DISEASES/DISORDERS CAUSED BY DEFICIENCY OF VITAMINS AND MINERALS

Deficiency of one or more nutrients in our food for a long time may cause certain diseases or disorders

Vitamins Diseases/Disorders

Vitamin A Night-blindness
Vitamin C Scurvy
Vitamin D Rickets, Osteomalacia
Vitamin E Heart problems, Hemolysis and sterility,
Reproductive Failure, Red Blood Cell
Destruction, Peripheral Neuropathy
Vitamin K Non clotting of blood, haemorrhage
Vitamin B1 Beriberi
Vitamin B2 Ariboflavinosis
Vitamin B3 Pellagra
Vitamin B5 Paresthesia, Acne
Vitamin B6 Pink eye, Epilepsy, Depression and confusion,
microcytic anemia
Vitamin B7 Growth & Neurological Disorders in Infants,
hallucination,dermatitis
Vitamin B9 Macrocytic Anaemia, Deficiency during
pregnancy is associated with birth defects
Vitamin B12 MacrocyticAnaemia, Memory Loss, Pernicious
Anaemia
Calcium Bone and tooth decay
Iodine Goiter
Iron Anaemia
Potassium High Blood Pressure, Respiratory Depression,
Paralysis, Arrhythmia
Protein Kwashiorkor
MONERA
Prokaryotic (organisms do not have a defined nucleus), Unicellular.
These organisms do not have a defined nucleus or organelles, nor do any of them show multi cellular body
designs.
The mode of nutrition of organisms in this group can be either by synthesising their own food (autotrophic) or
getting it from the environment (heterotrophic).
Some of them have cell walls while some do not
This group includes bacteria (heterotrophic), blue-green algae or cyanobacteria(autotrophic), and mycoplasma

PROTISTA
This group includes unicellular eukaryotic organisms
Their mode of nutrition can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
Examples are unicellular algae, diatoms and protozoans(Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena)

FUNGI
These are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms
Mostly multicellular but sometimes unicellular
They have cell walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin
Source of food is
▪ Saprophytes these organisms use decaying material for food
▪ They are called parasites-organisms live inside body of other living organism to have food and can
be disease causing
Examples are yeasts, molds and mushrooms.

PLANTAE
These are multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls
They are autotrophs and use chlorophyll for photosynthesis
They have cell wall
Classification among plants depends on whether the plant body has well differentiated, distinct parts. Body is
differentiated into leaves, stems, roots, flower, etc.
There are two types of vascular tissues present in the plants: Xylem helps the transport of water. Phloem helps
the transport of food.
Reproduction through seeds or spores:
• Phanerogamae: Plants with seeds are called phanerogamae .Contains embryo with stored food and
they are multicellular.
• Cryptogamae: Plants with spores are called cryptogamae .Contains only naked embryo and they are
generally unicellular.Those with hidden reproductive organs
Plants are divided into five groups: Thallophytes, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
 Study of Serum is called – Serology
The Breeding, Rearing, and Transplantation of Fish is called – Pisciculture
Study of Eyes and its diseases is called – Opthamology
Study of Heavenly bodies is called –Astronomy
Study of bacteria and the diseases caused by them is called – Bacteriology
Science dealing with the origin and development of mankind is called – Anthropology
Study of cells is called – Cytology
Science dealing with the functions and the diseases of heart is called – Cardiology
Study of skin is called – Dermatology
Study of Blood Vascular System is called – Angiology
Study of Fungi and fungus diseases is called – Mycology
Study of Tumors is called – Oncology
Study of Liver and its diseases is called – Hepatology
Study of fungi is called – Mycology
Study of skill worm breeding – Sericulture
Study of bodily diseases – Pathology
Study of poisons - Toxicology

BIOLOGY ONE LINERS

Glucose in stored in the form of Glycogen in Animals.

Ascariasis is caused by Round Worm
BCG vaccination (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) gives immunity from Tuberculosis.
Blood groups was discovered by Karl Landsteiner
The first successful heart transplant in India was performed by Dr. PanangipalliVenugopal
The polio vaccine was discovered by Jonas Salk
Companion cells are unique to Angiosperms
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Endocrine glands are also known as Ductless Glands.
The Small Pox vaccine was discovered by Edward Jenner
Deficiency of iodine leads to Goiter.
First vaccine produced by bio-technology was used against Hepatitis-B virus
Turmeric is obtained from Stem of a Plant.
Genes are made by Polynucleotides.
Haematopoiesis occurs in Bone marrow.
Leoprasy is also known as Hansen’s disease.
A human skull has 22 Bones.
Deposition of Lactic Acid in the muscles leads to a feeling of fatigue in Humans
BCG is the first vaccine injected into a newly born baby.
 1 metric tonne = 1000 × 1 kg = 10 quintal
• Mass of 1 ml of water = 1g
Mass of 1l of water = 1kg
Mass of the other liquids vary with their density.
• Atomic mass unit: Mass of a proton, neutron and electron can be determined using atomic mass unit (amu).
1 amu = (1/12)th of the mass of C12 atom
Measurement of length
• Metre scale is used for lengths from 10–3 m to 102 m
• Verniercalliper is used for lengths to an accuracy of 10–4 m
• Screw gauge and a spherometer can be used to measure lengths as less as to 10–5m

LIST OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

S.No Instrument Uses

1 Altimeter Measures altitude. It‟s used in aircrafts

2 Ammeter Measures strength of electric current

3 Anemometer Used for measuring wind speed and direction

4 Audiometer Measures Intensity of Sound

5 Barograph Continuous recording of atmospheric pressure

6 Barometer Measures atmospheric pressure

7 Binoculars Optical instrument used for magnified view of

distant object

8 Bolometer To measure heat Radiation

9 Callipers Measure diameter of thin cylinder or wire

10 Calorimeter Measures quantities of heat

11 Cardiogram Traces movements of the heart and recorded on a

Cardiograph
 SONAR stands for Sound Navigation And Ranging
Sonar is a device that uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance ,direction and speed of underwater
objects
Sonar consists of a transmitter and a detector and is installed at the bottom of boats and ships.
The transmitter produces and transmits ultrasonic waves. These waves travel through water and after striking
the object on the seabed, get reflected back and are sensed by the detector. The detector converts the
ultrasonic waves into electrical signals which are appropriately interpreted. The distance of the object that
reflected the sound wave can be calculated by knowing the speed of sound in water and the time interval
between transmission and reception of the ultrasound

STRUCTURE OF HUMAN EAR

The outer ear is called „pinna’. It collects the sound from the surroundings. The collected sound passes
through the auditory canal.
At the end of the ear is eardrum or tympanic membrane. When a compression of the medium reaches the
eardrum the pressure on the outside of the membrane increases and forces the eardrum inward. Similarly, the
eardrum moves outward when a rarefaction reaches it. In this way the eardrum vibrates. The vibrations are
amplified several times by three bones (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) in the middle ear.
The middle ear transmits the amplified pressure variations received from the sound wave to the inner ear.
In the inner ear, the pressure variations are turned into electrical signals by the cochlea. These electrical
signals are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve and the brain interrupts them as sound.

Noise Pollution
Unpleasant sounds are called noise.
Excessive or unwanted sounds lead to noise pollution. Noise pollution may pose health problems for human
beings.
Lack of sleep, hypertension (high blood pressure), anxiety and many more health disorders may be caused by
noise pollution.
Major causes of noise pollution are sounds of vehicles, explosions including bursting of crackers, machines,
loudspeakers etc.
Plantation on the roadside and elsewhere can reduce noise pollution.

LIGHT

LIGHT-REFLECTION AND REFRACTION

 Paper clips Johan Vaaler

Braille Louis Braille

Radio Guglielmo Marconi

Radium Marie curie

Railway engine George Stephenson

Raman effect C.V.Raman

Revolver Samuel Colt

Sewing machine Thomas Saint

Steam engine James watt

Telescope Hans Lippershey

Television John Logie Baird

X-rays Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

Vernier caliper Pierre Vernier

PHYSICS ONE LINERS

In summer, the mirages are seen due to the phenomenon of Total Internal Reflection
In the visible spectrum Red colour has the longest wavelength.
Sound travels faster in solids
Insects can move on the surface of water without sinking due to Surface tension of water
Liquid droplets isspherical structure due to the surface tension of water
Light travels in a Straight line
Water is used as a cooling agent in most of the world‟s nuclear power plants
 When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, calcium carbonate is formed, which makes lime water
milky. The turning of lime water into milky is a standard test of carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) + Lime water [Ca(OH)2 ] → Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3 ) + Water (H2O)

COMMON NAME AND FORMULA OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

Chemical Compounds Chemical formula Common names

Calcium oxide Cao Quick lime

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Slaked lime

Calcium carbonate CaCO3 Limestone

Trichloro Methane CHCl3 Chloroform

Calcium Oxychloride CaOCl2 Bleaching powder

sodium hydrogencarbonate NaHCO3 Baking soda

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 Washing soda

Calcium sulphate CaSO4 .1/2H2O Plaster of Paris

hemihydrate

calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4 .2H2O Gypsum

Acetic acid CH3COOH Vinegar

Silicon Oxide SiO2 Sand

Methane CH4 Marsh Gas

 The rate of diffusion of liquids is higher than that of solids
Particles move freely and have greater space between each other as compared to particles in the solid state
3. THE GASEOUSSTATE
Gases are highly compressible as compared to solids and liquids
Gases have lower density than other states of matters
The liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinder that we get in our home for cooking or the oxygen supplied to
hospitals in cylinders is compressed gas
The oxygen supplied to hospitals in cylinders is compressed gas.
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is used as fuel these days in vehicles.
The rate of diffusion of gas is higher than that of solids and liquids

We come to know of what is being cooked in the kitchen without even entering there, the smell of hot cooked
food reaches us in seconds because rate of diffusion of gas is higher than that of solids and liquids.

MATTERS CHANGE ITS STATE?

Water can exist in three states of matter–
• Solid, as ice,
• Liquid, as the familiar water, and
• Gas, as water vapour.

1. EFFECT OF CHANGE OF TEMPARATURE

Increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles increases.Due to the increase in kinetic
energy, the particles start vibrating with greater speed. The energy supplied by heat overcomes the forces of attraction
between the particles. The particles leave their fixed positions and start moving more freely. A stage is reached when
the solid melts and is converted to a liquid. The minimum temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at
the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point
The melting point of ice is 273.15 K

The melting point of a solid is an indication of the strength of the force of attraction between its particles.

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 Basic nature of a substance is due to the formation of OH- ions in solution
Bases react with metals to form salt with the liberation of hydrogen gas.
Zn + 2 NaOH → Na2 ZnO2 + H2 ↑
Bases react with acids to form salt and water. The reaction between a base and an acid is known as
Neutralisation reaction
KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O
In neutralisation reaction a new substance is formed. This is called salt. Salt may be acidic, basic or
neutral in nature.
Basic solution in water conduct electricity because they produce hydroxide ions
Base is a molecule or ion which is capable of accepting proton
An base is a substance which can produce the electron

Name of base Found in

Calcium hydroxide Lime water

Ammonium hydroxide Window cleaner

Sodium hydroxide/Potassium hydroxide Soap

Magnesium hydroxide Milk of magnesia

• The process of dissolving an acid or a base in water is a highly exothermic one.

• Mixing an acid or base with water results in decrease in the concentration of ions (H3O+/OH– ) per unit
volume. Such a process is called dilution and the acid or the base is said to be diluted.

HOW STRONG ARE ACIDS AND BASE SOLUTIONS

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