Subject: MATHEMATICS Grade VII (–> VIII ) Topic : Bridge Course

1. Rational Numbers :

Concepts:

Rational Numbers

A number is called Rational if it can be expressed in the form p/q where p and q are
integers (q > 0). It includes all natural, whole number and integers.
Example: 1/2, 4/3, 5/7, 1… etc.

Properties of a Rational Number

▪ Closure- Rational numbers are closed under addition, subtraction and multiplication. For eg.- If p
and q are any two rational numbers, then and the sum, difference and product of these rational
numbers is also a rational number. This is known as the closure law

▪ Commutativity- Rational numbers are commutative under addition and multiplication. If p and q
are two rational numbers, then:
Commutative law under addition says- p + q = q + p.
Commutative law under multiplication says p x q = q x p.
Note- Rational numbers, integers and whole numbers are commutative under addition and
multiplication. Rational numbers, integers and whole numbers are non commutative under
subtraction and division.

▪ Associativity- Rational numbers are associative under addition and multiplication. If a, b, c are
rational numbers, then:
Associative property under addition: p + (q + r) = (p + q) + r
Associative property under multiplication: p x (q x r ) = ( p x q ) x r

▪ Role of zero and one- 0 is the additive identity for rational numbers. 1 is the multiplicative
identity for rational numbers.

▪ Multiplicative inverse- If the product of two rational numbers is 1, then they are called
multiplicative inverse of each other.
Eg. 4/9 x 9/4 = 1

1. Closure Property
This shows that the operation of any two same types of numbers is also the same type or not.

a. Whole Numbers
If p and q are two whole numbers then
Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Whole p + q will also be the p – q will not always be a whole pq will also be the whole p ÷ q will not always be
number whole number. number. number. a whole number.

Example 6+0=6 8 – 10 = – 2 3 × 5 = 15 3 ÷ 5 = 3/5

Closed or
Closed Not closed Closed Not closed
Not

b. Integers
If p and q are two integers then
Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

p+q will also be an p-q will also be an pq will also be an p ÷ q will not always be an
Integers
integer. integer. integer. integer.

Example -3+2=–1 5–7=–2 - 5 × 8 = – 40 - 5 ÷ 7 = – 5/7

Closed or
Closed Closed Closed Not closed
not

c. Rational Numbers
If p and q are two rational numbers then
Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Rational p + q will also be a rational p – q will also be a pq will also be a rational p ÷ q will not always be a
Numbers number. rational number. number. rational number

p÷0
Example
= not defined

Closed or Not Closed Closed Closed Not closed

2. Commutative Property
This shows that the position of numbers does not matter i.e. if you swap the position of the numbers
then also the result will be the same.

a. Whole Numbers
If p and q are two whole numbers then
Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Whole number p+q=q+p p–q≠q–p p×q=q×p p÷q≠q÷p

Example 3+2=2+3 8 –10 ≠ 10 – 8 – 2 ≠ 2 3×5=5×3 3÷5≠5÷3

Commutative yes No yes No

 b. Integers
If p and q are two integers then
Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Integers p+q=q+p p–q≠q–p p×q=q×p p÷q≠q÷p

Example True 5 – 7 = – 7 – (5) - 5 × 8 = 8 × (–5) - 5 ÷ 7 ≠ 7 ÷ (-5)

Commutative yes No yes No

c. Rational Numbers
If p and q are two rational numbers then
Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Rational numbers p+q=q+p p –q ≠ q - p p×q=q×p p÷q≠q÷p

Example

Commutative yes No yes No

3. Associative Property
This shows that the grouping of numbers does not matter i.e. we can use operations on any two
numbers first and the result will be the same.

a. Whole Numbers
If p, q and r are three whole numbers then
Operation Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division

Whole number p + (q + r) = (p + q) + r p – (q – r) = (p – q) – r p × (q × r) = (p × q) × r p ÷ (q ÷ r) ≠ (p ÷ q) ÷ r

Example 3 + (2 + 5) = (3 + 2) + 5 8 – (10 – 2) ≠ (8 -10) – 2 3 × (5 × 2) = (3 × 5) × 2 10 ÷ (5 ÷ 1) ≠ (10 ÷ 5) ÷ 1

Associative yes No yes No

b. Integers
If p, q and r are three integers then
Operation Integers Example Associative

Addition p + (q + r) = (p + q) + r (– 6) + [(– 4)+(–5)] = [(– 6) +(– 4)] + (–5) Yes

Subtraction p – (q – r) = (p – q) – r 5 – (7 – 3) ≠ (5 – 7) – 3 No

Multiplication p × (q × r) = (p × q) × r (– 4) × [(– 8) ×(–5)] = [(– 4) × (– 8)] × (–5) Yes

Division p ÷ (q ÷ r) ≠ (p ÷ q) ÷ r [(–10) ÷ 2] ÷ (–5) ≠ (–10) ÷ [2 ÷ (– 5)] No

c. Rational Numbers
 If p, q and r are three rational numbers then
Operation Integers Example Associative

Addition p + (q + r) = (p + q) + r yes

Subtraction p – (q – r) = (p – q) – r No

Multiplication p × (q × r) = (p × q) × r yes

Division p ÷ (q ÷ r) ≠ (p ÷ q) ÷ r No

The Role of Zero in Numbers (Additive Identity)

Zero is the additive identity for whole numbers, integers and rational numbers.
Identity Example

Whole number a+0=0+a=a Addition of zero to whole number 2+0=0+2=2

Integer b+0=0+b=b Addition of zero to an integer False

Rational number c+0=0+c=c Addition of zero to a rational number 2/5 + 0 = 0 + 2/5 = 2/5

The Role of one in Numbers (Multiplicative Identity)

One is the multiplicative identity for whole numbers, integers and rational numbers.
 Identity Example

Whole number a ×1 = a Multiplication of one to the whole number 5×1=5

Integer b × 1= b Multiplication of one to an integer -5×1=–5

Rational Number c × 1= c Multiplication of one to a rational number

Negative of a Number (Additive Inverse)

Identity Example

Whole number a +(- a) = 0 Where a is a whole number 5 + (-5) = 0

Integer b +(- b) = 0 Where b is an integer True

Rational number c + (-c) = 0 Where c is a rational number

Reciprocal (Multiplicative Inverse)

The multiplicative inverse of any rational number

Example
The reciprocal of 4/5 is 5/4.

Distributivity of Multiplication over Addition and Subtraction for Rational Numbers

This shows that for all rational numbers p, q and r

1. p x (q + r) = p x q + p x r

2. p x (q – r) = p x q – p x r

Representation of Rational Numbers on the Number Line

On the number line, we can represent the Natural numbers, whole numbers and integers as follows

Rational Numbers can be represented as follows

Questions ( W.S ) :

Work Sheet – 1:

1. Fill in the blanks:

(i) The product of a number and its product is .
(ii) The rational number has no reciprocal.
(iii) The reciprocal of the reciprocal of a number is .
(iv) The rational number is neither positive nor negative.
(v) is the only rational number which is equal to its additive inverse.

2. Write:
(i) A rational number which has no reciprocal.
(ii) A rational number whose product with a given rational number is equal to the
given rational number.
(iii) A rational number which is equal to its reciprocal.

3. Verify

4. Find:

5. Find:

6. Find three rational number between and

7. Write the rational number represented by the points A, B, and C on the following
number line:

8. The product of two rational numbers is If one of them is then

find the other number.

9. What property is described in the statement: a/ b + ( c/d + e/ f ) = ( a/ b + c /d ) + e /f.

10. Reduce the rational number 12 /15 to the lowest form.

11: Verify the following: 18 X [ 7 + ( -3)] = 18 X 7 + [ 18 X ( -3)]
12: Solve: 7/10 + 2/5 + 3/2
13: Find the product using suitable identity: 26 X ( -48) + ( -48) X ( -36)

14. Find 4/ 9 ÷ 2 /3

15. By what rational number should 22 / 7 be divided, to get the number – 11/24 ?
Work Sheet – 2: Fill in the blanks

1) ÷ (-3)= (-4/15)

2) The numbers and are their own reciprocals

3) The reciprocal of 1 is .

4) (1/2) ÷ (2/3) = .

5) The product of two rational numbers is always a .

6) The reciprocal of a negative rational number is .

7) Zero has reciprocal.

8) The reciprocal of - 5 is .

9) Reciprocal of (1/x) where x ≠ 0 is .

10) The product of two rational numbers is always a .

11) The reciprocal of a positive rational number is .

13. Name the property under multiplication used in each of the following:

14. Represent these numbers on the number line.

a ). 7/4 b). - 5/6

15. Write five rational numbers which are smaller than 2.

16. Find Five rational numbers between 3/5 and ¾

17. Represent the following rational numbers on the number line.

-2/11 , -5/11 , - 9/11.

18. Write five rational numbers greater than – 5.

19. What is the additive identity?

20. The product of two rational number is 2, if one of the rational number is 1/7,
what is the value of other?
 2. POWERS & EXPONENTS:

Concepts and Formulae:

The exponents tell us that how many times the number should be multiplied. It is called the Exponential
form.
Laws of Exponents
If we have a and b as the base and m and n as the exponents, then

Laws of Exponents Example

am × an = am+n 73 × 74 = 73+4 = 77
(am)n (73)4 = 73×4 = 712

ambm = (ab)m 7343 (7× 4)3 = 283

a0 = 1 70 = 1
a1 = a 71 = 7

Use of Exponents to Express Small Numbers in Standard Form

Sometimes we need to write the numbers in very small or large form and we can use the exponents to
represent the numbers in small numbers.
1. Standard form to write the natural numbers like xyz000000......
Step 1: First of all count the number of digits from left leaving only the first digit.
Step 2: To write it in exponent or standard form, write down the first digit.
Step 3: If there are more digits in the number then put a decimal after the first digit and then write
down the other digits until the zero comes. And if there are no digits after the first digit then skip this
step.
Step 4: Now place a multiplication sign and then write down the counted digits in the first step as the
exponent to the base number 10.
Example:
Express 1730000000000 in exponent form.
Solution:
In standard form, the number 1730000000000 will be written as 1.73 x 1012.
2. Standard form to write decimal numbers like 0.00000 .... xyz.
Step 1: First of all count the number of digits from the decimal point to the last digit.
Step 2: If there is only one digit after the zeros then simply write down that digit. Place a multiplication
sign and write down the counted digits in step-1 with a negative sign as the exponent to base number
10.
Step 3: If there are two or more non-zero digits at the end of the number. Then, write down the digits
followed by a decimal point after the first digit and the other non-zero digits.
Step 4: Now calculate the number of digits in the first step and minus the number of digits appearing
after the decimal point.
Step 5: Place a multiplication sign and write down the counted digits in step-4 with a negative sign as an
exponent to base number 10.

Example:
Express 0.000000000000073 in exponent form.
Solution:
In standard form, the number will be written as 7.3 x 10-14.
Comparing Very Large and Very Small Numbers
To compare the very large or very small numbers we need to make their exponents same. When their
exponents are the same then we can compare the numbers and check which number is large or small.
Example
Compare the two numbers 4.56 × 108 and 392 × 107.
Solution
To compare these numbers we need to make their exponents same.
4.56 × 108
392 × 107 = 39.2 × 108
As the exponents are the same, we can easily see that which number is larger.
392 × 107 > 4.56 × 108
Remark: To add and subtract also we need to make their exponents same and then they can be easily
added or subtracted.
Questions ( W.S - 1 ) :
Solve the problems

1. Find the value of 5-3 x 1 / 53.

2. Simplify 25 / 2-6.

3. Express 4-3 as a power with base 2.

4. Simplify and write the answer in exponential form: (25 / 28)5 x 2-5.

5. Find m so that (-3)m+1 x (-3)5 = (-3)7.

6. Find the value of (2/3)-2.

7. Simplify: (5/8)-7 x (8/5)-5.

8. Simplify : (-4)-10 x (-4)5

9. Simplify : (1 / 32)3.

10. Evaluate: (5-1 x 82) / ( 2-3 x 10-1).

11. Find the value of 'm' for which 6m / 6-3 = 65

12. Evaluate [ (1/2)-1 - (1/3)-1 ]-1.

13. Simplify: (-3)5 x (5/3)5.

14. The size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m. Express it in standard form.

15. If the thickness of a paper sheet is 0.0016 cm, find the thickness of 100
sheets. Express the answer in standard form.
Work Sheet -2

1. Find the value of:

2. Simplify:

3. What is the reciprocal of 0.1 ?

4. What is the value of ‘x’ in 5x ÷ 5–3 = 55 ?

5.

6. Find the value of

1. (30 + 4 - 1) × 22
2. (2 - 1 × 4 - 1) ÷ 2 - 2
3. (3 - 1 + 4 - 1 + 5 - 1)0
4. {(−23)−2}2

7. Express the following numbers in usual form.

8. Express the following numbers in standard form.

a) 0.0000000000085 b) 0.00000000000942 c) 6020000000000000

9. Express the number appearing in the following statements in standard form.

(a) 1 micron is equal to 1/1000000 m.

(b) Size of bacteria is 0.0000005 m
(c) Size of a plant cell is 0.00001275 m

10. In a stack there are 5 books each of thickness 20 mm and 5 paper sheets each
of thickness 0.016 mm. What is the total thickness of the stack?
3. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS :
Concepts :
Algebraic Expression
Any mathematical expression which consists of numbers, variables and operations are
called Algebraic Expression.

1. Terms
Every expression is separated by an operation which is called Terms. Like 7n and 2 are
the two terms in the above figure.
2. Factors
Every term is formed by the product of the factors.7n is the product of 7 and n which
are the factors of 7n.
3. Coefficient
The number placed before the variable or the numerical factor of the term is
called Coefficient of that variable.7 is the numerical factor of 7n so 7 is coefficient
here.
4. Variable
Any letter like x, y etc. are called Variables. The variable in the above figure is n.
5. Operations
Addition, subtraction etc. are the operations which separate each term.
6. Constant
The number without any variable is constant. 2 is constant here.
Number Line and an Expression
An expression can be represented on the number line.
Example
How to represent x + 5 and x – 5 on the number line?
Solution:
First, mark the distance x and then x + 5 will be 5 unit to the right of x.

In the case of x – 5 we will start from the right and move towards the negative side. x –
5 will be 5 units to the left of x.
 Monomials, Binomials and Polynomials

Meaning Example
Expressions

Monomial The algebraic expression having only one term. 5x2

Binomial The algebraic expression having two terms. 5x2 + 2y
Trinomial The algebraic expression having three terms. 5x2 + 2y + 9xy

Polynomial The algebraic expression having one or more terms with the 5x2 + 2y + 9xy + 4 and all the above
variable having non-negative integers as an exponent. expressions are also polynomial.

Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions

Steps to add or Subtract Algebraic Expression

• First of all, we have to write the algebraic expressions in different rows in such a way that the like
terms come in the same column.

• Add them as we add other numbers.

• If any term of the same variable is not there in another expression then write it as it is in the
solution.

Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions

While multiplying we need to take care of some points about the multiplication of like and unlike
terms.

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial

1. Multiplying a Binomial by a Binomial
We use the distributive law of multiplication in this case. Multiply each term of a binomial with every
term of another binomial. After multiplying the polynomials we have to look for the like terms and
combine them.

Example
Simplify (3a + 4b) × (2a + 3b)

Solution:
(3a + 4b) × (2a + 3b)

= 3a × (2a + 3b) + 4b × (2a + 3b) [distributive law]

= (3a × 2a) + (3a × 3b) + (4b × 2a) + (4b × 3b)

= 6 a2 + 9ab + 8ba + 12b2

= 6 a2 + 17ab + 12b2 [Since ba = ab]
2. Multiplying a Binomial by a Trinomial
In this also we have to multiply each term of the binomial with every term of trinomial.

Example
Simplify (p + q) (2p – 3q + r) – (2p – 3q) r.
Solution:
We have a binomial (p + q) and one trinomial (2p – 3q + r)

(p + q) (2p – 3q + r)

= p(2p – 3q + r) + q (2p – 3q + r)

= 2p2 – 3pq + pr + 2pq – 3q2 + qr

= 2p2 – pq – 3q2 + qr + pr (–3pq and 2pq are like terms)
(2p – 3q) r = 2pr – 3qr

Therefore,

(p + q) (2p – 3q + r) – (2p – 3q) r

= 2p2 – pq – 3q2 + qr + pr – (2pr – 3qr)

= 2p2 – pq – 3q2 + qr + pr – 2pr + 3qr
= 2p2 – pq – 3q2 + (qr + 3qr) + (pr – 2pr)
= 2p2 – 3q2 – pq + 4qr – pr
Identities
An identity is an equality which is true for every value of the variable but an equation is true for only
some of the values of the variables.

So an equation is not an identity.

Some of the Standard Identities

1. (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
2. (a - b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
3. a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a - b)
4. (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b)x + ab
5. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
6. (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
7. (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
8. (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
9. a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
10. a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
11. a4 – b4 = (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2)
Applying Identities Example
(4x – 3y)2
= (4x)2 – 2(4x) (3y) + (3y)2
= 16x2 – 24xy + 9y2
Example
Use the Identity (x + a) (x + b) = x2 + (a + b) x + ab to find the value of 501 × 502
Solution:
501 × 502

= (500 + 1) × (500 + 2)

= 5002 + (1 + 2) × 500 + 1 × 2
= 250000 + 1500 + 2

= 251502
Questions (W.S - 1 ) :
1. Evaluate 8x + 7 given that x - 3 = 10.

2. Solve (2x + 3) (2x – 3) using algebraic identities.

3. Solve (3x + 5)2 using algebraic identities

4. Identify the type of expressions:

(a) -8x + 4y (b) x2 + x + 7 (c) xy + yz + zp + px + 9xy

5. Identify terms and their coefficients from the following expressions:

(a) 6x2y2 – 9x2y2z2+ 4z2 (b) 3xyz – 8y

6. Simplify the following expressions:

(a) (x + y + z)(x + y – z) (b) 2x2(x + 2) – 3x (x2 – 3) – 5x(x + 5)

7. Calculate the area of a rectangle whose length and breadths are given as 3x2y m
and 5xy2 m respectively.

8. If A = xy + 11y ; B = 2x + 3y ; C = 3x – 4y find A + B + C.

9. What must be subtracted from a3 – 4a2 + 5a – 6 to obtain a2 – 2a + 1 ?

10. Simplify:

a) 2p3 – 3p2 + 4p -5 -6p3 + 2p2 – 8p -2 + 6p + 8

b) 2x2 – xy + 6x -4y + 5xy - 4x + 6x2 + 3y

11. What must be added to 5x3 – 2x2 + 6x + 7 to make the sum x3 + 3x2 – x + 1 ?

12. Subtract 3a(a + b – c) – 2b( a – b + c) from 4c (-a + b + c) .

13. Divide : (7x2+14x) by (x + 2)

14. Find the value of: x2 – 1/5 at x= -1.

15. What is the value of x2 + y2 – 10 at x = 0 and y = 0 ?

Questions (W.S - 2 ) :

1. Find the product of 9a, 4ab and -2a.

2. Simplify : (a + b + c) (a + b - c).

3. Using identities evaluate: (99)2.

4. Simplify x(2x – 1) + 5 and find its value at x = -2.

5. Evaluate the value of (95)2 using identities.

6. Classify the following polynomials as monomials, binomials, trinomials. Which

polynomials do not fit in any of these three categories?

a) x2 + y2
b) x + x2+ x3 + x4 + x5
c) 2y - 3y+ 4y3
d) ab + bc + cd + da+ 2ab

7. Add the following.

(i) ab - bc+ ac, bc - ca+ ab, ca - ab-2bc

(ii) p - q + pq, q - r + qr, r - p + pr , p+q+r

8. Subtract 8a - 7ab + 3b - 20 from 20a - 9ab + 5b – 20

9. Use a suitable identity to get each of the following products.

a) (p - 11) (p + 11)
b) (2y + 5) (2y - 5)
c) (12a - 9) (12a +9)
d) (a2+ b2) (- a2+ b2)
e) (6x - 7) (6x + 7)
f) (3a + 9b) (3a - 9b)
g) 2(a - 9)2
h) 5(xy - 3z)2
i) (2xy - 5y)2

10. Simplify the following

(i) (x2- y2)2 + 4x2y2

(ii) (p + q)2 - (p - q)2 + p2q2
4. SIMPLE LINEAR EQUATIONS :
Concepts :
Linear equations are also first-degree equations as it has the highest exponent of variables
as 1. Some of the examples of such equations are as follows: 2x – 3 = 0, m + 1 = 0, 3x – y
+z=3
When the equation has a homogeneous variable (i.e. only one variable), then this type of
equation is known as a Linear equation in one variable.
The solutions of linear equations will generate values, which when substituted for the
unknown values, make the equation true. In the case of one variable, there is only one
solution.
The standard form of a linear equation in one variable is represented as ax + b = 0 where, a
≠ 0 and x is the variable.

The standard form of a linear equation in two variables is represented as

ax + by + c = 0, where, a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0 , x and y are the variables.

Solve the following equations:

Question 1: x - 2 = 7
Solution: Given, x – 2 = 7
By adding 2 to both sides, we get
x–2+2=7+2
⇒x = 7 + 2
⇒x = 9

Question 2 :

Solution:

Given,

By transposing 1 from LHS to RHS, we get

After multiplying both sides with 3, we get

Question 3
Two numbers are in the ratio 5:3. If they differ by 18, what are the numbers?
Solution:
Given, two numbers are in the ratio of 5:3
Their difference = 18
Let first number = 5x and second number = 3x
As per question, 5x – 3x = 18
⇒ 2x = 18
After dividing both sides by 2, we get

Since, first number = 5x and second number = 3x

Thus, by substituting the value of x, in both the nubmers, we get
First number = 5x = 5 X 9 = 45
Ans second number = 3x = 3 X 9 = 27
Thus,
First number = 45 and Second number = 27

Question 4:

Three consecutive integers add up to 51. What are these integers?

Solution:

Let first integer = a

Therefore, second consecutive integer = a + 1
And, third consecutive integer = a + 2
Since,
sum of the given three consecutive number = 51
Therefore,
a + (a +1) + (a + 2) = 51
⇒ a + a + 1 + a + 2 = 51
⇒ a + a + a + 1 + 2 = 51
⇒ 3a + 1 + 2 = 51
⇒ 3a + 3 = 51
By subtracting 3 from both sides, we get
3a + 3 – 3 = 51 – 3
⇒ 3a = 51 – 3
⇒ 3a = 48
After dividing both sides by 3, we get

Now, second consecutive number = a + 1

Therefore, by substituting the value of ‘a’, we get

Second consecutive number = 16 + 1 = 17

Similarly, after substituting the value of ‘a’ in third consecutive number, we get

Third consecutive number = a + 2 = 16 + 2 = 18

Thus, three required consecutive numbers are 16, 17 and 18.

Questions ( W.S - 1) :

1.What is the highest degree of a linear equation.

2.If 3(y-1) = 21, then find the value of ‘ 7y ’.

3. If m-10 = 2x- 30 , find the value of m.

4. Express each of the following statements as an equation

a. The sum of twice a number ‘ y ‘ and ’15 ‘ is 27.

b. 7 taken away from a number will give 19.

5. Ramus mother age is 36 years old . She is 6 years older then three times Ramu’s
age. Write an equation to find the age of Ramu’s mother.( Take Ramu’s age to be n
years) .

6. Find the three consecutive numbers, whose sum is 69.

7. Solve 10(x - 2) – 4(x + 1) + 3(x +6) = 0

8. Express 2t + 5 = 9 as a statement.

9. Rajat’s father is 42 years old . His father is 3 years older than trice the present
age if Rajat. Find the present age of Rajat.

10. If x = 3 find the value of 6x +12x -6.

11. Solve the following equations and check answers.

12. A number when divided by 18 gives 20 as the quotient leaving a remainder

of 16. Find the number.

13. Find the solution of 3x - 4 = 12

14. Solve: 5x - 9 = 8

15. Sanjay will be 3 times as old as he was 4 years ago after 18 years. Find his
present age.
Questions ( W.S - 2) :
1. Solve the following linear equations
a) 11x + 10 = 10x + 6

b) 12x – 5 = 5x + 3.

2. Solve x−2) + (x−3) + (x−9) = 1

3. Solve and check result: 5t – 3 = 3t – 5

4. Solve and check result:

5. Solve and check result:

7. If the sum of two numbers is 30 and their ratio is 2/3 then find the numbers.

8. The numerator of a fraction is 2 less than the denominator. If one is added to its
denominator, it becomes 1/2 find the fraction.

9. The present of Sita’s father is three times the present age of Sita. After six
years sum of their ages will be 69 year's. Find their present ages.

10. The digits of a 2-digit number differ by 5. If the digits are interchanged and the
resulting number is added to the original number, we get99. Find the original
number.
 5. COMPARING QUANTITIES :

Concepts & Formulae :

Simple Interest S.I = P x T x R / 100

Where P = Principal , T= Time in years , R = Rate of interest per annum.

S.P -is selling price and C.P - is cost price
• Profit or loss is always calculated on CP
• For profit, SP > CP and for loss CP > SP
• Discount is always calculated on the marked price.
• Formula for compound interest gives
Amount A = P(1+R/100)n
then C I = A - P
• If the interest is compounded half yearly the time period becomes twice as much as the
numbers of years. The rate of interest is reduced to half.
• We compare two quantities by division. It is called ratio. Quantities written in same
unit. Ratio has no unit
• Another way to compare quantity is to express in percentages.
• Profit= Profit / CP X 100, Loss= Loss / Cp X 100.

Percentage Tricks
To calculate the percentage we can use the given below tricks.
x % of y = y % of x
Discounts are the reduction value prevailed on the Marked Price (MP).

• Discount = Marked Price – Sale Price

• Discount = Discount % of the Marked Price

Overhead expenses are the additional expenses made after purchasing an item.
These are included in the Cost Price (CP) of that particular item.

• CP = Buying Price + Overhead Expenses

GST (Goods and Service Tax) is calculated on the supply of the goods.

Compound Interest (CI) is the interest which is compounded on the basis of the previous
year’s amount.

Formula of Amount (Compounded Annually):

A=P(1+R/100)t
P = Principal,
r = Rate of Interest, and
t = Time Period

Formula of Amount (Compounded Half Yearly):

A=P(1+R/200)2t
R/2 = Half-yearly Rate,
2t = Number of Half-Years
Questions ( W.S - 1 ) :

1). Shikha got 66 marks out of 80 in her Math test . Calculate the percentage of
her marks.

2). Mohini bought a cow for Rs 9000 and sold it a loss of Rs 900. Find the S.P. of the
Cow.

3). Rahul got 150 marks out of 200 and Prabha got 180 marks out of 300. Whose
performance is better?

4). A shopkeeper purchased 200 bulbs for Rs.10 each. However 5 bulbs were fused
and had to be thrown away. The remaining were sold at Rs 12 each. Find the gain
or loss per cent.

5). A second hand Tv is for Rs 2500. And then Rs 500 was spent on its repair and
sold for Rs 3300. Find profit/loss percent.

6). The population of a city was Rs20,000 in 2019. It increased at the rate of 5%
per annum. Find the population of city at the end of the year 2020.

7). A fan is marked as Rs 15600 and it is available for Rs 12480. Find the discount .

8). Arun bought a car for Rs 3,50,000. The next year, the price went upto
Rs 3,70,000. What was the percentage of price increase.

9). Amina buys a book for Rs 275 and sells it at a loss of 15%. How much does she
sell it for?

10). What rate gives Rs 280 as interest on a sum of Rs 56,000 in 2 years?

11). A shop has 500 parts out of which 5 are defective. What percent are defective?

12). If Ram’s salary is Rs. 50,000 per month, Ram spends 10% of his salary for
helping the poor. Find how much salary he spends for helping the poor people?
What value of Ram is depicted above?

13). If the price of a shirt decreased from Rs.80 to Rs.60, find the percentage
decrease.

14). A shirt is marked at Rs. 850 and is sold for Rs 765. What is the discount and
discount percent.

15). A real estate agent earns Rs 50000 as commission on the sale of the property. If
the commission is 4% of the selling price. What is the selling price of the Property.
Work Sheet – 2 :
1. Fill in the blanks:-
a). While comparing two quantities their should be same.

b). If two ratios are equivalent then the four quantities are said to be in

c). Product of extremes = product of in a proportion.

d). In a proportion a : b : : c : d, d is called the proportional.

f). Percentages related to fractions are more than 100.

g). The money that is borrowed is known as _

h). 23% + 47% + = 100%

2. What is the Interest on Rs 12000 for 1 month at the rate of 10 % per annum.

3. Are 25, 15, 6, 5 in proportion ?

4. Find the ratio of the following:

(a) Speed of a cycle 15 km per hour to the speed of scooter 30 km per hour.

(b) 5 m to 10 km (c) 50 paise to Rs 5

5. A Woman earns Rs 100000 per month and spends 65 % of it. How much money
does she save every month?

6. To clear his stock a Lifestyle offers a discount of 50 %. Find the discount on

goods worth Rs1500?

7. The population of a city increased from 60000 to 62500. What is the increase
percent?

8. An alloy of iron and zinc contains 40 % of iron and the rest is zinc. Find the
weight of the zinc in 3 kg of the alloy?

9. In an exam, 85 % of the children pass. Find the number of children who passed,
if there were 1700 children.

10. What is the Interest on Rs 12000 for 1 month at the rate of 10 % per annum
6. PERIMETER & AREA ( Mensuration ) :
Concepts and Formulae:

Knowing how to calculate the perimeter and area of an object can be useful in many
contexts, particularly when we need to know how much of a material, we require to do a
certain task and how much it's going to cost. Some examples of this are calculating the area
of a wall, to ensure we buy the correct quantity of paint, or calculating the perimeter of a
vegetable garden, so we know how much fencing we need to order.

1. Find the perimeter and area of rectangles, squares, triangles and circles by direct
measurement and estimation.
2. Accurately calculate perimeter and area of rectangles, squares, triangles and circles using
formulae.
3. Solve real-life problems and tasks relating to perimeter, area and cost.
Perimeter
• The total length of the outside of a shape or the continuous line forming the boundary of
a closed geometric figure. perimeter is measured in mm, cm, m or km

Estimation and direct measurement of perimeter

To measure the perimeter of a rectangle, a square or a triangle, we simply measure the

length of each side using a ruler and add up the sides to get the perimeter. To measure the
perimeter of a circle, we need to use a piece of string: we can place the string along the
outline of the circle, marking off how much string it took to go around the circle once. Then
we measure that length of string on a ruler to estimate the perimeter of the circle. The
perimeter of a circle is the same as the circumference of the circle.

Circumference
The perimeter of a circle or the distance around the curved edge of a circle.
Circumference is measured in mm; cm; m or km.

Using formulae to calculate area

Area
The size of a surface or plane, or the amount of space inside the boundary of a flat .
There are simple formulae we can use:
Formulas For 2D Shapes

Shape Area (Square units) Perimeter (units) Figure

Square a2 4a

Rectangle l×b 2 ( l + b)

Circle πr2 2πr

Scalene √[s(s−a)(s−b)(s−c)] a+b+c

Triangle
Where, s = (a+b+c)/2

Isosceles ½×b×h 2a + b
Triangle

Equilateral (√3/4) × a2 3a
Triangle

Right Angle ½×b×h b + hypotenuse + h

Triangle

Rhombus ½ × d 1 × d2 4 × side

Parallelogram b×h 2(l+b)

Trapezium ½ h(a+b) a+b+c+d

Geometry Shapes Formulas for Solid Shapes:

Name of the Lateral / Curved

Solid Surface Area Total Surface Area Volume

Cuboid 2h (l + b) 2 (lb + bh + hl) l×b×h

Cube 4a2 6a2 a3

Right Prism Perimeter of Base × Lateral Surface Area + Area of Base ×

Height 2(Area of One End) Height

Right Circular 2 (π × r × h) 2πr (r + h) πr2h

Cylinder

Right Pyramid ½ (Perimeter of Base Lateral Surface Area + ⅓ (Area of the Base)
× Slant Height) Area of the Base × Height

Right Circular πrl πr (l + r) ⅓ (πr2h)

Cone

Sphere 4πr2 4πr2 4/3 (πr3)

Hemisphere 2πr2 3πr2 ⅔ (πr3)

Some Properties of Special Quadrilaterals

Questions ( W.S -1 ) :
1. Find the perimeter and area of the following squares whose dimensions are:

(a) 16 cm (b) 5.3 m

2. Find the perimeter of a square whose area is 625 cm².

3. Find the area of the square whose perimeter is 440 cm.

4. The area of a square field is 100 acres. Find its perimeter.

5. How many square tiles of side 9 cm will be needed to fit in a square floor of a
bathroom of side 720cm. Find the cost of tiling at the rate of RS 75 per tile.

6. The areas of a square and rectangle are equal. If the side of the square is 20 cm
and the breadth of the rectangle 10 cm, find the length of the rectangle and its
perimeter.

7. If it costs Rs 2400 to fence a square field at the rate of Rs 6 per m, find the length
of the side and the area of the field. Perimeter = (Total cost)/(Cost per m²).

8. A wire in the shape of rectangle whose width is 22 cm is bent to form a square of

side 31 cm. Find the length of the rectangle. Also, find which shape encloses more
area.

9. The area of a square field is 81 hectares. Find the cost of fencing the field with a
wire at the rate of Rs 2.25 per m.

10. Find the circumference of the circle whose radius is (a) 12 cm (b) 7.2 cm

11. Find the area of the circle whose diameter is (a) 28 cm (b) 10 cm.

12. The length, breadth and height of a cuboid are 20 cm, 15 cm, 10 cm
respectively. Find its total surface area.

13. In a building there are 24 cylindrical pillars with each having a radius 28 cm
and height 4 m. Find the cost of painting the curved surface area of all pillars at the
rate of Rs. 8 per meter square.

14. Find the height of cylinder whose radius is 7 cm and total surface area is 968
cm2.

15. A box is in the form of cuboid of dimensions (80x30x40) cm. The base the side
faces and back faces are to be covered with a colored paper. Find the area of paper
needed.
Work Sheet - 2
1. A roller takes 750 complete revolutions to move once over a level of road. Find
the area of road if the diameter of the roller is 84 cm and length is 1 m.

2. Find the area of rhombus whose diagonals are 8cm and 10cm.

3. A wire is in the shape of a rectangle. Its length is 40 cm and breadth is 22 cm. If

the same wire is rebent in the shape of a square, what will be the measure of each
side.

4. Find the cost of polishing a circular table-top of diameter 1.6 m, if the rate of
polishing is ₹15/m2. (Take π = 3.14)

5.

6. If the area of circle is 44 cm2, the area of shaded portion will be

7. The base of a cone has a radius of 4 cm. The height of the cone is 6 cm. Find the
volume of the cone.

8. A rectangular piece of dimensions 3 cm × 2 cm was cut from a rectangular sheet

of paper of dimensions 6 cm × 5 cm . Area of remaining sheet of paper is
9. Pizza factory has come out with two kinds of pizzas. A square pizza of side 45
cm costs 150 and a circular pizza of diameter 50 cm costs 160. Which pizza is a
better deal?costs

10. The radius of a Sphere is 2r, then its volume will be ?.

11. Calculate the height of a cuboid which has a base area of 180 cm2 and volume is
900 cm3.

12. The area of a rhombus is 16 cm2 and the length of one of its diagonal is 4 cm.
Calculate the length of the other diagonal.

13. Find the side of cube, whose volume is 64 m3 . .

14. Find the area of a trapezium whose parallel sides are 12 cm and 20 cm and the
distance between them is 15 cm.

15. The surface area of a cube is 384 cm2. Find

(i) the length of an edge
(ii) volume of the cube.

16. Find the total surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 5 cm and height 10 cm.

17. The volume of a cuboid is 448 cm3. Its height is 7 cm and the base is a square.
Find
(i) side of the square base
(ii) surface area of the cuboid.

18. If the circumference of a circular sheet is 176 m, find its diameter and area.

19. Two circles have areas in the ratio 16:121. Find the ratio of their circumference
and diameter

20. The legs of a right triangle are in the ratio of 3:4 and its area is 1014 sq.cm. Find
its hypotenuse.
7 . DATA HANDLING :
What is Data?

A systematic record of facts or different values of a quantity is called data.

Data mostly available to us in an unorganized form is called raw data.
Arranging data in an order to study their salient features is called presentation of data.

Frequency distribution table

Data is given to us in unorganized form. We organized them to make easy to read
Let’s understand it with an example 20 people were asked for their Favorite IPL team, the
answer is

Pune, Mumbai, Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Kolkata, Pune, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore,
Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Kolkata, Pune, Pune, Hyderabad, Pune

It will be difficult to read this data, so we can organize this data into table format

Team Number of People

Pune 7
Mumbai 5
Kolkata 3
Delhi 2
Hyderabad 2
Bangalore 1
The number of people is called the frequency

Frequency gives the number of times that a particular entry occurs

Table that shows the frequency of different values in the given data is called a frequency
distribution table

Organization of Data
Before using any data, first, we need to organize it in a systematic manner so that it could
be understood easily. Generally, data is organized in tabular form as it is easy to read and
understand.

In this tabular form, we can easily understand that how many students get how much mark.
Representative Values.
There must be a particular value which represents the complete data. This is the average of
the data. The average lies between the smallest and the largest number of data so it is
called Central tendency of the group of data.
There are three types of central tendency of data-
1. Arithmetic Mean
The mean is the average of the number of observations. To calculate mean we have to
divide the sum of the values of the observations by the total number of observations.

Example
The score of 8 students in science is given. Find the average score of the students.
25, 28, 23, 24, 29, 35, 42, 48
Solution

Remark: This is not necessary that the value of mean will be from one of the observations.

Range
Arithmetic mean lies between the smallest and the largest observation. A range is a
difference between the largest and the smallest observation.
Range = Largest Observation – Smallest Observation
2. Mode
For a different type of requirements different central tendencies are used.
Mode tells us the number of observation which occurs more frequently. The observation
which occurs most of the time is called the Mode of that group.
3. Median
The middle value of the given number of the observations which divides it into exactly two
parts is called Median.
To find the median, we have to arrange the data in ascending or descending order then find
the middle value of the given number of observations that is the median of that group.

a. If the number of observation is odd

b. If the number of observation is even

Bar Graph :

A bar graph is a pictorial representation of data in which rectangular bars of uniform width
are drawn with equal spacing between them on one axis, usually the x axis. The value of the
variable is shown on the other axis that is the y axis.

Double Bar Graph

This is the same as the bar graph just the two bars are joined off to represent two data on
the same graph. This is used to compare certain information.
Example
Represent the number of wild animals found in two states given below in double bar graph.
Wild Animals Karnataka Tamil Nadu

Lion 20 18

Tiger 16 20

Elephant 30 25

Rhino 15 22

Zebra 25 28

Solution
• Here we have chosen a scale of 5.
• The x-axis represents the name of wild animals.
• Y-axis represents the number of wild animals.
• The blue bar represents the number of animals in Karnataka.
• Pink bars represent the number of animals in Tamil Nadu.
This double bar graph is used to compare the number of animals in different states.

Grouped frequency distribution

Sometime data is very huge and it is not easy to create frequency distribution table. Also
there will be lot of categories so difficult to distinguish

Let’s Understand this with an example

A class of 50 students was given Physics test of Maximum Mark 60. Here is the test score of
the students

20,21,22,22,23,25,26,27,27,26,27,26,29,26,27,25,25,30,51,
55,46,47,48,41,42,31,34,35,35,36,36,37,37,35,37,39,39,37,
36,35,36,36,37,38,38,39,39,43,44,44

If we draw the frequency distribution based on individual marks, it will difficult to

understand the data, So for convenience we can group the Marks in equal interval and draw
the frequency distribution like below

Class Marks Frequency

20-25 5
25-30 12
30-35 3
35-40 20
40-45 5
45-50 3
50-55 2
• The above table is called grouped frequency distribution
• 20-25,25-30 are called the class interval
• In 20-25 class interval,20 is called lower class limit and 25 is called the upper class
limit
• The common observation like 20,30, etc. belongs to the higher class interval. So25
will belong to 25-30

Important Definition from above learning

• A table that shows the frequency of groups of values in the given data is called
a grouped frequency distribution table
• The groupings used to group the values in given data are called classes or class-
intervals. The number of values that each class contains is called the class size or
class width. The lower value in a class is called the lower class limit. The higher
value in a class is called the upper class limit.
• The common observation will belong to the higher class.
Histogram

Grouped data can be presented using histogram. Histogram is a type of bar diagram, where
the class intervals are shown on the horizontal axis and the heights of the bars show the
frequency of the class interval. Also, there is no gap between the bars as there is no gap
between the class intervals.

Circle Graph or Pie-chart

A circle graph shows the relationship between a whole and its part. The whole circle is
divided into sectors. The size of each sector is proportional to the activity or information it
represents

Example
The time spent by a student during a day.
Sleep — 8 hours ; School — 6 hours; Homework — 4 hours ; Play — 4 hours
Others — 2 hours. Draw the pie chart
Solution
Total hours are 24 hours. Now we need to find fraction of each of the activity with respect
to whole day and also the angle subtended by that activity to draw the pie chart

Activity Hours Fraction Central Angle

Sleep 8 8/24=1/3 (1/3) ×360=120

School 6 6/24=1/4 (1/4) ×360=90

Homework 4 4/24=1/6 (1/6) ×360=60

Play 4 4/24=1/6 (1/6) ×360=60

Others 2 2/24=1/12 (1/12) ×360=30

Now draw the Pie Chart by using above Cenral angles, by making the sectors.

Chance or Probability

Probability

Probability is the study of uncertainty.The uncertainty of any doubtful situation is

measured by means of Probability.
This tells us the chance of happening some outcomes from the total possible outcomes.

Example
If we throw a dice then what is the probability that we will get a 5 ?
Solution

Favourable outcome = 1 (there is only one possibility of getting 5)

Total no. of possible outcomes = 6 (total six numbers are there on a dice)
Probability of getting 5 = 1/6
❖ Probability of an impossible even is 0.
❖ Probability of an event can have a value from 0 to 1.
 ❖ Probability for rolling two dice with the six sided dots such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 dots in
each die.

❖ When two dice are thrown simultaneously, thus number of event can be 62 = 36 because
each die has 1 to 6 number on its faces. Then the possible outcomes are shown in the
below table.

❖ Probability – Sample space for two dice (outcomes):

Note:

❖ (i) The outcomes (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5) and (6, 6) are called doublets.

❖ (ii) The pair (1, 2) and (2, 1) are different outcomes.

Let us take the experiment of tossing three coins simultaneously:

❖ When we toss three coins simultaneously then the possible outcomes are: (HHH) or
(HHT) or (HTH) or (THH) or (HTT) or (THT) or (TTH) or (TTT) respectively; where H
is denoted for head and T is denoted for tail.

❖ Therefore, total number of outcomes are 23 = 8

Probability based on a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards.

Basic concept on drawing a card:

In a pack or deck of 52 playing cards, they are divided into 4 sets of 13 cards each i.e.
spades ♠ hearts ♥, diamonds ♦, clubs ♣.
Cards of Spades and clubs are black cards.

Cards of hearts and diamonds are red cards.

The card in each set, are ace, king, queen, jack or knaves, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2.

King, Queen and Jack (or Knaves) are face cards.

So, there are 12 face cards in the deck of 52 playing cards.

Questions ( W.S - 1 ) :
1.

0
3.

4.
5. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of

(i) getting six as a product (ii) getting sum ≤ 3

(iii) getting sum ≤ 10 (iv) getting a doublet

(v) getting a sum of 8 (vi) getting sum divisible by 5

(vii) getting sum of at least 11 (viii) getting a multiple of 3 as the sum

(ix) getting a total of at least 10 (x) getting an even number as the sum

(xi) getting a prime number as the sum

(xii) getting a doublet of even numbers

(xiii) getting a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 on the other die

6. A die is thrown. What is the probability of getting?

(i) an even number (ii) an odd number
(iii) A number between 3 and 6

7. What is the probability of a number selected from the numbers 1, 2, 3, ..... , 20 such that it
is a prime number?

8. A bag contains 3 blue and 2 red balls. A ball is drawn at random. What is the probability
of drawing a red ball?

9. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the probability of:

(i) ‘2’ of spades (ii) a jack (iii) a king of red colour

(iv) a card of diamond (v) a king or a queen (vi) a non-face card

(vii) a black face card (viii) a black card (ix) a non-ace

(x) non-face card of black colour (xi) neither a spade nor a jack

(xii) neither a heart nor a red king.

10. The king, queen and jack of clubs are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and then
shuffled. A card is drawn from the remaining cards. Find the probability of getting:

(i) a heart (ii) a queen (iii) a club (iv) ‘9’ of red color .
Work Sheet – 2:

1. When a die is thrown, Find the probability of the following

(a) getting prime number
(b) getting not a prime number.
(c) getting a number greater than 4
(d) getting a number not greater than 4.

2. A group of 360 people were asked to vote for their favorite season from the three
seasons rainy, winter and summer.

(i) Which season got the most votes?

(ii) Find the central angle of each sector.
(iii) Draw a pie chart to show this information.

3. The following graph shows the temperature of a patient in a hospital, recorded every
hour.
(a) What was the patient’s temperature at 1 p.m.?
(b) When was the patient’s temperature 38.5°C?

C )The patient’s temperature was the same two times during the period given. What were
these two times?
d) What was the temperature at 1.30 p.m.? How did you arrive at your answer?

4. When a die is thrown, list the outcomes of an event of getting

(a) a prime number,
(b) not a prime number.
5. When a die is thrown, list the outcomes of an event of getting
(a) a number greater than 5,
(b) a number not greater than 5

6. Numbers 1 to 10 are written on ten separate slips (one number on one slip), kept in a box
and mixed well. One slip is chosen from the box without looking into it. What is the
probability of
(i) getting a number 6?
(ii) getting a number less than 6?
(iii) getting a number greater than 6?
(iv) getting a 1-digit number?

7. If you have a spinning wheel with 3 green sectors, 1 blue sector and 1 red sector, what is
the probability of getting a green sector? What is the probability of getting a non-blue
sector?

8.Organise the following marks in a class assessment, in a tabular form.

4, 6, 7, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 2, 6, 2, 5,1, 9, 6, 5, 8, 4, 6, 7
(i) Which number is the highest? (ii) Which number is the lowest?
(iii) What is the range of the data? (iv) Find the arithmetic mean.

9.A cricketer scores the following runs in eight innings: 58, 76,40, 35, 46, 45, 0,100. Find the
mean score.

10.The marks (out of 100) obtained by a group of students in a Math test are
85,76,90,85,39,48,56,95,81 and 75. Find the :
(i) Highest and the lowest marks obtained by the students.
(ii) Range of the marks obtained.
(iii) Mean marks obtained by the group.

11.The scores in mathematics test (out of 25) of 15 students is as follows :

19, 25, 23, 20, 9, 20,15, 10, 5,16, 25, 20, 24, 12, 20
Find the mode and median of this data. Are they same?

12.Find the mode and median of the following data : 13, 16, 12, 14, 19, 12, 14, 13, 14.

13.Tell whether the statement is true or false :

1. The mode is always one of the numbers in a data.

2. The mean is one of the numbers in a data.
3. The median is always One of the numbers in a data.
4. The data 6, 4, 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 9 has mean 9

14.The runs scored in a cricket match by 11 players is as follows :

6, 15, 120, 50, 100, 80, 10, 15, 8, 10,15
Find the mean, mode and median of this data. Are the three same?

15. Find the range of Math Marks of any ten students of your class