Beyond Basics
Mathematics
Learnikx Beyond Basics
Mathematics
Sibashis Nanda
Founder & CEO, Learnikx Education
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
Concept of ‘complement’
The first concept to learn in Beyond Basics series is to understand
concept of complement. A complement is a number subtracted from
nearest higher 10’s.
Example : ( 1000 – 362 ) i.e. 638 is complement of 362; 13 is
complement of 87; 87 is complement of 13, and so on.
Complements are used extensively in subtraction and base method
multiplication later. Using the concept of complement, we will be able
to subtract any number from any number very easily, which we will
learn in subsequent classes.
Beyond Basics Method : Subtraction from 10000 / 1000 / 100 etc.
Rule : Subtract from left to right. Use rule ‘All from 9 and
last from 10’
Examples :
100 1000
- 65 - 078
_______________________________ ______________________________________________
(9 – 6) (10 – 5) (9 – 0) (9 – 7) (10 – 8)
3 5 9 2 2
Variation 1. We can use ‘All from 9 and last from 10’ rule, even when
subtracting a much smaller number from big 10’s number.
Complement of 78 is (100 - 78) i.e. 22 , NOT (1000 - 78). However, to
perform (1000 - 78) also, ‘All from 9 and last from 10’ rule can be
used.
Variation 2. If a number ends with 0, keep 0 (or zeros) as is and use
‘All from 9 last from 10’ on the remaining digits.
Complement of 720 is (9-7)(10-2)0 = 280.
Complement of 40 is (10-4)0 = 60.
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Assisted learning practice:
1. Calculate complement of the following numbers.
79 81
21 39
145 269
200 640
320 142
758 991
372 113
2. Perform the following subtractions.
1000 - 39 =
100 - 81 =
10000 - 7619 =
10000 - 839 =
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
Mixed numbers
Now we have understood concept of ‘complement’, we will use this
concept to perform subtraction.
Before we proceed further, let us understand a related concept, called
‘unreal’ number. An unreal number is denoted with bar on top, like
14 , 9 , 243 , etc.
An ‘unreal’ number can be converted to a regular number by taking
complement i.e. ‘All from 9 and last from 10’.
Hence,
14 (100 14) 86
9 (10 9) 1
Let’s take some time to understand number types in current context.
See these examples below.
Regular numbers : 14, 287, 1254, etc.
Unreal numbers : 23 , 346 , 1202 , etc.
Mixed numbers : 7423 , 36546 , 237458 , etc.
Beyond Basics Method : Convert Mixed numbers to Regular numbers
Rule :
1. Reduce immediate left digit of first unreal part (from left)
by 1.
2. Take complement of first unreal part i.e. use ‘All from 9 last
from 10’ rule.
3. Reduce left digit of second unreal number (if exists) by 1.
4. Then take complement of second unreal number (if exists)
to make it regular number.
5. Repeat #3 & #4 if required.
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Examples :
7423 = 7 (4-1) (9-2) (10-3) = 7377
36546 = (3-1) (9-6)(9-5)(10-4) 6 = 23466
237458 = 2 (3-1) (9-7)(10-4) (5-1) (10-8) = 222642
Variation. If you have zeros between two unreal part, make the
unreal part continuous.
23048 = 23048 = 16952
Assisted learning practice:
Convert the following mixed numbers to real numbers.
342 4365
54367 7360
1328 4659
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
Subtraction using ‘complement’ (no borrow)
In this session, we would start our journey to learn subtraction. We
will use knowledge of mixed numbers to perform subtraction.
Beyond Basics Method : Subtraction using complement
Rule :
1. Subtract from left to right.
2. When you cannot subtract the digits, subtract the reverse
way to arrive at ‘unreal’ digit (very important). Denote with
a bar on top.
3. Now you get a mixed number.
4. Convert the mixed number to regular number.
Examples :
742
- 86
____________________________________________
(7 - 0) (8 - 4) (6 - 2) <--Couldn’t subtract 8 from 4, so did reverse and got unreal digit.
7 4 4 <--Now need to convert 744 to a regular number.
6 5 6
8326
- 5493
____________________________________________
(8 - 5) (4 - 3) (9 - 2) (6 - 3)
3 1 7 3 <--Now need to convert 3173 to a regular number.
2 8 3 3
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Assisted learning practice:
Perform the following subtractions.
312 - 97 = ?
435 - 156 = ?
715 - 268 = ?
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
General Practice
Now we know how to perform FASTER subtraction left to right using
Beyond Basics method, let us practice this technique before we begin
our journey with multiplication.
Remember :
1. Beyond Basics rules and methods are universal, meaning
can be used with any number.
2. Beyond Basics methods are also called FAST Maths. In this
context, SPEED is as important as ACCURACY.
Perform the following subtractions using Beyond Basics
Method.
1756 - 668 = ? 7543 - 5953 = ?
78765 - 4768 = ? 28476 - 17199 = ?
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6572 - 3700 = ? 18567 - 7972 = ?
56786 - 24599 = ? 795235 - 8766 = ?
93478 - 52795 = ? 99786 - 58999 = ?
87095 - 7991 = ? 887694 - 489894 = ?
6679859 - 45612 = ? 286234 - 9999 = ?
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
Introduction to Beyond Basics Rules of Multiplication
Beyond Basics Multiplication uses three concepts - specialization,
10-base method and criss-cross method. In today’s session we would
understand which process to use when, to make multiplication faster.
Before learning the concepts and starting with actual multiplication,
look at the numbers and decide the best process by following the
rules below. Remember, SPEED is as important as ACCURACY in
Beyond Basics.
Rule:
1. Is one of the numbers is series of same digit ?
YES - use SPECIALIZATION method.
NO - go to #2.
Examples : The below are all SPECIALIZATION cases.
223 x 9999 487 x 777 76 x 9999 12987 x 999
8888 x 742 2808 x 111 888 x 9999 9453 x 111
2. Are the numbers close ?
YES - use 10-BASE method.
NO - go to #3.
Examples : The below calculations can be best done using
10-BASE method.
993 x 997 48 x 52 998 x 1041 98 x 92
9967 x 10013 498 x 507 47 x 49 95 x 123
3. If the numbers are not close or have same digits in number,
use CRISS-CROSS method.
Example : The calculations below can be best done using
CRISS-CROSS method.
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658 x 976 45 x 8756 876 x 8434 998 x 2543
Assisted learning practice:
Identify the best method to perform the following
multiplications. No need to perform the actual multiplication
yet. Tick the appropriate box.
Specialization 10-Base Criss-Cross
765 x 912
430 x 999
54 x 51
997 x 1004
814 x 1098
666 x 8734
96 x 103
998 x 993
498 x 503
999 x 888
1956 x 222
998 x 1023
777 x 17654
666 x 9887
203 x 201
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
Multiplication Specialization
Beyond Basics Multiplication Specialization is used when one of the
numbers is a series of same digits.
Specialization builds the foundation of multiplication and uses
understanding of complement and mixed numbers. We would
practice Specialization thoroughly before moving to universal
methods of multiplication.
Remember : Specialization method is NOT Universal. We can use
Specialization ONLY IF one of the numbers in multiplication is series of
the same digit.
There are total of three multiplication specialization rule types.
Specialization Rule Type Examples
242 x 9999
3587 x 9999
Type 1 - Same or more number of ‘9’ 156 x 9999
digits compared with other number 856 x 999
23 x 999
3.41 x 99.99
7698 x 999
Type 2 - Less number of ‘9’ digits 845.77 x 999
compared with other number 1268 x 99
790 x 99
8745 x 666
Type 3 - Same, more or less number of 543 x 111
any repeating digits other than ‘9’ . This
8392 x 11111
Type is also called SLIDER type or
SLIDER method. 87.3409 x 222
956 x 777.7
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Type 1 - Same or more number of ‘9’ digits compared
with other number
Rule detail :
1. Make sure you have same or more number of ‘9’s compared
with the ‘other’ number. Type identification is VERY important,
otherwise we would get an incorrect result.
2. Pad left ZEROS to make the count of digits same between
the numbers (if required).
Example : 342 x 9999 becomes 0342 x 9999
656 x 999 remains 656 x 999
3. Construct a mixed number by placing the real part and
unreal part side by side - real on the left and unreal on the
right.
0342 x 9999 = 03420342
4. Convert the mixed number to regular number.
0342 x 9999 = 03420342 = 03419658
Multiplication complete !
More examples :
5472 x 9999 = 54725472 = 54714528
278 x 99.99 = 0278 x 99.99 = 02780278 = 027797.22
4587 x 9999 = 4587 4587 = 45865413
Assisted learning practice:
1. If one shoe costs $99.99, what is the price of 274 shoes ? Write
answer in the box provided.
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2. If 8 rooms can be fully painted and fitted with curtains for
$999.99 , what would be the cost of painting and curtain fitting of all
96 rooms of an apartment, assuming rooms are of same size ?
3. Perform the following calculations using Beyond Basics one line
method. First one is started for you.
5698 x 9999.99 = 005698005698 =
8888 x 9999 =
99.99 x 654 =
7459 x 999.99 =
8709 x 9999 =
28 x 999.99 =
720987 x 9999.99 =
765 x 999.99 =
9999.999 x 7009 =
999.99 x 23 =
999.98 x 99999 =
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
Multiplication Specialization - Type 2
Beyond Basics Multiplication Specialization is used when one of the
numbers is a series of same digits. Type 2 is a specialization situation
where there are less number of ‘9’ digits compared with count of
digits of other number. Examples : 123456 x 9999 , 7689 x 99 ,
198.56 x 999, etc.
Type 2 - Less number of ‘9’ digits compared with other
number
Rule detail :
1. Make sure you have less of ‘9’s compared with the ‘other’
number. Type identification is VERY important, otherwise we
would get an incorrect result.
2. Count the number of 9s. In 123456 x 9999 , there are 4 nines
in the repeating digit number.
3. Cut the other number in two parts. From RIGHT, cut the
same number of 9 digits as found in #2. That becomes the
unreal part.
Example : In 123456 x 9999 , 3456 is the unreal part.
The remaining part on the left to be subtracted from original
number to get real part.
Example : In 123456 x 9999 , {123456-12} is the real part.
4. Construct a mixed number by placing the real part and
unreal part side by side - real on the left and unreal on the
right.
123456 x 9999 = {123456 - 12}3456 = 1234443456
5. Convert the mixed number to regular number.
123456 x 9999 = {123456 - 12}3456 = 1234443456 = 1234436544
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More examples :
76598 x 999 = {76598 - 76}598 = 76522598 = 76521402
659.98 x 99 = {65998 659}98 = 6533998 = 65338.02
Assisted learning practice:
Perform the following calculations using Beyond Basics one line
method. Carefully decide if they are Type 1 or Type 2 and use the
process for corresponding type.
8758 x 9999 =
943.32 x 999 =
8709 x 999 =
276 x 99999 =
1032.87 x 999 =
876 x 999.99 =
99876.98 x 999 =
16593 x 99 =
8398.896 x 99.99 =
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
Multiplication Specialization - Type 3
Specialization Type 3 is used when one of the numbers is a series of
same digits other than 9. This process is also called slider method.
Examples : 876 x 666 , 2798 x 777, 931 x 5555, etc.
Type 3 introduces visual Mathematics which will be very useful to
understand more advanced Mathematical concepts later.
Important : Type 3 rule (slider method) only uses series of 1’s. Other
series are broken down to series of 1’s.
876 x 666 = 876 x 6 x 111 = 5256 x 111
931 x 5555 = 931 x 5 x 1111 = 4655 x 1111
Type 3 - Multiply by series of 1’s
What is a slider ?
The slider is a bar on top of number. Slider has maximum
length as the number of 1’s in the repeating digit. Slider
travels through the complete length (called distance) of
other number.
For 876 x 666 = 876 x 6 x 111 = 5256 x 111
slider length is 3
slider travels distance 4
For 931 x 5555 = 931 x 5 x 1111 = 4655 x 1111
slider length is 4
slider travels distance 4
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Tip: If length of other number is less than slider length, pad
zero on left.
887 x 1111 = 0887 x 1111
Refer to picture below to see how slider of length 3 travels
through distance 4.
Refer to picture below to see how slider of length 4 travels
through distance 4.
Let us draw slider on top of 5256 , to calculate 5256 x 111 .
5 2 5 6
Now sum the digits within a slider and write from left to
right.
5 5+2 5+2+5 2+5+6 5+6 6
5 7 12 13 11 6
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We are allowed to keep only one digit in one place. Left
digits carry over to left, exactly like addition.
5 8 3 4 1 6
So, 876 x 666 = 876 x 6 x 111 = 5256 x 111 = 583416
Let’s move to next example. Let us draw slider on top of 4655 , to
calculate 4655 x 1111 .
4 6 5 5
Now sum the digits within a slider and write from left to
right.
4 4+6 4+6+5 4+6+5+5 6+5+5 5+5
5
4 10 15 20 16 10 5
5 1 7 1 7 0 5
So, 931 x 5555 = 931 x 5 x 1111 = 4655 x 1111 = 5171705
Drawing slider diagram is very important initially. Later with
sufficient practice, slider diagram can be constructed mentally.
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Assisted learning practice:
Perform the following calculations using Beyond Basics slider method.
You must draw slider diagram on paper.
Slider Diagram & Answer
887 x 1111
6986 x 1111
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
10-Base multiplication : Introduction
The 10-base method is utilized when we multiply numbers that are
close to each other. 10-base method is very quick and also uses
concepts of mixed numbers that we have learned earlier.
Before we proceed with 10-base, we need to learn negative numbers.
Positive & Negative Regular numbers:
We have learned previously that real or regular numbers look
something like these : 100, 212, 93, 1454, 27656, 8799, etc. These are
positive regular numbers.
Regular numbers can be negative too. For example : -3 , -5, -276,
-987, -9643, etc. are also regular numbers, however they are
negative regular numbers.
In multiplication: positive x positive = positive
negative x negative = positive
positive x negative = negative
Examples : 3 x 8 = 24 (-3) x (-8) = 24 (-3) x 8 = -24
Don’t use a bracket in the final result.
Remember : Negative numbers and Unreal numbers are not the
same. They have different meanings and denoted differently.
-87 : this is a regular negative number
87 : this is an unreal number
Concept of bases :
Base is a determined number (determined by us) used as a reference
point in multiplication. Distance of the numbers to the reference is
called base distance. A base is usually a 10’s series number like 10,
100, 1000, 10000, etc., or a number that can be easily multiplied to
get to 10’s numbers like 50, 500, 5000, 20, 200, 2000, etc.
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The 10 series bases are called primary bases. Bases other than 10
series are called secondary bases.
Secondary bases are can be converted to primary bases using base
factor.
Examples : Base factor of 50 is 2 . (50 x 2 = 100)
Base factor of 200 is 5 . (200 x 5 = 1000)
The above concepts will be clear when we start practising 10-base
method.
Overall rule in simple form :
1. Check if the numbers are close.
2. Find a base and compute base distance.
3. Multiply base distance. Make sure the result have same number of
zeros as base. Pad with zeros on left if required. This is right part of
multiplication result.
4. Subtract the base distance from one of the numbers in criss-cross
fashion. This becomes the left part of multiplication result.
Examples :
93 7 Primary base is 100. Base distance (100-93)
x 97 3 Primary bases MUST be same. Base distance (100-97)
(97-7) (7x3)
90 21
993 7 Primary base is 1000. Base distance (1000-993)
x 997 3 Primary bases MUST be same. Base distance (1000-997)
(997-7) (7x3)
990 021 Primary base have 3 zeros. Pad 0 to
make right part 3 digits.
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Assisted learning practice:
1. Perform the following multiplications :
(-3) x 23 =
(-5) x (-26) =
6 x (-23) =
(-45) x 3 =
27 x (-8) =
(-6) x (-17) =
2. Compute the following multiplications using 10-base method :
998 x 992 = ?
987 x 998 = ?
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994 x 996 = ?
98 x 95 = ?
94 x 99 = ?
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Learnikx Beyond Basics Mathematics
Criss cross method
Criss-cross method is different than 10-base or specialization in a
sense that it doesn’t use concept of complement or mixed number. It
is also the most universal method of multiplication in Beyond Basics
series.
Criss-cross method works with any number pairs. However, this
method is slower than Specialization or 10-Base. So for the purpose
of speed, criss-cross method is to be selected when Specialization or
10-Base method cannot be applied.
Criss-cross uses shifting-stick algorithm. Let us depict the algorithm
visually by two scenarios : multiplication of 2-digit number by 2-digit
number and multiplication of 3-digit number by 3-digit. Zero can
always be padded at left to make sure the numbers have same
number of digits.
2-digit by 2-digit :
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
‘*’ indicates a digit. Multiply the digits along the lines and add. Then
place them side by side, with rightmost digit at a time, and rest
carried over.
Example:
2 8 2 8 2 8
6 3 6 3 6 3
2x6 2x3 + 6x8 8x3
12 54 24
17 56 24
5 added to 12 5 carries over 2 carries over to be added to 54
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17 6 4 <-- 1764 is the answer
3-digit by 3-digit :
In the previous example, we have noted how the stick shifts from left
to right. Same strategy is used in all criss-cross multiplications.
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * * * * *
* * * * * *
* * * * * *
We can always pad zero at the left. Initially, we may draw the sticks
on paper. With practice, we would be able to do it mentally.
Example :
4 8 7 4 8 7 4 8 7
7 1 5 7 1 5 7 1 5
4 8 7 4 8 7
7 1 5 7 1 5
4x7 4x1 + 8x7 4x5 + 8x1 + 7x7 8x5 + 1x7 7x5
28 60 77 47 35
34 6 8 2
8 0
5 5
3
34 8 2 0 5
348205 is the answer.
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Beyond Basics method of squaring
We have seen 10-Base rule is best applied when the digits are close. If
the digits are close to a primary base (10,100,1000, etc), they can be
easily squared by variation of the method.
Process :
1. Find the nearest primary base.
100 is primary base for 98.
2. Find base distance.
Base distance is (100 - 98) = 2
3. Subtract base distance from original number. This becomes right
part of number.
(98 - 2) = 96
4. Square base distance from #2. Pad with leading zero(s) to make it
same number of digits as the number of zeros in primary base. This
becomes right part.
22 = 4 . Write as 04 as 100 has two zeros.
So, square of 98 is 9604
Example :
Find square of 103.
Primary base is 100. Base distance is (100 - 103 ) i.e. (-3).
Subtract (-3) from 103, so it becomes 103 - (-3) = 106, for left part.
Make square of (-3), and pad zero to make it two digit. So we get 09 for
right part.
Hence the result is 10609
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About Learnikx Education
Learnikx is tutoring centre for Gifted and Talented students
only. Admission to paid tutoring is based on entrance test +
mandatory problem-solving interview. A minimum 70%
score (80% for Y6 onwards) is required for admission to
tutoring. Entrance test is a selection/elimination test, not an
assessment test. Entrance test happens 4 times a year and is
free. Classes after entrance test are fully online.
Overall selection process:
Entrance test is a two-step process. Both are elimination
rounds.
1. Aptitude test : 70% cutoff for Y4 (for Y5 tutoring) & Y5
students; 80% cutoff for Y6, Y7 and Y8 students.
2. Problem solving interview : real-life problem solving (not
Mathematics); evaluates multi-dimensional thinking.
Learnikx is limited-entry tutoring centre, not open-to-all.
100% is in our DNA.
Sibashis Nanda, Educator
Siba, as he is commonly known, has over two decades of
successful startup experience. He is an edutech
entrepreneur.
Current Researches : A mathematical model to study the
effect of porous parameter on blood flow through an
atherosclerotic arterial segment having slip velocity
An analytical study on Brain Injury due to an input
rotational acceleration on skull-brain system of the Human
head
Use of Some Standard Mathematical Models in Physiology
and Pathology INDUSTRY4.0 AND BUSINESS ANALYTICS
FOR HEALTH CARE Paper ID 07 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
Part of Siba Sir's authentic extension of Vedic Maths is now in the Public
domain, for the first time.
Download the booklet to enjoy the delightfully original mental Maths
approach to mundane Mathematical calculations. Subtraction without
borrowing, multiplication using base factor, complement rule..it is mental
Maths at its finest. Suitable for both lower Primary kids and parents alike,
this is Maths for Pleasure.
