wire
loops in the primary winding to the secondary winding and the ratio of primary voltage to
output voltage, the voltage and current change as the current flows through the windings
and generates magnetic flux in the iron core.

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Introduction
1.1 Theory
This report is mainly discussing about transformator. The experiment is around the
qualitative and quantitative impact of the change of magnet fields and the amount of loops to
the induced voltage and current.
Transformers are electrical devices that transmit electrical energy between
alternating current circuits and increase or reduce the voltage between circuits. It rely on the
fact that a current flowing in one circuit generates a magnetic field that can induce a voltage
in another circuit. A simple transformer consists of two wire coils: a primary coil for the
alternating current (ac) input and a secondary coil for the alternating current (ac) output. The
coils are not connected electrically. They are instead coiled around an iron core. This may
transport magnetic fields from the primary coil to the second coil as it is easily
magnetizable.

The transformer operates according to Faraday's electromagnetic induction and

mutual induction law. On the transformer core are often two coils, the primary coil and
secondary coil. The core laminations are assembled into strips. Mutual inductance between
the two coils is high. When an alternating current passes through the primary coil, a variable
magnetic flux is produced. In accordance with Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction,
this shift in magnetic flux generates an emf (electromotive force) in the secondary coil that
is connected to the primary coil-containing core. This is an example of mutual induction.
The output voltage of a step-up transformer is greater than the input voltage: the
secondary coil has a higher voltage across it than the primary coil. This is accomplished by
the secondary coil having more twists of wire than the primary coil. The output voltage will

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be double the input voltage if the secondary coil has twice as many spins as the primary coil.
Similarly, a step-down transformer features a secondary coil with fewer turns.
The transformer equation establishes a relationship between the number of turns of
wire and the voltage between the primary and secondary coils:
𝑉𝑝 𝑁𝑝
𝑉𝑠
= 𝑁𝑠

where 𝑉𝑝 represents the voltage across the primary coil and 𝑉𝑠 represents the voltage across

the secondary coil, 𝑁𝑝 represents the number of turns on the primary coil, and 𝑁𝑠 represents

the number of turns on the secondary coil.

When a step-up transformer sends an enhanced voltage from its secondary coil to a
circuit, it did not something for nothing. Despite the fact that the secondary voltage is
greater than the primary voltage, the secondary current is smaller. For a perfect transformer,
the overall power 𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉 remains constant; the output power equals the input power. In
reality, the output power is less than input power due to energy loss to the environment, such
as heat generated by the resistance of the wires of the coils when current flows through
them.
The fact that the current can be reduced by increasing the voltage is advantageous
since it allows transport power at a very low current utilizing a step-up transformer. After
the voltage has reached the customer's location, a step-down transformer can be utilized to
reduce it to a safer level. This is advantageous because, at low currents, the power dissipated
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as heat is reduced due to the relationship 𝑃 = 𝐼 𝑅, where 𝑅 is the resistance of the
transmission cable itself, therefore less energy is lost as heat along the transmission cables.
Transformers are utilized in the national grid for this reason.

1.2 Motivation of Works

● Learning and exploring transformers
● Observe the qualitative impact of the change of magnetic fields and the loops amount
to the voltage and current
● Observe the quantitative of transformator equation

1.3 Objective
● To learn about capacitor
● To observe the behavior of the capacitor

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Material and Methods
Materials
1. Several crocodile cables
2. A pair of banana terminal wires (one black and one red)
3. A galvanometer
4. A resistor with the same value
5. A magnet bar
6. Transformator set
7. A power supply
8. An analog multimeter
9. Microsoft Excel to plot a linear regression graph

Methods
Part 1: Inducing coils
1. A circuitry was produced like the following picture

2. The camera was set into burst mode

3. The magnet was moved inside and outside, then the photos of the galvanometer were
taken
4. Step 1 until 3 was repeated but with 400 and 800 coil winding

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5. The data table 1 was made

Part 2: Transformers
1. A circuitry was made like the following picture.
(Combination 1)

(Combination 2)

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(Combination 3)

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2. 3 possible transformers combinations were made with 3 coils: 200 winding, 400
winding, and 800 winding. The power supply (AC) is connected to the coil using the
banana plug cables.
3. The table below was filled with experimental values for each combination of
transformers.

Coil with 𝑁1 = ... and 𝑉1 (Volt) 𝑉2 (Volt)

𝑁2 = ...

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 6

4. A linear regression of 𝑉1 vs 𝑉2 was plotted for each combination

5. The function of the graph was determined and the 𝑚, 𝑐, ∆𝑚, and ∆𝑐 were determined
using the function.

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Result and Discussion

Part 1: Inducing coils:

Coil with 200 200 400 800

winding

Maximum Deviation 150 250 300

in the Galvanometer

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From the equation, it is shown that the coil value is having the same value as the voltage,
while the value of electric current will be different from the value of the coil. Furthermore,
from the experiment, we find that the value of the galvanometer is not showing the same
value as the coil winding. Therefore, it can be concluded that the galvanometer is showing
the value of the electric current.

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Part 2: Transformers

In this calculation, the 𝑦 values are 𝑉1 and the 𝑥 values are 𝑉2

Coil with 𝑁1 = 200 𝑉1 𝑉2 2

𝑉2 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )
2
𝑉1𝑉2(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )
2

and 𝑁2 = 400 (Volt) (Volt)

1 1 1, 2 1, 44 1, 2

2 2 2, 9 8, 41 5, 8

3 3 4, 8 23, 04 14, 4

4 4 6, 8 46, 24 27, 2

5 5 8, 6 73, 96 43

6 6 10 100 60

SUM 21 34,3 253, 09 151, 6

𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖−(∑𝑥𝑖)(∑𝑦𝑖) 2
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 6·151,6 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(21 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)(34,3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝑚) = 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 2 2 = 0, 553428
2 6·253,09 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(34,3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

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 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
2
(∑𝑥𝑖 )(∑𝑦𝑖)−(∑𝑥𝑖)(∑𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖) 2 2
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 (253,09 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )(21 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)−(34,3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)(151,6 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 (𝑐) = 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 2 2
2 6·253,09 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(34,3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

= 0, 336237392 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡

𝑁 6
∆𝑚 = ∆𝑦 × 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 0, 5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 × 2 2 = 0, 0662218
2 6·253,09 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(34,3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

𝑁
2
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 2
𝑖 6·253,09 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
∆𝑐 = ∆𝑦 × 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 0, 5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 × 2 2 = 1, 05351 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
2 6·253,09 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(34,3 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

So, the linear regression formula is

𝑦 = (0, 553428 ± 0, 0662218) + (0, 336237392 ± 1, 05351) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡

Coil with 𝑁1 = 400 𝑉1 𝑉2 2 2

𝑉2 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 ) 𝑉1𝑉2(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )
2

and 𝑁2 = 800 (Volt) (Volt)

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2, 4 5, 76 4, 8

3 3 4 16 12

4 4 5, 5 30, 25 22

5 5 7, 2 51, 84 36

6 6 8, 6 73, 96 51, 6

SUM 21 28,7 178, 81 127, 4

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 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖−(∑𝑥𝑖)(∑𝑦𝑖) 2
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 6·127,4 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(21 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)(28,7 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝑚) = 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 2 2 = 0, 648954529
2 6·178,81 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(28,7 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
2
(∑𝑥𝑖 )(∑𝑦𝑖)−(∑𝑥𝑖)(∑𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖) 2 2
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 (178,81 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )(21 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)−(28,7 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)(127,4 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 (𝑐) = 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 2 2
2 6·178,81 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(28,7 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

= 0, 395834169 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡

𝑁 6
∆𝑚 = ∆𝑦 × 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 0, 5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 × 2 2 = 0, 0775886
2 6·178,81 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(28,7 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

𝑁
2
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 2
𝑖 6·178,81 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
∆𝑐 = ∆𝑦 × 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 0, 5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 × 2 2 = 1, 03751 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
2 6·178,81 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(28,7 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

So, the linear regression formula is

𝑦 = (0, 648954529 ± 0, 0775886) + (0, 395834169 ± 1, 03751) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡

Coil with 𝑁1 = 200 𝑉1 𝑉2 2

𝑉2 (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )
2
𝑉1𝑉2(𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )
2

and 𝑁2 = 800 (Volt) (Volt)

1 1 2, 5 6, 25 2, 5

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 2 2 5, 7 32, 49 11, 4

3 3 9 81 27

4 4 12 144 48

5 5 16 256 80

6 6 19 361 114

SUM 12 64,2 880, 74 282, 9

𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖−(∑𝑥𝑖)(∑𝑦𝑖) 2
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 6·282,9 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(21 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)(64,2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 (𝑚) = 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 2 2 = 0, 300309598
2 6·880,74 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(64,2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

𝑁 𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
2
(∑𝑥𝑖 )(∑𝑦𝑖)−(∑𝑥𝑖)(∑𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖) 2 2
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 (880,74 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )(21 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)−(64,2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)(282,9 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 )
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 (𝑐) = 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 2 2
2 6·880,74 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(64,2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

= 0, 286687307 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡

𝑁 6
∆𝑚 = ∆𝑦 × 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 0, 5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 × 2 2 = 0, 0359164
2 6·880,74 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(64,2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

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 𝑁
2
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 2
𝑖 6·178,81 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
∆𝑐 = ∆𝑦 × 𝑁 𝑁 2 = 0, 5 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 × 2 2 = 1, 0659 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
2 6·880,74 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡 −(64,2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡)
𝑁∑𝑥𝑖 −(∑𝑥𝑖)
𝑖 𝑖

So, the linear regression formula is

𝑦 = (0, 300309598 ± 0, 0359164) + (0, 286687307 ± 1, 0659) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡

The reason for the slope (𝑚) to be dimensionless is that the values that are compared
are 𝑉1 𝑣𝑠 𝑉2. Since they both have the same dimensions, they will cancel out each

other. Meanwhile, the intercept (𝑐) based on the calculation using the formula will
leave one Volt dimension.

Questions:

1. Why a transformator can change both voltage and current?

Answer: Because alternating current has a direct relationship with the ratio of wire
loops in the primary winding to the secondary winding and the ratio of primary
voltage to output voltage, the voltage changes, and the current changes because it
passes through the windings and creates magnetic flux in the iron core. On the other
circuit, this flux passes through wire loops.
2. What are the differences between a step-up transformator and a step-down
transformator?
Answer: From a safety standpoint, electricity should be used at low voltage, but it
must be transmitted at high voltage for economic reasons. A step-up and step-down
transformer are required to achieve the increase in voltage for transmission as well as
the decrease in voltage. The voltage used as the input in the step-up transformer is
low, and the transformer is used to increase the value of the output voltage, shifting
the voltage higher at the end. In contrast, the step-down transformer took a high
voltage as input and then reduced the value to produce a low voltage as output.
Furthermore, the current on the secondary winding of the step-up transformer is
lower than that of the step-down transformer.
3. Calculate the efficiency of the transformators using the following formulas:

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 Answer:

𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠 2 2
Efficiency = 𝑉𝑝𝐼𝑝 + (𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠)
Coil loss = 𝐼𝑝𝑅𝑝 + 𝐼𝑠 𝑅𝑠

𝑉𝑝
Ohm’s Law: 𝑅𝑝 = 𝐼𝑝
; 𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑝𝑉𝑝 + 𝐼𝑠𝑉𝑠; since 𝐼𝑠𝑉𝑠 = 𝐼𝑝𝑉𝑝; then

𝐶𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 2𝐼𝑠𝑉𝑠

𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠 1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠+2𝑉𝑠𝐼𝑠
= 3

Conclusion
The first part of the experiment involves students measuring voltage with a
galvanometer. They were able to observe that the windings (N) are not directly proportional
to the voltage (V) because the galvanometer readings are constantly changing, making
accurate data observation more difficult, resulting in a significant reading error. Power loss
also occurs, increasing the discrepancy of the relationship. The latter part of the experiment
verifies the relationship between the windings and the voltages, where an increase in
windings (N) causes an increase in voltages (V), which should provide a directly
proportional relationship in a perfect world. However, due to the nature of an AC circuit
design and how the magnetic field of the coils travels, we were able to detect a power loss.

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References

1. https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/College_Physics/Book%3A_College_Physics_1e_(OpenStax)/2

3%3A_Electromagnetic_Induction_AC_Circuits_and_Electrical_Technologies/23.10%3A_Transformer

2. Thttps://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2wh3k7/revision/1

3. https://isaacphysics.org/concepts/cp_transformer?stage=all

Submitted 21 November 2022.

Stefannie Inge Lim, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Sampoerna University. Email:
stefannie.lim@my.sampoernauniversity.ac.id

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