Course Overview

1.Linux System
2.Adv C
3.C++
4.Data Structure
5.Microcontroller
6.Linux Internal
7.ELARM

Linux System

1.Overview of Linux
2.User Interface
3.Shell and Basic Commands
4.Vim Editor
5.Shell Scripting

P1 - 1hr 2ms
-1.5 hrs 2ms round robin algorithm'
P2
P3 -30 min 2ms
P4 -15 min 2ms

1.scheduling
2.memory management
3.device management
4.Inter process communication
5.I/O process
6.network management
7.file management

mobile and laptop - generic purpose embedded system

 www.kernal.org

application
distribution

distros
customize

kernal

c
user space

kernel space

device drivers - interface between device and operating system

system call interface - interface user space and kernal

 User Interface gui name in ubuntu - GNOME

1.GUI - graphical user interface KDM - KDE display manager

2.CLI - command line interface
kde - kool desktop environment

Shell types

1. based on the way it is opened

2. based on the behaviour

to launch the shell to close the shell

1.GUI
1.GUI
2.ctrl+d
2.ctrl+alt+t
3.exit
3.alt+f2(gnome-terminal)

based on the way of opening the shell

1.login shell
2.non login shell (WSL)

to launch the login shell to close login shell

ctrl+alt+f3/f4/f5/f6 ctrl+alt+f2

based on the behaviour

1.sh - shell
2.bash - bourne again shell
3.csh
4.ksh
 command(ls)

error output suggestion

emertxe@ubuntu:~$ - prompt
~ - tilde

home directory
user host
name name path(location)

dark blue - directories

ls - list directory contents green - executables files
man - manual page white/black - regular file
-press q to come out of the man page sky blue - link file

ls -F
/ - directory
* - executable file
ls -a - for listing hidden files
@ - link file
ls -l - for long listing
| - PIPE file
ls -F - to classify based on symbols
ls -h - human readable form
 types of commands type - to identify the type of command

1.executable program(non built in)

2.Shell built in - commands installed while installing shell itself
3.aliased(user defined name for existing command)

1.exit - close the terminal cd <dir name>

2.clear(ctrl+l) - clear the screen cd .. - to go parent dir
3.pwd - present working directory
4.ls - listing directory contents
5.man - manual page .. - parent directory
6.type . - present directory
7.cd - change directory - ->previously working directory
8.mkdir - to create directory
9.touch - creating file
10.rmdir - for removing empty directories
11.rm - for removing files and directories

24010

ECEP

LS C C++ DS MC LI

classwork assignment classwork

assignment

project
create files create files create files create files
 emertxe@ubuntu:~$

path

path
1.absolute path - with reference to the root directory
2.relative path - with reference present working directory

~ home

emertxe

24010

ECEP
Test
New_Dir
Dir New_Test1
LS

/ - slash directory or root directory

slash root dir

/

bin sbin lib usr

/usr/bin
/usr/sbin
/usr/lib
 copy - cp move/renaming - mv
copy+paste cut+paste

syntax syntax
mv <source> <destination>
cp <source> <destination>

User Specific Commands

1.whoami - effective user of the system

2.w - show who logged in and what they are doing
3.who - show who logged in and time of login
4.uname - information about the system
5.which - to locate command binary
6.whereis - to locate command binary, library and manual files
7.date - system date and time
8.cal - calendar
 Vi Editor
sudo apt update
sudo apt install vim
vim/vi - visual editor - application

- cli based text editor on GUI

- .txt, .sh, .c, .cpp, .py

vi <filename> or vim <filename>

Modes of vi editor
esc :q - to quit
1.esc mode / command esc :w - to save
-default mode whenever we open a file esc :wq - to save and quit
-press esc key to enter the escape mode esc :q! - to quit without saving
2.edit mode
-insert mode
-press i or insert key
-replace mode
-press R or insert key 2 times
3.visual mode
-press v
 Vim Shortcuts

1. yy - copy
2.p - paste below the cursor position
3. nyy - to copy n lines
4.np - to paste n times
5.dd - delete
6.ndd - delete n lines
7.dw - delete word
8.ndw - delete n word
9. x - delete character
10. nx -to delete n character
11. u - undo
12.ctrl+r - redo
13.yw - copy word vimtutor - tutorial for vim
14.nyw - copy n words
15.d$ - delete all the characters from the cursor position
16.d^- delete all character before cursor position
17.o - insert new line below cursor position and enter insert mode
18.O - insert new line above cursor position and enter insert mode
19. gg - to go to first line
20. ngg - to go to nth line
21.G/shift+g - to go to the last line

esc :set nu - enable line no

esc :set nonu - disable line no
esc :set hls - enable highlight
sec :set nohls - disable highlight

to find and replace

esc :%s/oldword/newword
esc :%s/oldword/newword/g - to change in entire document

esc :e <newfilename> - to open a new file without exiting the current file

ctrl+6 to shift between the 2 files

vi <multiple file names>

:n - to go to the next file

:N - to go to previous file

:r - to read
 File Specific Commands

1. cat
cat <file name>
ctrl+d to exit
2.wc
3.head
4.tail
5.more
6.less
q - to exit
:n - to go to next file
:p - to go to previous file

Redirection

-saving the output of a command to a file

stderr - 2
stdin - 0
stdout - 1

cmd stdout > - output redirection

terminal
< - input redirection/indirection
>> - appending
&> - redirect both output and error

out.txt

file descriptors or file id

 Piping |

cmd1 | cmd2 | cmd3 | cmd4

-giving the output of one command as input to next command

 Shell Variables

Variables hold some values that can be changed

-shell variable is untype

-no datatype

echo - to print
read - to read value from user

Expression Evaluation Methods

1.expr
2.$(())
3.let
4.bc

expr
- evaluate only integer values
-\*,\>,\<
-space is mandatory between arguments

$(())

-space not mandatory

-no backslash required
-only for integer value

sudo apt update

3.let
sudo apt install bc
-space should not be given
-only for integers
 command substitution method

1.backtick`````
2.$()

1.Find the perimeter of rectangle

2.Try all the arithmetic operation in all the expression evaluation method
 Shell Scripting

She-bang line - #!/bin/bash

execution of script

1. bash <filename>
2. path(./)

WAS to find the addition of 2 numbers

WAS to check whether the given number is greater than 5

num > 5

if

syntax num -gt 5

if [ condition ] > -gt

{ then < -lt
stmts >= -ge
} fi <= -le
== -eq
!= -ne
 WAS to check whether the given number is greater than 5 or not

num > 5 or num < 5

if..else
if [ condition ]
then
stmt1
else
stmt2
fi

num>5
if .. elif
num<5
num=5
condition
if [ condition ]
then f
t
stmt1
elif [ condition1 ] condition1
stmt1
then t f
stmt2
elif [ conditon2 ] stmt2 condition2
then
stmt3 f
t
else
stmt4 else
fi stmt3

stmt4
 WAS to check whether the given number is between 5 and 10

num
num > 5
num < 10

1.logical operators
2.nested if

logical operators
and

and -a cond1 cond2 and

or -o 0 0 0
not ! 1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

or not
cond1 cond2 or
0 0 0 condition not
1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1 0
1 1 1

[ num -gt 5 -a num -lt 10 ]

homeworks

1.WAS to find the perimeter of rectangle

2.WAS to find the area of triangle
3.WAS to find the largest of 2 numbers
4.WAS to find the largest of 3 numbers