HISTORY AND THE GAME Dribbling was not part of the original game

except for the "bounce pass" to teammates

Basketball
passing the ball was the primary means of ball
• a sport played by two teams of five movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced
players on a rectangular court - one of the but limited by the asymmetric shape of early
world's most popular and widely viewed balls. Influenced by the children’s game named
sports -a team can score a field goal by Duck on a Rock. The first official game was
shooting the ball through the basket played in the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New
during regular play. York on January 20, 1892 with nine players By

Game Objective: 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.

to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches (46 cm) Basketball is played by two teams of 5 players.

in diameter and 10 feet (3.0 m) high mounted to Each team shall consist of no more than 12 team

a backboard at each end. members entitled to play, including a captain.

The 5 players during playing time can be
December 1891 Canadian
substituted.
American Dr. James
Naismith, a physical The game shall consist of 4 periods of 10

education professor and minutes.

instructor at the International EQUIPMENT

Young Men's Christian
1. Court: A regulation basketball court in
Association Training School (YMCA) (today,
international games is 91.9 feet long and
Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts,
49.2 feet wide. In the NBA the court is 94
USA), was trying to keep his gym class active on
feet by 50 feet. Most courts have wood
a rainy day.
flooring, usually constructed from maple
The first games used peach basket nailed to the
planks running in the same direction as
wall for rims. In 1893, he replaced the peach
the longer court dimension. The name
basket with iron hoops and a hammock-style
and logo of the home team is usually
basket. The first ball used was a soccer ball. The
painted on or around the center circle.
first balls made specifically for basketball were
2. Line: All lines shall be drawn in white
brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that
color, 5 cm in width and clearly visible.
Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be
3. Basketball: MEN- 29.5 inches in
more visible to players and spectators alike,
circumference (size 7, or a "295 ball") and
introduced the orange ball that is now in
weighs 22 oz WOMEN- 28.5 inches in
common use.
 circumference (size 6, or a "285 ball") BASIC SKILLS
with a weight of 20 oz. It is round and the
outer casing should be Leather, Rubber,
or other suitable Synthetic materials.
4. The basket is a steel rim 18 inches
diameter with an attached net affixed to a
backboard that measures 6 feet by 3.5
feet and one basket is at each end of the
court. The white outlined box on the
✓ Positioning- since the 1980s, more specific
backboard is 18 inches high and 2 feet
positions have evolved, namely:
wide.
Point guard: usually the fastest player on the
5. Game clock: This is the clock that runs
team, organizes the team's offense by
whenever the ball is in play and stops controlling the ball and making sure that it
whenever the ball goes out of bounds or gets to the right player at the right time.
when a foul is committed. Shooting guard: creates a high volume of
6. Scoreboard: It is a large board for shots on offense, mainly long-ranged; and
publicity displaying the score in a game or guards the opponent's best perimeter player

match. on defense.

7. Clothing: Small forward: often primarily responsible

for scoring points via cuts to the basket and
Loose-fitting shorts for mobility, and
dribble penetration; on defense seeks
sleeveless vests are the standard attire.
rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays
Basketball shoes should be rubber-soled
more actively.
and with protected ankle supports,
Position Power forward: plays offensively
although these are not necessary. often with their back to the basket; on
defense, plays under the basket (in a zone
Other equipment includes Twenty-four defense) or against the opposing power
Second Clock, Score sheet, Player-foul forward (in man-to- man defense).
Marker, Team Foul Marker, Alternation Center: uses height and size to score (on

Possession Arrow offense), to protect the basket closely (on

defense), or to rebound.

✓ Shooting –(1)the act of attempting to score

points by throwing the ball through the basket,
methods varying
 with players and situations. (2) A player faces involves an outward snap of the
the basket with both feet facing the basket. thumbs to add velocity and leaves the
(3) A player will rest the ball on the fingertips defence little time to react
of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) 2. BOUNCE PASS – (1) the passer
slightly above the head, with the other hand bounces the ball crisply about two-
supporting the side of the ball. (4) The ball is thirds of the way from his own chest
usually shot by jumping (though not always) to the receiver, (2) the ball strikes the
and extending the shooting arm. (5) The court and bounces up toward the
shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist receiver, (3) the bounce pass takes
fully bent, is held stationary for a moment longer to complete than the chest
following the release of the ball, known as a pass, but it is also harder for the
follow-through. (6) Players may shoot opposing team to intercept (kicking
directly into the basket or may use the the ball deliberately is a violation), (4)
backboard to redirect the ball into the basket. players often use the bounce pass in
3 TYPES OF SHOOTING crowded moments, or to pass around.
a. JUMPSHOT b. LAY-UP 3. OVERHEAD PASS - used to pass the
c. SLAM DUNK ball over a defender - the ball is
✓ Rebounding -the objective of rebounding is to released while over the passer's head
successfully gain possession of the basketball 4. OUTLET PASS - occurs after a team
after a missed field goal or free throw, as it gets a defensive rebound - next pass
rebounds from the hoop or backboard -this plays after rebounding
a major role in the game, as most possessions end 5. NO LOOK PASS - a special way of
when a team misses a shot. doing this is passing the ball without
OFFENSIVE REBOUNDS - in which the ball is looking at the receiving teammate
recovered by the offensive side and does not 6. BEHIND-THE-BACK PASS - advanced
change style of passing the ball - involves
possession throwing the ball behind the passer's
DEFENSIVE REBOUND - in which the back to a teammate
defending team gains possession of the loose ball ✓ DRIBBLING - the act of bouncing the ball
✓ PASSING - a method of moving the ball between continuously with one hand, and is a
players - most passes are accompanied by a step requirement for a player to take steps with the
forward to increase power and are followed ball - a player pushes the ball down towards
through with the hands to ensure accuracy. the ground with the fingertips rather than
6 TYPES OF PASS patting it; this ensures greater control
1. CHEST PASS - the ball is passed
✓ BLOCKING - performed when, after a shot is
directly from the passer's chest to the
attempted, a defender succeeds in altering the
receiver's chest. A proper chest pass
shot by touching the ball
 ✓ Goaltending - When a defensive player interferes
illegally with a shot on the rim or on a downward
OFFICIALS
path to the hoop; the shot is assumed in and the
OFFICIAL is a person who has the responsibility to offensive team receives the basket
enforce the rules and maintain the order of the game.
COMMON FOULS (personal)
✓ REFEREE
✓ Blocking - When a player uses their body position
1. Crew chief – the lead official usually
to prevent their opponent from advancing
performs the jump ball
✓ Charging - When an offensive player runs into a
2. Umpires – a.k.a. Referees same
defender who has an established position
responsibilities with the lead official only that
✓ Elbowing - When a player swings their elbows in
they are only assistants
an excessive manner and makes contact with
✓ SCORER - The one who will record the points,
their opponent
violations and fouls gained by each team - Uses
✓ Illegal Screen - the player setting the screen is
score sheet for documentary purposes and
still moving when the defender makes contact
scoreboard for letting the teams know about their
with them. This is a form of blocking which
status in the game
prevents the defender from moving around the
✓ TIMEKEEPERS: -responsible for monitoring the
screen
time of the game
✓ Hand Check - when a defender intermittently or
VIOLATION continuously uses one or both hands on an
✓ 24-Second Violation - teams must attempt a opposing player, usually the ball handler
shot within 24 seconds ✓ Holding - using the hands to interfere with or
✓ Three in the Key - An offensive or defensive limit an opponent's freedom of movement Over-
player cannot remain in the lane (key) for more the-Back - jumping on and over the back of an
than three seconds at a time opposing player who is attempting to rebound
✓ Double Dribble - A violation in which a player the basketball
dribbles the ball, stops, then begins to dribble ✓ Reaching In - when attempting to steal the
again basketball, the defender extends their arm and
✓ Charging - A violation in which an offensive hand and makes contact with the ballhandler
player runs into a stationary opponent ✓ Tripping - when a player uses their foot or leg to
✓ Travelling - A violation in which a player takes cause their opponent to fall or lose their balance
too many steps without dribbling the basketball
✓ Eight-Second Violation - After a basket, the
BASKETBALL FOULS
offensive team has eight seconds to get the ball
over midcourt
✓ Flagrant Foul - A foul committed in an violent and
✓ Palming - A violation in which a player moves his
harmful manner.
hand under the ball and scoops it while dribbling
✓ Intentional Foul - A foul committed on purpose,
usually by a defensive player, to stop the clock or
prevent a basket.
✓ Shooting Foul - When a defender makes contact
with an offensive player who is in the act of
shooting the basketball
✓ Technical Foul - Violations and misconduct that
are detrimental to the game. These are penalized
by free-throw opportunities
✓ Personal Foul - Possession of the basketball out of
bounds. One-and-one free throw situation if the
team is above their foul limit.
✓ Shooting Foul - Two or three free throws
depending on the type of shot taken.
✓ Technical Foul - Two free throws and possession
of the basketball out of bounds.
BARRIERS IN ENGAGING IN ✓ fear of being injured or having been injured
recently
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ✓ lack of self-management skills, such as the
ability to set personal goals, monitor
The first barrier that stopping us from doing physical
✓ progress, or reward progress toward such
activities(sports) at this time is the COVID-19 VIRUS.
goals
The pandemic prohibits face to face activities because
✓ lack of encouragement, support, or
it’s contagious. Thus, physical activities are limited.
companionship from family and friends
✓ non-availability of parks, sidewalks, bicycle
To prevent the spread of COVID-19:
trails, or safe and pleasant walking
✓ Clean your hands often. Use soap and water,
paths close to home or the workplace
or an alcohol-based hand rub.
The top three barriers to engaging in physical
✓ Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is
activity across the adult lifespan are:
coughing or sneezing.
1. time
✓ Wear a mask when physical distancing is not
2. energy
possible.
3. motivation
✓ Don’t touch your eyes, nose or mouth.
✓ Cover your nose and mouth with your bent Other barriers include:

elbow or a tissue when you cough or sneeze. ▪ cost

✓ Stay home if you feel unwell. ▪ facilities

✓ If you have a fever, cough and difficulty ▪ illness or injury

breathing, seek medical attention. ▪ transportation

▪ partner issues
Personal Barriers
▪ skill
With technological advances and conveniences,
▪ safety considerations
people’s lives have in many ways become
▪ child care
increasingly easier, as well as less active. In addition,
▪ uneasiness with change
people have many personal reasons or explanations
▪ unsuitable programs
for being inactive.
The most common reasons adults don't
ENVIRONMENTAL BARRIERS

adopt more physically active lifestyles. The environment in which we live has a great

✓ insufficient time to exercise. influence on our level of physical activity. Many

✓ inconvenience of exercise factors in our environment affect us. Obvious

✓ lack of self-motivation factors include the accessibility of walking paths,

✓ non-enjoyment of exercise cycling trails, and recreation facilities. Factors such as

✓ boredom with exercise traffic, availability of public transportation, crime,

✓ lack of confidence in their ability to be and pollution may also have an effect. Other

physically active (low self-efficacy) environmental factors include our social

environment, such as support from family and Lack of Energy
friends, and community spirit. It is possible to make
✓ Schedule physical activity for times in the day
changes in our environment through campaigns to
or week when you feel energetic.
support active transportation, legislation for safer
communities, and the creation of new ✓ Convince yourself that if you give it a chance,
recreation facilities. physical activity will increase your energy
level; then, try it.
HOW TO OVERCOME THESE BARRIERS
Lack of Motivation
Lack of time/Identify available time slots.
✓ Plan ahead. Make physical activity a regular
✓ Monitor your daily activities for one
part of your daily or weekly schedule and
week. Identify at least three 30-minute time
write it on your calendar.
slots you could use for physical activity.
✓ Invite a friend to exercise with you on a
✓ Add physical activity to your daily routine.
regular basis and write it on both your
For example, walk or ride your bike to work
calendars.
or shopping, organise school activities around
physical activity, walk the dog, exercise while ✓ Join an exercise group or class.
you watch TV, park farther away from your
Fear of Injury
destination, etc.

✓ Learn how to warm up and cool down to

✓ Select activities requiring minimal time, such
prevent injury.
as walking, jogging, or stair climbing.

✓ Learn how to exercise appropriately

Social Influence
considering your age, fitness level, skill level,
✓ Explain your interest in physical activity to and health status.
friends and family. Ask them to support your
✓ Choose activities involving minimum risk.
efforts.
Lack of skill
✓ Invite friends and family members to exercise
with you. Plan social activities involving ✓ Select activities requiring no new skills, such
exercise. as walking, climbing stairs, or jogging.

✓ Develop new friendships with physically ✓ Take a class to develop new skills.
active people. Join a group, such as the YMCA
or a hiking club. Lack of Resources

✓ Select activities that require minimal facilities

or equipment, such as walking, jogging,
jumping rope, or calisthenics.
 ✓ Identify inexpensive, convenient resources together. You can spend time together and
available in your community (community still get your exercise.
education programs, park and recreation
✓ Jump rope, do calisthenics, ride a stationary
programs, worksite programs, etc.).
bicycle, or use other home gymnasium
Weather Conditions equipment while the kids are busy playing or
sleeping.
✓ Develop a set of regular activities that are
always available regardless of weather ✓ Try to exercise when the kids are not around
(indoor cycling, aerobic dance, indoor (e.g., during school hours or their nap time).
swimming, calisthenics, stair climbing, rope
skipping, mall walking, dancing, gymnasium
games, etc.)

Travel

✓ Put a jump rope in your suitcase and jump

rope.

✓ Walk the halls and climb the stairs in hotels.

✓ Stay in places with swimming pools or

exercise facilities.

✓ Join the YMCA or YWCA (ask about reciprocal

membership agreement).

✓ Visit the local shopping mall and walk for half

an hour or more.

✓ Bring your mp3 player your favourite aerobic

exercise music.

Family obligations

✓ Trade babysitting time with a friend,

neighbour, or family member who also has
small children.

✓ Exercise with the kids-go for a walk together,

play tag or other running games, get an
aerobic dance or exercise tape for kids (there
are several on the market) and exercise