Circle Geometry (Part 2)
3
Exam Paper
Assessment Standard: 12.3.2
Circle Geometry (Part 2)
In Part 1 we covered the basics, the terminology and the first two theorems.
Now, we start with:
Theorem 3
The angles subtended on the same arc in the same circle segment to the same circumference, are equal (∠s same
segment)
Application:
a) x = 40° (∠s same segment) c) x = y = 90° (∠s same segment)
x y
x 40º
b) x = 70° (∠s same segment) d) x = 50° (alt ∠s lines)
y = 50° (∠s same segment)
x 70º
50°
y x
e)
P
x = 274° (∠ at centre = 2∠ at circumference)
w
y = 86° (∠s around a point)
z = 43° (∠ at centre = 2∠ at circumference)
x w = 43° (∠s same segment)
y
Q z
S
137°
R T
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Circle Geometry (Part 2)
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Exam Paper
Some learners confuse these two situations
Case 1
^ ^
Here AOC is double ABC
(∠ at centre 2 ∠ at circumference)
B
A
C
Case 2
^ ^
Here ABC = ADC
B D (∠s same segment)
A C
^ ^
Can you see that in Case 1 the arc AC subtends AOC to the centre and ABC to the circumference?
^ ^
Can you see that in Case 2 the arc AC subtends ABC and ADC to the circle edge?
Look at these!
I H Can you see that:
^ ^ ^ ^
1) J =I = H
= G
?
G
J (both subtended / hung by arc AF)
^ ^
2) A1 = F 1
(both subtended/ hung by arc HI)
^ ^
3) A2 =F 2 ?
(both subtended/ hung by arc HG)
3 1 2 3 1 2 ^ ^
4) A3 = F 3 ?
(both subtended/ hung by arc JI)
A F
If you can’t see these turn the picture upside down. It helps. x x
Also try use your figures to trace out the ‘Bow Tie’: the top two angles are equal
y y and so are the bottom two
START / END
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Circle Geometry (Part 2)
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Exam Paper
Let us see if we can mix up the application of these theorems so far.
A geometry problem is called a RIDER
To solve a RIDER apply the following steps:
1. Read the given information and respond to / use all key words
eg: If you have a circle centre mark off equal radii; if you have a midpoint of a chord mark in the
perp. ; if you have equal radii mark in the equal angles of the isosceles triangle
2. Fill in all the information on the sketch - as well as all immediately apparent logical deductions
3. Look carefully at what you are asked to prove - if it is to prove two angles equal, start at the one
and try to find a stepping-stone sequence to get to the other one via an indirect route
RIDER 1
Given circle centre M.
^ ^
P B B1 = 5° and Q
1= 53° calculate with reasons
^
1
2 a) Q2
^
2
1 b) M1
M
^
1 2 c) B2
2
Q A ^
d) P
^ ^ ^
a) Q2 = 37° (∠ in a semi-circle; Q1 + Q
2 = 90°)
^
b) M1 = 74° (∠ at centre 2 ∠ at circumference)
^ ^
c) B2 = 53° = A
2 (∠s of Isos ∆ MBA; MB = MA radii)
^ ^ ^
d) P= B
1 + B
2=58° (∠s in same segment)
RIDER 2
In the figure O is given the centre of the circle with PT = PR
Q ^ ^
R1 = y and O
1=x
2
M x 1 O 1
P
2
3
2
1 y T
R
1 Express x in terms of y
2 If TQ = TR and x = 120° calculate the measure of
a) y
^
b) R2
^
3 Find M
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Circle Geometry (Part 2)
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Exam Paper
Solutions:
1. In ∆ PRT
^
T= y (Isos ∆ PR = PT given)
^ ^ ^
∴ 1 = R
P = 2y (ext ∠ of ∆)
1 + T
^ ^
but O1 = 2P1 (∠ at centre = 2 ∠ at cirumference)
∴ x = 2 (2y)
∴ x = 4y
2a) If x = 120° and x = 4y , y = 30°
^
b) In ∆ QTR, T
= 30° and QT = RT (given)
^ ^
∴ TQR = TRQ = 75° (Isos ∆)
now in ∆ OQR OR = OQ (equal radii)
^
so R3 = 30° (∠s of ∆)
^
∴ 2 = 15°
R (75° - 30° - 30°)
^
c) O2 = 240° (∠ around a point)
^
∴ = 120°
M (∠ at centre 2 ∠ at circ-reflex case)
Before we move on to the next theorems we must mention something here called a CONVERSE.
The CONVERSE of a theorem is what we get if we turn the theorem about or reverse it in order. We
basically swop the known/given with the logical conclusion. So, in fact Theorem 1a) and b) are converses.
If OM ^ AB then AM = MB
If AM = MB then OM ^ AB
A M B
Theorem 1 has another converse which says that a perpendicular bisector of a chord must go through the
centre O. So, if AM = MB and CM ^ AB then centre O must lie on CM somewhere!
A M B
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Circle Geometry (Part 2)
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Exam Paper
Another theorem that has a converse is the angle in the semi-circle one. Let’s turn it around.
C C
^
IF AB is diameter than C
= 90°
^ A B
If C= 90° then AB is diameter A B
Sometimes a theorem doesn’t have a converse, but it does have some further application.
^ ^
We know B= C
because they are subtended by AF
B C
x x
A F
^ ^
Now here B
= C
also.
Why? because they are subtended by equal chords AF and GK
B C
x x
A K
F G
^ ^
So if we see this in a RIDER we would say that B
= C
(subtended by equal chords)
We can take this logic one step further.
What if we have two equal circles (same size/radius) and two chords the same length?
^ ^
Well - can you guess thatB= C
here too?
B C
x x
But, this only works in equal circles off equal chords!
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