Annals of Agricultural Sciences 63 (2018) 99–107

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Annals of Agricultural Sciences

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Exploring 55 tropical medicinal plant species available in Bangladesh for T

their possible allelopathic potentiality
⁎
A.K.M. Mominul Islama, , Mahmudul Hasana, Md. Mahamudul Hasan Mushaa, Md. Kamal Uddinb,
Abdul Shukor Juraimic, Md. Parvez Anwara
a
Weed Management Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
b
Department of Land Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
c
Department of Crop Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The current research was conducted to investigate the allelopathic properties of 55 medicinal plant species of
Medicinal plants Bangladesh representing 32 different families. The aqueous leaves or whole plant extract of those plant species
Tropical plants was diluted into four different concentrations viz., 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20 (w/v) and tested against the seedling
Bio-herbicide growth of Raphanus sativus. A control (distilled water without extract) was also maintained in every cases and the
Eco-friendly
bioassay experiment was replicated thrice. The aqueous extract of all these species inhibited both shoot and root
Sustainable agriculture
length of R. sativus at concentration greater than 1:15 (w/v) except Delonix regia (Fabaceae) and Leucas aspera
(Lamiaceae). The inhibitory activity was concentration dependent and root growth was more sensitive than their
shoot. Among the plant species, Citrus aurantifolia (Rotaceae), Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae), Annona muricata
(Annonaceae), Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae), Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) and Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae)
completely (100%) inhibited the shoot and root growth of R. sativus at concentration 1:5 (w/v). Other than this
six plant species, 15 out of 49 medicinal plants showed more than 95% shoot and root growth inhibition at the
same concentration. The least allelopathic potential plant was Garcinia mangostana (Clusiaceae) that showed on
an average 36% growth inhibition followed by Schleichera oleosa (Sapindaceae). Based on these results it can be
concluded that among the tested plant species, C. aurantifolia, M. oleifera, A. muricata, A. marmelos, C. tamala,
and A. indica are strongly allelopathic and therefore, could be used as potential candidates for the development
of eco-friendly natural herbicides.

1. Introduction Appiah et al., 2017). However, only 6% of these have been screened for
their bio-activity, with 15% having been assessed for their phyto-
Allelopathy refers to the inhibitory or stimulatory effect of one plant chemical properties (Verpoorte, 2000; Fabricant and Farnsworth,
to their neighbouring plants and/or their associated microflora and/or 2001). On the other hand, out of 5000 plant species found in Bangla-
macrofauna by the production of allelochemicals (IAS, 2017). Allelo- desh, 1000 are said to have medicinal qualities and 250 are regularly
chemicals are released into the surrounding environment through a used in medicines (Kadir, 1990). Since medicinal plants are serving as
number of ways (Islam and Kato-Noguchi, 2013a). These allelochem- an important source of many pharmaceutical and toxicological prop-
icals upon release may suppress the growth and development of ad- erties, researchers are currently feeling interest in searching their al-
jacent plants, even the secreting plant itself (Weir et al., 2004; Yu et al., lelopathic/phytotoxic properties. Islam and Kato-Noguchi, (2014)
2005; Meier and Bowman, 2008; Zhou et al., 2013; Islam et al., 2014b). stated two reasons for this increasing interest: (i) the easier screening
Thus, allelochemicals play a vital role in regulating the structure of process of phytotoxic plants from medicinal plants and (ii) the possi-
plant populations (Smith and Martin, 1994), and could be used as tool bility to have more bioactive compounds in medicinal plants than other
for new natural herbicide development (Duke et al., 2002; Vyvyan, plants. But to date allelopathic properties of most of the medicinal
2002). plants remain untouched (Harvey, 2000). It is plausible that a plant that
About 52,885 of the estimated 422,000 flowering plants are con- is highly valued for traditional medicine could also be useful in agri-
sidered as medicinal plants worldwide (Schippmann et al., 2002; culture to develop bio-herbicides (Aliotta et al., 2008). A number of

Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain-Shams University.

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: akmmominulislam@bau.edu.bd (A.K.M. Mominul Islam).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2018.05.005
Received 5 January 2018; Received in revised form 26 April 2018; Accepted 15 May 2018
Available online 28 May 2018
0570-1783/ 2018Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).
A.K.M.,. Mominul Islam et al. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 63 (2018) 99–107

Table 1
The scientific and family name of different groups of plant used in this experiment.
Sl. No. Scientific name Family Name Plant
category

1 Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. Fabaceae Tree

2 Adhatoda vasica L. Acanthaceae Shrub
3 Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Rutaceae Tree
4 Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott. Araceae Herb
5 Annona muricata L. Annonaceae Tree
6 Aquilaria khasiana Hallier f. Thymelaeaceae Tree
7 Averrhoa carambola L. Oxalidaceae Tree
8 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Tree
9 Bauhinia purpurea L. Fabaceae Tree
10 Calotropis gigantean (L.) W. T. Aiton Apocynaceae Shrub
11 Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Theaceae Shrub
12 Cassia fistula L. Fabaceae Tree
13 Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. Lauraceae Tree
14 Cinnamomum tamala (Buch. Ham.) T. Nees & C. H. Eberm. Lauraceae Tree
15 Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Rutaceae Shrub
16 Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Lamiaceae Shrub
17 Coccinia cordifolia Wight & Arn. Cucurbitaceae Herb
18 Coriandrum sativum L. Umbelifers Herb
19 Costus speciosus (J. Konig) C. Specht Costaceae Herb
20 Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. Zingiberaceae Herb
21 Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Herb
22 Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf. Fabaceae Tree
23 Diospyros peregrina (Gaertn.) Gürke Ebenaceae Tree
24 Erythrina variegata L. Fabaceae Tree
25 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Myrtaceae Tree
26 Ficus racemose L. Moraceae Tree
27 Garcinia mangostana L. Clusiaceae Tree
28 Gmelina philippensis L. Lamiaceae Tree
29 Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall. Apocynaceae Shrub
30 Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. Acanthaceae Herb
31 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lythraceae Tree
32 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae Herb
33 Madhuca longifolia (J.König ex L.) J. F. Macbr. Sapotaceae Tree
34 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Tree
35 Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Sapotaceae Tree
36 Mikania micrantha Kunth Asteraceae Herb
37 Miliusa roxburghiana (Wall.) Hook. f. & Thomson Annonaceae Tree
38 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae Tree
39 Moringa oleifera Lam. Moringaceae Tree
40 Morus alba L. Moraceae Tree
41 Nerium indicum Mill. Apocynaceae Tree
42 Paederia foetida L. Rubiaceae Herb
43 Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae Tree
44 Piper betel L. Piperaceae Herb
45 Randia uliginosa (Retz.) Poir. Rubiaceae Shrub
46 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken Sapotaceae Tree
47 Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret Fabaceae Tree
48 Sterculia villosa Roxb. Malvaceae Tree
49 Swertia perennis L. Gentianaceae Herb
50 Swietenia macrophylla King. Meliaceae Tree
51 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. Myrtaceae Tree
52 Tamarindus indica L. Fabaceae Tree
53 Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Combretaceae Tree
54 Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Combretaceae Tree
55 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Tree

studies have documented the use of allelopathic plants for weed control Iranian medicinal plant species belongs to 19 families and observed that
under field conditions (Xuan et al., 2003; Hong et al., 2004; Khanh 57 plants had inhibitory responses while 11 plants induced seedling
et al., 2005; Xuan et al., 2005; Khanh et al., 2006; Batish et al., 2007; growth in lettuce. Several other researchers around the world also ob-
Khanh et al., 2007). Fujii et al. (1991) stated that medicinal plants served allelopathic potential of medicinal plants for example, Piyatida
showed relatively strong allelopathic activity than others. Fujii et al. and Kato-Noguchi (2010) and Suwitchayanon et al. (2017) worked with
(2003) evaluated the allelopathic potentials of 239 Japanese medicinal 25 Thai medicinal plants and observed variable inhibitory activity of
species of 81 families using the plant box method and 223 species of the selected plants species on target plants.
them were found to suppress tested plant growth, whereas 17 species However, very few are known about the allelopathic activity of
were enhancing lettuce radicle growth. Gilani et al. (2010) evaluated Bangladeshi medicinal plant species. Since about 20% of the total
the allelopathic potentials of 81 Pakistani medicinal species belonging plants species of Bangladesh are considered as medicinal plants,
to 39 families, and 66 species of them had growth inhibitory properties therefore, they could be served as potential candidates for allelopathic
while 15 species stimulated the growth of Lactuca sativa at 10 mg research. Identification of those unknown allelopathic medicinal plants
concentration. Amini et al. (2016) on the other hand, evaluated 68 of Bangladesh might provide the basis for new natural herbicide

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A.K.M.,. Mominul Islam et al. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 63 (2018) 99–107

Table 2
Effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal herbs/shrubs on the shoot length of R. sativus.
Sl. No. Scientific name Shoot length of R. sativus CV (%) LSD Level of sig.

Control 1:20 1:15 1:10 1:5

1 A. vasica 8.57a 8.33ab 7.84ab 7.00b 2.50c 9.09 0.82 **

2 A. indica (H) 11.32a 10.65a 11.20a 8.20b 3.46c 9.29 1.19 **
3 C. gigantea 10.40a 9.70a 8.67ab 7.32b 3.46c 8.82 1.13 **
4 C. sinensis 12.84a 12.55a 11.74a 9.99b 4.42c 8.22 0.80 **
5 C. aurantifolia 9.40a 6.69b 5.80b 4.64c 0.00 15.75 0.67 **
6 C. viscosum 9.30a 7.09b 6.32b 4.82c 2.05d 11.04 0.49 **
7 C. cordifolia 9.71a 7.91b 7.61b 4.97c 2.94d 9.98 0.85 **
8 C. sativum 12.44a 7.68b 6.41c 5.35d 2.65e 12.58 0.53 **
9 C. speciosus 11.47a 9.74b 9.55b 7.44c 4.94d 7.30 0.94 **
10 C. angustifolia 10.42a 9.30a 8.88b 6.40b 0.78c 13.68 1.58 **
11 C. longa 7.78a 6.12b 5.96b 5.74b 3.96c 5.71 0.45 **
12 H. antidysentrica 11.45a 11.74a 10.64ab 9.15b 4.25c 8.12 1.06 **
13 J. gendarussa 12.82a 12.13a 11.87ab 9.02b 4.17c 9.23 1.69 **
14 L. aspera 8.22b 11.23a 10.80ab 9.26ab 4.17c 8.54 1.53 **
15 M. micrantha 11.35a 7.26b 6.56b 5.09c 2.28d 12.31 0.60 **
16 P. foetida 12.59a 12.09a 10.87a 10.20a 3.67b 9.35 1.62 **
17 P. betel 13.52a 12.06a 10.16b 7.38c 3.55d 10.36 0.91 **
18 R. uliginosa 12.03a 11.11a 11.49a 10.87a 6.60b 5.43 1.06 *
19 S. perennis 11.85a 10.50b 8.89c 5.89d 1.76e 12.51 0.65 **

In a row, the mean values with common letter do not differ significantly at 1% level of probability.
** = Significant at 1% level of probability; * = Significant at 5% level of probability; CV = Co-efficient of variance.

development. Considering the above facts, this research was under- water without extract) was also maintained. Twenty seeds of radish (R.
taken to evaluate the allelopathic potential of 55 tropical medicinal sativus) were arranged on the filter paper in each Petri dish and the
plant species on the growth of allelopathic sensitive plant Raphanus experiment was conducted following completely randomized block
sativus under control laboratory condition. design that contained three (Petri dishes) replicates each of all the five
treatments. Raphanus sativus was used as a test plant because they are
2. Materials and methods very sensitive to allelopathic substances at low concentration (Tsuzuki
et al., 1995). After 48 h of incubation at room temperature
2.1. Experimental site (25 °C ± 2 °C) the shoot and root growth of radish were measured. The
inhibitory potential of each extract was then examined against indicator
The experiment was conducted at the Weed Management plants following standard laboratory bioassay method. The percentage
Laboratory of Agronomy Department, Bangladesh Agricultural of inhibition was calculated according to the equation described by
University, Mymensingh-2202. Islam and Kato-Noguchi (2012) with slight modification as stated
below:
2.2. Collection of plant materials Length with aqueous extract
Inhibition (%) = 1− × 100
length of control
Fresh leaves (trees and shrubs) or whole plants (herbs) of 55 med-
icinal plant species were collected between August and November 2016 Each of the bioassay experiment was repeated thrice.
from different locations of Bangladesh. Fully developed leaves were
collected from the matured shrubs and trees, whereas herbs were col- 2.5. Statistical analysis
lected at the maximum vegetative growth stage. The scientific and fa-
mily names of those medicinal plants are listed in Table 1. The recorded data were compiled and tabulated for statistical ana-
lysis. Analysis of variance was done following completely randomized
2.3. Extraction procedure design with the statistical package MSTAT-C. The mean differences
among the treatments were adjudged following Duncans Multiple
The collected plant parts were washed carefully with tap water just Range Test.
to remove the soil and/or dust particles. One-hundred gram of each
species were then chopped and crashed into paste by a grinder and 3. Results
soaked with 400 mL distilled water and homogenized in a warring
blender for 5 min at room temperature. The extract was then filtered 3.1. Effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal herbs/shrubs on shoot length
through one layer of filter paper (No. 2; Double Rings® Hangzhou
Xinhla Paper Industry Co. Ltd., China) using Vacuum Glass Filtration The aqueous extracts of medicinal herbs/shrubs significantly influ-
(VF12, Rocker, Taiwan). The filtrate was then put into 500 mL volu- enced the shoot length of R. sativus (Table 2). The shortest shoot of R.
metric flask and filled with distilled water up to the mark, and homo- sativus was always observed in the concentration of 1:5 (w/v) irre-
genized by manual shaking. The prepared concentration was con- spective of plant species, and the longest one was observed in control
sidered as full strength concentration i.e., 1:5 (w/v), and was stored at treatment (without plant extracts). The inhibitory activity of the ex-
4 °C in a refrigerator until used. tracts was concentration dependent (Fig. 1). The medicinal herbs/
shrubs species showed significant variation in allelopathic potential
2.4. Bioassay procedure among themselves. At the concentration of 1:15 (w/v) or more all the
extracts except L. aspera showed inhibitory activity against the shoot
The prepared aqueous extracts were then diluted into another three growth of R. sativus (Fig. 1). In case of L. aspera, stimulation was seen up
concentrations viz., 1:10, 1:15 and 1:20 (w/v), and control (distilled to concentration of 1:10 (w/v) and thereafter decreased. At 1:5 (w/v)

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A.K.M.,. Mominul Islam et al. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 63 (2018) 99–107

concentration, C. aurantifolia completely (100%) inhibited the shoot

growth of R. sativus whereas, C. angustifolia, J. gendarussa, S. perennis, C.
sativum, C. sinensis, L. aspera, C. viscosum, H. antidysenterica and P. foe-
tida showed 93–99% shoot growth inhibition. At the same concentra-
tion, A. indica, A. vasica, P. betel, M. micrantha, C. cordifolia and R. uli-
ginosa plant extracts showed 78% shoot growth inhibition on average
and their inhibition values ranged from 70 to 89% (Fig. 1). The lowest
shoot growth inhibition was obtained by the extract of C. speciosus
(62%) followed by C. longa (64) and C. gigantea (67%), respectively
(Fig. 1).

3.2. Effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal herbs/shrubs on root length

The aqueous extracts of medicinal herb/shrub species significantly

influenced the root length of R. sativus (Table 3). The shortest root of R.
sativus was always observed in the concentration of 1:5 (w/v) irre-
spective of plant species, and the longest one was observed in control
treatment (without plant extracts) in most of the cases with few ex-
ceptions. At concentration of 1:20 (w/v), all the herb/shrub extracts
except A. indica, C. angustifolia, J. gendarussa, L. aspera, H. anti-
dysenterica, and R. uliginosa inhibited the root growth of R. sativus
(Fig. 2). The percentage of root growth inhibition was increased with
the increase of extract concentrations. However, the inhibition per-
centage of root growth was higher than that of shoot growth of R. sa-
tivus by the herb/shrub extracts. At 1:5 (w/v) concentration, all the
plant extracts except A. vasica (85%) showed more than 90% root
growth inhibition. Similar to shoot growth inhibition, root growth of R.
sativus also were completely (100%) inhibited by the shrub species C.
aurantifolia, and herb species C. angustifolia and P. foetida (Fig. 2). At 1:5
(w/v) concentration, the inhibition percentages of root growth of R.
sativus by A. indica, J. gendarussa, P. betel, S. perennis, C. speciosus, C.
sativum, C. longa, M. micrantha, C. sinensis, C. cordifolia, L. aspera, C.
viscosum, H. antidysenterica, C. gigantea and R. uliginosa plant extract
were very high and ranged from 91 to 99%. Here, the lowest root
growth inhibition (85%) was recorded from A. vasica extract at the
highest concentration (Fig. 2).

3.3. Effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal tree species on shoot length

Medicinal tree species also had significant influence on the shoot

growth of R. sativus (Table 4). In every case, shorter shoot length was
Fig. 1. Effect of 55 medicinal plant species (herbs/shrubs/trees) on the shoot
growth inhibition of R. sativus. The vertical bar indicate standard deviation.
observed at concentration of 1:5 (w/v). Shoot length of R. sativus in-
creased with the increase of dilution of the extracts concentration

Table 3
Effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal herb/shrub species on root length of R. sativus.
Sl. No. Scientific name Root length of R. sativus CV (%) LSD Level of sig.

Control 1:20 1:15 1:10 1:5

1 A. vasica 16.53a 13.30ab 12.06b 7.18c 2.50d 13.35 1.93 **

2 A. indica (H) 19.27a 21.23a 22.92a 12.85b 1.77c 13.98 3.43 *
3 C. gigantea 26.94a 22.76b 18.12c 13.57d 2.31e 13.69 1.55 **
4 C. sinensis 25.58a 20.42b 18.35b 7.19c 1.57d 16.43 1.86 **
5 C. aurantifolia 22.81a 17.73b 13.79c 3.20d 0.00e 20.25 1.49 **
6 C. viscosum 19.30a 14.60b 11.63c 2.23d 1.05d 19.71 1.68 **
7 C. cordifolia 23.51a 18.16b 16.08b 7.53c 1.48d 16.01 1.94 **
8 C. sativum 24.42a 19.95ab 17.72b 10.63c 1.30d 15.11 2.75 **
9 C. speciosus 28.84a 19.89b 19.52b 17.49b 2.71c 13.02 2.17 **
10 C. angustifolia 20.54a 20.98a 18.51ab 12.07b 0.67c 15.08 3.88 **
11 C. longa 23.13a 20.27a 20.24a 15.37b 1.73c 12.93 2.15 **
12 H. antidysentrica 16.33ab 18.87a 13.73b 6.47c 1.42d 16.04 2.76 **
13 J. gendarussa 25.84a 24.77a 22.55a 12.10b 2.17c 14.28 2.84 **
14 L. aspera 9.74ab 18.44a 16.72a 12.87ab 2.17b 16.75 6.19 *
15 M. micrantha 23.26a 15.30b 14.19b 10.09c 1.17d 15.37 1.87 **
16 P. foetida 25.88a 24.88a 20.29b 13.01c 1.17d 15.72 6.33 **
17 P. betel 24.78a 19.85b 19.30b 8.46c 1.75d 12.55 1.15 **
18 R. uliginosa 19.88a 17.66a 15.47a 5.92b 2.82c 12.73 4.29 **
19 S. perennis 22.08a 18.38b 15.67c 7.02d 1.10e 16.10 1.10 **

Other details are same as Table 2.

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A.K.M.,. Mominul Islam et al. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 63 (2018) 99–107

species tried in this study stimulated the root growth of R. sativus

(Fig. 2). The inhibitory activity against root growth of R. sativus in-
creased with the increase of extract concentrations. At 1:5 (w/v)
concentration, M. oleifera, T. chebula, A. khasiana, C. tamala, S. vil-
losa, A. muricata, A. marmelos, A. indica and E. camaldulensis com-
pletely (100%) inhibited the root growth of the test species (Fig. 2).
At the same concentration, all the tree species except T. arjuna, L.
speciosa, S. oleosa and G. mangostana showed more than 90% root
growth inhibition of R. sativus (Fig. 2). While, at this concentration,
the lowest inhibition (24%) was obtained by the G. mangostana plant
extract followed by S. oleosa (47%).

4. Discussion

Results of this experiment showed that out of 19 medicinal herb/

shrubs, 10 inhibited the shoot length of R. sativus by more than 90% of
which one (C. aurantifolia) completely inhibited (100%) the shoot
growth at 1:5 (w/v) extract concentration. In case of root growth, all
except A. vasica showed more than 90% inhibition at the same con-
centration. On the other hand, 18 out of 36 medicinal tree species
showed more than 90% shoot growth inhibition of which five (M.
oleifera, C. tamala, A. muricata, A. marmelos, and A. indica) completely
inhibited the shoot growth of R. sativus at 1:5 (w/v) concentration. In
case of root growth of R. sativus, 32 out of 36 medicinal tree species
showed more than 90% inhibition of which nine (M. oleifera, T. chebula,
A. khasiana, C. tamala, S. villosa, A. muricata, A. marmelos, A. indica, and
E. camaldulensis) completely inhibited the root growth at the same
concentration. It has been observed here that shoot growth of R. sativus
showed less inhibition than their roots. The greater sensitivity of root
compared to shoot is usual and this is because roots are the first organs
to absorb phytotoxic substances from the extract and the permeability
of phytotoxic substances into root tissue is higher than the shoot tissue
(Nishida et al., 2005; Islam and Kato-Noguchi, 2013a,b), and according
to Franco et al. (2015), allelochemicals can affect genes responsible for
the cellular characterization of ground tissues and endoderm, reducing
root development. Whereas, Levizou et al. (2002) observed low mitotic
division in root apex resulted in higher root inhibition of Lactuca sativa
when treated with Dittrichia viscose leaf extracts. Similar types of in-
hibition are also reported by Piyatida and Kato-Noguchi (2010);
Morikawa et al. (2012); Islam and Kato-Noguchi (2013a,b); Khan et al.
(2013); Islam et al. (2014a,b). The inhibition of growth at higher
Fig. 2. Effect of 55 medicinal plant species (herbs/shrubs/trees) on the root concentration and tendency of growth stimulation at very low con-
growth inhibition of R. sativus. The vertical bar indicate standard deviation. centration could be explained by the hormesis (Calabrese and Blain,
2009). Southam and Erlich (1943) defined hormesis as the stimulatory
(Table 4). At the lowest concentration i.e., 1:20 (w/v), 14 out of 36 activity of any compound at low doses. This phenomenon may occur
medicinal tree extracts stimulated the shoot growth of R. sativus due to the availability of some chemicals at lower doses which could
(Fig. 1). However, at 1:10 (w/v) concentration, except D. regia all other affect the plant hormones that are responsible for shoot or root elon-
tree species inhibited the shoot growth. At 1:5 (w/v) concentration, M. gation, while they might have inhibitory activity on the seedling
oleifera, A. muricata, A. marmelos, C. tamala and A. indica completely growth at higher doses due to the same or another mechanism of action
(100%) inhibited the shoot growth of R. sativus (Fig. 1). At the same (Duke et al., 2006).
concentration, T. chebula, T. bellirica, A. khasiana, C. camphora, S. vil- Fig. 3 represents the nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS)
losa, M. roxburghiana, F. racemosa, S. macrophylla, C. fistula, M. zapota, analysis based on the average shoot–root inhibition values of R. sativus
M. longifolia, T. indica and E. camaldulensis showed more than 90% by the 55 medicinal herbs, shrubs and trees (stress = 0.094). The NMDS
shoot growth inhibition of R. sativus and their inhibition values ranged analysis shows that the average inhibitory activity of shrubs has no
from 91 to 99% (Fig. 1). At 1:5 (w/v) concentration, the lowest shoot difference with herbs or tree as there is considerable amount of over-
growth inhibition (31%) was obtained from the S. oleosa extract fol- lapping among the plant groups (herbs, shrubs, or trees). However,
lowed by G. magostana (48%) and L. speciosa (51%). there are distinct differences between the inhibitory pattern of herbs
and trees based on the extract concentrations.
3.4. Effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal tree species on root length Among the 55 tropical medicinal plant species used in our research,
six species (one shrub and five trees) from five different families com-
The root growth of R. sativus was also significantly influenced by pletely (100%) inhibited the shoot and root growth inhibition of R.
the aqueous extracts of medicinal tree species (Table 5). Table 5 sativus at 1:5 (w/v) concentration. The species are C. aurantifolia
showed that 1:5 (w/v) extract concentration of all the medicinal trees (Rotaceae), M. oleifera (Moringaceae), A. muricata (Annonaceae), A.
produced the shortest root length of R. sativus. However, root length marmelos (Rutaceae), C. tamala (Lauraceae) and A. indica (Meliaceae).
increased with the decrease of extract concentrations with very few Citrus aurantifolia (Rutaceae) is cultivated in many countries all over
exceptions. At the lowest concentration, 13 out of 36 medicinal tree the world and grows in hot subtropical or tropical regions (Enejoh

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Table 4
Effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal tree species on shoot length of R. sativus.
Sl. No. Scientific name Shoot length of R. sativus CV (%) LSD Level of sig.

Control 1:20 1:15 1:10 1:5

1 A. auriculiformis 11.29ab 12.41a 10.56b 11.12b 6.77c 5.10 0.65 **

2 A. marmelos 7.43a 9.07a 7.40a 4.84b 0.00c 15.45 1.25 **
3 A. muricata 10.00a 9.67ab 8.55b 6.55c 0.00d 14.27 0.64 **
4 A. khasiana 8.46a 8.94a 8.77a 8.03a 3.67b 8.16 1.54 **
5 A. carambola 11.00a 11.53a 9.89b 10.75a 3.92c 8.01 0.48 **
6 A. indica (T) 8.23a 8.97a 7.82a 5.41b 0.00c 14.62 0.81 **
7 B. purpurea 11.51a 11.33a 11.48a 10.56a 4.55b 7.40 0.65 **
8 C. fistula 10.00a 7.23b 6.69b 4.14c 2.13d 12.11 0.58 **
9 C. camphora 11.73a 11.50a 10.52a 6.09b 3.33c 10.84 1.34 **
10 C. tamala 9.93a 6.76b 5.64c 5.20c 0.67d 14.35 0.65 **
11 D. regia 9.57b 13.16a 12.17ab 10.47ab 6.17c 7.13 1.67 **
12 D. peregrina 8.69a 7.27b 6.07c 5.21c 3.48d 7.94 0.56 **
13 E. variegata 10.62a 8.07b 6.67b 4.69c 3.54c 10.26 0.81 **
14 E. camaldulensis 12.46a 12.47a 11.84a 10.19b 2.67c 10.19 0.86 **
15 F. racemose 10.93a 7.30b 5.86c 3.95d 2.07e 13.59 0.62 **
16 G. mangostana 9.41a 10.65a 9.52a 9.00ab 6.85b 4.79 1.35 **
17 G. philippensis 13.46a 10.59b 10.58b 9.57b 5.01c 7.60 0.71 **
18 L. speciosa 7.93b 9.64a 8.82ab 6.76c 4.44d 6.63 0.58 **
19 M. longifolia 11.86a 11.67a 10.87ab 9.32b 4.78c 7.54 1.03 **
20 M. indica 11.46a 11.08a 10.86a 6.91b 4.00c 9.01 0.71 **
21 M. zapota 11.76a 7.60b 6.36b 6.33b 2.53c 11.69 0.82 **
22 M. roxburghiana 11.14a 9.66ab 7.97bc 6.54cd 4.06e 9.45 1.68 **
23 M. elengi 9.91a 7.08b 6.33bc 5.45c 2.31d 10.78 0.61 **
24 M. oleifera 15.66a 11.46b 8.50c 4.79d 0.00e 18.12 1.27 **
25 M. alba 11.25a 11.53a 10.55a 8.96a 4.79b 8.56 2.20 *
26 N. indicum 12.92a 11.77ab 10.96bc 9.74c 5.61d 6.79 0.78 **
27 P. emblica 12.16a 13.02a 12.38a 8.48b 4.46c 8.81 1.00 **
28 S. oleosa 11.60ab 12.20a 11.59ab 10.89b 9.61c 2.40 0.61 **
29 S. grandiflora 8.61a 6.47b 5.52b 5.44b 2.17c 10.23 0.74 **
30 S. villosa 11.81a 10.73a 6.82b 5.46b 2.00c 13.41 1.17 **
31 S. macrophylla 11.63a 10.73ab 9.91b 6.76c 4.14d 8.79 0.74 **
32 S. cumin 11.33a 11.88a 11.52a 9.67b 6.22c 5.81 0.87 *
33 T. indica 11.14a 13.89a 8.99ab 8.13ab 3.30b 13.50 3.80 *
34 T. arjuna 15.31a 14.67a 15.00a 12.98a 6.07b 7.64 1.53 *
35 T. bellirica 10.12a 9.29a 8.22b 7.40b 2.89c 9.04 0.59 **
36 T. chebula 13.28a 12.44a 9.69b 8.93b 1.67c 12.35 1.37 **

Other details are same as Table 2.

et al., 2015). C. aurantifolia is traditionally used for the treatment of (100%) inhibited the shoot and root growth of R. sativus. Growth in-
headache, stomach ache, cough, dysentery, fever, gonorrhoea, hepatitis hibitory activity of A. muricata was also reported by Fujii et al. (2003)
and jaundice (Nweke, 2015). Although the antiseptic, antiviral, anti- and Morikawa et al. (2012).
fungal, anthelmintic, astringent, diuretic, mosquito bite repellent Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) is a native plant of Indian sub-con-
properties of C. aurantifolia are well reported in literature, its allelo- tinent, and are reported to possess diverse medicinal properties to
pathic properties are rarely been reported. In this experiment, C. aur- cure asthma, anaemia, fractures, healing of wounds, swollen joints,
antifolia completely (100%) inhibited the shoot and root growth of R. high blood pressure, jaundice, diarrhoea etc. (Baliga et al., 2011).
sativus at 1:5 (w/v) concentration which demands its further exploration Aegle marmelos leaves aqueous extract at 1:5 (w/v) concentration
as a bioherbicide in weed control. also completely inhibited the shoot and root growth of R. sativus.
Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae) is a well-known medicinal The growth inhibitory activity of A. marmelos has also been re-
‘miracle tree’ indigenous to Indian sub-continent. M. oleifera can ported by Satyal et al. (2012).
control or cure more than three hundred human diseases (Ferreira Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae) is a recognized medicinal tree species
et al., 2008; Hossain et al., 2012a,b; Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016). native to arid regions of the Indian sub-continent. A huge number of
M. oleifera leaves are also used in babies diet who suffer for mal- bioactive compounds have been isolated from A. indica that have anti-
nutrition (Gopalakrishnan et al., 2016). Leaves aqueous extract of inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-protozoan, anti-ulcer,
this plant completely inhibited shoot and root growth of R. sativus analgesic, anti-arrhythmic, anti-tubercular, anti-pyretic, anti-malaria,
at 1:5 (w/v) concentration, which indicate its allelopathic proper- anti-arthritic, anti-feedant, anti-hormonal, diuretic, vasodilator, sper-
ties. Our findings also supported by a number of researchers around micide and repellent activities (Xuan et al., 2004). The organic extract
the world (Piyatida and Kato-Noguchi, 2010; Hossain et al., of A. indica has been reported to have allelopathic potential (da Silva
2012a,b; Iqbal et al., 2013; Soliman et al., 2017). et al., 2007; Salam and Kato-Noguchi, 2010; Ashrafi et al., 2008), and
Annona muricata (Annonaceae) is a tropical plant species known for two phytotoxic compounds (Nimbolide B and Nimbic Acid B) from its
its edible fruit. The leaves, bark, fruit and seed of A. muricata have huge aqueous methanolic extract have been isolated by Kato-Noguchi et al.
medicinal properties including anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-in- (2014). Our results exhibited that A. indica leaves aqueous extract
flammatory, anti-protozoan, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anti-stress, con- completely inhibited the shoot and root growth of R. sativus at 1:5 (w/v)
traceptive, antitumoral, antiulceric, wound healing, hepato-protective, concentration. The allelopathic properties of leaves water extract were
antiicteric and hypoglycemic activities (Jaramillo et al., 2000; Wu also reported by Xuan et al. (2004).
et al., 2007; Coria-Téllez et al., 2016; Ukwubile et al., 2016). Annona Cinnamomum tamala (Lauraceae) is a widely used medicinal plant to
muricata leaves aqueous extract at 1:5 (w/v) concentration completely treat various diseases. The plant is native to tropical and sub-tropical

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A.K.M.,. Mominul Islam et al. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 63 (2018) 99–107

Table 5
Effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal tree species on root length of R. sativus.
Sl. No. Scientific name Root length of R. sativus CV (%) LSD Level of sig.

Control 1:20 1:15 1:10 1:5

1 A. auriculiformis 23.63a 24.72a 20.45ab 15.77b 3.22c 12.48 3.19 **

2 A. marmelos 11.67a 11.25a 11.52a 3.55b 0.00b 18.37 2.37 **
3 A. muricata 22.77a 17.05b 14.44b 7.06c 0.00d 18.08 3.08 **
4 A. khasiana 7.20b 10.37a 7.01b 7.11b 1.67c 21.01 2.92 *
5 A. carambola 19.22a 19.09a 12.56b 14.35b 1.58c 13.21 1.87 **
6 A. indica (T) 17.81a 20.14a 12.42b 3.69c 0.00c 20.19 3.01 **
7 B. purpurea 25.17 23.91ab 22.12b 13.86c 1.43d 13.82 1.61 **
8 C. fistula 22.84a 20.11ab 16.42b 6.77c 1.07d 16.75 2.27 **
9 C. camphora 20.28a 18.22a 13.33b 3.80c 1.92c 17.97 2.74 **
10 C. tamala 26.75a 15.65b 14.77b 4.90c 0.33d 20.20 2.63 **
11 D. regia 13.51bc 22.44a 21.63ab 11.14c 3.17d 15.70 5.82 **
12 D. peregrina 16.75b 21.67a 17.24b 11.80c 1.99d 13.17 1.67 **
13 E. variegata 19.76a 16.23b 14.60b 10.10c 2.19d 13.23 1.89 **
14 E. camaldulensis 24.21a 19.33b 21.82ab 10.62c 0.67d 15.25 1.68 **
15 F. racemose 26.93a 16.03b 11.30c 3.25d 1.00e 21.85 2.62 **
16 G. mangostana 19.17 17.65 15.30 9.94 6.07 14.03 – NS
17 G. philippensis 25.20a 18.96b 17.73b 12.83c 2.64d 13.27 1.96 **
18 L. speciosa 22.89a 23.81a 19.44b 16.66b 3.78c 11.39 1.88 **
19 M. longifolia 25.75a 23.06a 16.13b 8.79c 1.76d 16.34 3.16 **
20 M. indica 24.80a 21.31a 20.73a 3.60b 1.42b 18.70 2.85 **
21 M. zapota 25.98a 19.91b 16.37bc 14.16c 1.26d 14.46 2.48 **
22 M. roxburghiana 14.71a 10.62ab 4.77b 3.16b 1.33b 24.87 5.24 **
23 M. elengi 29.17a 20.89b 19.11b 8.56c 1.08d 16.82 1.52 **
24 M. oleifera 28.20a 20.08b 11.84c 2.34d 1.00d 22.48 3.16 **
25 M. alba 21.93a 19.72a 12.52b 3.07c 1.07c 19.96 2.70 **
26 N. indicum 31.16a 23.15b 18.86b 11.55c 1.78d 16.22 4.01 **
27 P. emblica 31.26a 27.34ab 23.87bc 19.26c 1.98d 13.54 3.34 **
28 S. oleosa 21.92ab 25.48a 22.40ab 19.65b 14.22c 5.28 2.13 **
29 S. grandiflora 23.24a 10.89b 9.88b 4.38c 1.00c 20.97 1.97 **
30 S. villosa 22.89a 20.47a 4.40b 2.87b 1.00b 24.55 1.96 **
31 S. macrophylla 24.46a 26.30a 19.73b 4.09c 1.62c 18.34 1.80 **
32 S. cumin 17.95ab 21.21a 20.87a 15.17b 2.28c 12.51 2.51 **
33 T. indica 27.69a 22.81b 23.28b 15.93c 1.54d 13.72 2.50 **
34 T. arjuna 30.96a 32.61a 31.27a 30.26a 9.80b 9.08 3.98 **
35 T. bellirica 19.95a 18.14a 15.85b 8.66c 1.00d 14.83 1.10 **
36 T. chebula 34.72a 31.25b 23.23c 19.67d 0.60e 14.66 1.77 **

NS = non-significant, other details are same as Table 2.

et al., 2016). However, allelopathic properties of this plant are rarely been
reported to date besides its pharmaceutical properties. In the present
study, C. tamala leaves aqueous extract at 1:5 (w/v) concentration showed
more than 90% shoot and root growth of R. sativus.
Beside these six medicinal plant species viz., C. aurantifolia, M.
oleifera, A. muricata, A. marmelos, C. tamala, and A. indica, all other
except A. indica, A. vasica, C. speciosus, C. longa, C. gigantean, R.
uliginosa, T. arjuna, P. emblica, D. perigrina, L. speciosa, G. phi-
lippensis, A. auriculiformis, E. variegata, M. elengi, S. oleosa, N. in-
dicum, S. cumini and G. mangostana showed more than 80% shoot
growth inhibition. Whereas except T. arjuna, G. mangostana, and S.
oleosa all other 52 species showed more than 80% root growth in-
hibition at 1:5 (w/v) concentration. It is important to note here that
except G. mangostana and S. oleosa, all the other plant showed more
than 50% shoot and root growth inhibition. Therefore, present
study confirms that except G. mangostana and S. oleosa all the
medicinal plant irrespective of herb/shrub/tree used in this ex-
periment have allelopathic potential.
Fig. 3. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on the average
shoot and root inhibition values of R. sativus by the 55 medicinal herbs, shrubs 5. Conclusion
and trees. Bray-Curtis similarity as the pairwise distances among samples was
used for grouping. Each group is connected to the cluster centroids by lines Present study reveals that all the studied medicinal plant species
using functions ‘ordispider’ and ‘ordihull’ (statistical package ‘Vegan’). except G. mangostana and S. oleosa have allelopathic potential. Six
from five families i.e., C. aurantifolia (Rotaceae), M. oleifera
Himalayas. The leaves of C. tamala have been used for flavouring food in (Moringaceae), A. muricata (Annonaceae), A. marmelos (Rutaceae),
Indian sub-continent. The plant has antimicrobial, antidermatophytic, C. tamala (Lauraceae), and A. indica (Meliaceae) showed strong
antibacterial, antifungal, antihyperglycaemic, antihypercholesterolanemic, allelopathic potential. As this is the first report on the screening of a
antiflatulent, antihelminthic, diuretic and carminative properties (Hassan large number of medicinal plant species of Bangladesh for their

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A.K.M.,. Mominul Islam et al. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 63 (2018) 99–107

allelopathic potential, it is strongly recommended to examine their Leucas aspera. Int. J. Sustain. Agric. 4, 1–7.
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