Unit-Two
Vector space
Definition: A vector space is a set V on which two operations + and · are
defined, called vector addition and scalar multiplication.
The operation + (vector addition) must satisfy the following conditions:
Closure: If u and v are any vectors in V, then the sum u + v belongs to V.
(1) Commutative law: For all vectors u and v in V, u+v=v+u
(2) Associative law: For all vectors u, v, w in V, u + (v + w) = (u + v) + w
(3) Additive identity: The set V contains an additive identity element, denoted by
0, such that for any vector v in V, 0 + v = v and v + 0 = v.
(4) Additive inverses: For each vector v in V, the equations v + x = 0 and x
+v=0 have a solution x in V, called an additive inverse of v, and denoted by
- v.
The operation · (scalar multiplication) is defined between real numbers (or scalars) and
vectors, and must satisfy the following conditions:
Closure: If v in any vector in V, and c is any real number, then the product c·
v belongs to V.
(5) Distributive law: For all real numbers c and all vectors u, v in V, c · (u + v)
=c·u+c·v
(6) Distributive law: For all real numbers c, d and all vectors v in V, (c+d) · v
=c·v+d·v
(7) Associative law: For all real numbers c,d and all vectors v in V, c · (d · v)
= (cd) · v
(8) Unitary law: For all vectors v in V, 1·v=v
Definition;- A vector space over R is any set of objects on which two operation
, addition and scalar multiplication satisfying the above axiom or V is called a
vector space over R if the above ten properties hold.
Note:- any vector in R n can be a vector space
Example:- show that V = ( (x,y) x, y ∈ R ) is vector space in R2
Solution
Let u & v be vectors in V
u = (x,y) v = (a,b)
A1, u + v = (x,y ) + (a,b ) A 2,u+v + = (x+0, y+b)
= (x+a, y+b) =(a+x, b+y)
=v+u∈V, u +v = v+u
A3 Let u, v, w be in V
u=(x,y ) , v = (a,b), w = (c,d)
u+(v+w) = (x,y) + (a,b) + ( c,d)
= (x,y)+ (a+c, b+d)
= x+a+c,y+b+d
=(x+a ,y+b) + (c,d)
= (u +v ) + w
u + ( v+w) = (u+v) +w
A4 , 0= (0,0) ∈V , 0 + u = (0,0) + (x,y)
= (0+x, 0 +y)
=(x+0,y+0)
=(x,y)+(0,0)
=u+0
A5. Let u ∈V, u= (x,y), -u = (-x,-y)
u + (-u) = (x,y) + (-x,-y)
=(x +(-x), y+(-y)= (0,0)=0
S1. Let a ∈ R , u∈V, au= a (x,y)=(ax,ay) ∈ V
au∈ V
S2 .Let a ∈ R ,v,w in V then
a( v+w) =a ( (x,y) + (c,d) )
=a (x + c ,y+d)
= ax+ac, ay + ad
= (ax,ay) + (ac,ad)
= av + aw ∈V
S3. a,b ∈R , w in V then
(a + b ) w = (a + b ) ( c, d )
=( (a+ b) c ,( a + b ) d )
= ( ac + bc, ad + bd )
= (ac + bc, ad + bd )
= ( ac,ad) + (bc,bd)
=a(a,d)+b(c,d)
=a w+b w
S4. Let a,b ∈ R , u inV then
a (bu) = a(b (x, y) )
= a (bx,by)
= a ( abx,aby )
= a.b (x,y ) = ab (x, y ) = ab (u)
S5 let u∈V
l.u= 1 ( x,y ) = ( 1.x , 1.y ) = (x,y)
l.u =u
V= R2 is a vector space
Exercise
1. Show that V={(x,-x),x∈ R } is a vector space in R2
2. Show that V={(x,x,y) x,y x∈ R } is a vector space in R3
3. Show that V= R2 is not a vector space over R with respect to usual
operation of addition and with new scalar multiplication k(a,b)=(kb,ka)
4. Show that V is not a vector space in R3 where V consist of those vector
whose components are rational numbers.
Subspaces
Definition: Let V be a vector space, and let W be a subset of V. If W is a vector space
with respect to the operations in V, then W is called a subspace of V.
Theorem: Let V be a vector space, with operations + and ·, and let W be a
subset of V. Then W is a subspace of V if and only if the following conditions
hold.
Sub0 W is nonempty: The zero vectors belong to W.
Sub1 Closure under +: If u and v are any vectors in W, then u + v is in W.
Sub2 Closure under ·: If v is any vector in W, and c is any real number, then c
· v is in W.
Example;- Show that W is a subspace of V= R3 , where W is xy plane which consists
of those vector whose third components is zeroi.e W={(a,b,0),a,b ∈ R }
Solution;-
In order to show that W is a subspace of V= R3 we have to show that
1. (0,0,0)∈W i.e w is non empty
2. For any two vector in W i.e v and w then v+w∈W
v=(x,y,0) w=(a,b,0) then v+u=(a+b,y+b,o)∈W
3. For any v∈W and any scalars k then kv∈W
i.e let v=(x,y,o) then kv=(kx,ky,o)∈W
Exercise
Show that W is not a subspace of V= R3 if
1.w=(x,y,z), x≥ 0
2.w=(x,y,z),x2 +y2+ z2=1
3. Show that w is not a vector space of V¿ R3 where w consists of those vector
whose first component is non-negative
