Module 1
LESSON
2
Temperature, Pressure and
Enthalpy
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Determine the relationship of temperature, pressure and
enthalpy.
• Solve problems relating to pressure-temperature
Introduction:
Welcome to the second lesson of your Module 1 of the course
Applied Physics. In this lesson, you will be learning that the pressure
of a given amount of gas is directly proportional to the temperature
at a given volume. When the temperature of a system goes up, the
pressure also goes up, and vice versa. Enjoy your lesson 2.
Activity:
Conduct the following with utmost safety.
*Prepare a kettle half-filled with water in a stove.
*Boil the water using a low fire.
*observe keenly on what is until the water is boiling.
Analysis:
After conducting the activity above, answer the following questions. Use
the space below for your answers.
1. What is the role of the fire in the activity. Explain in the molecular level.
2. Why would the steam scape from the kettle upwards?
3. What could possibly happen if this activity is being conducted but the
kettle is being totally sealed to avoid any steam to escape?
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Abstraction:
The terms “temperature” and “heat” are often used interchangeably
in everyday language. In physics, however, these two terms have very
different meanings. Heat refers to energy transfer caused by
temperature differences. So, what is temperature?
The concept of temperature is rooted in qualitative ideas based on
our sense of touch. A body that feels “hot” usually has a higher
temperature than a similar body that feels “cold.” Temperature is also
related to the kinetic energies of the molecules of a material and has
a relationship with energy at molecular level. We can also define
temperature at macroscopic level.
Temperature is a measure of hotness and coldness. And the
thermometer is the systematic tool that we used to measure it using
the standard scales such as Celsius, Fahrenheit and kelvin where 20
degrees Celsius = 68 degrees Fahrenheit = 293 Kelvin. To convert a
temperature difference in F° to one in C°, multiply by 5/9; to convert
a temperature difference in C° to one in F°, multiply by 9/5.
Temperature has a direct effect towards pressure. But what is
pressure? Pressure is defined as the force divided by the area
perpendicular to the force over which the force is applied, or P = F/A.
A given force can have a significantly different effect depending on
the area over which the force is exerted. The SI unit for pressure is the
pascal, where 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 .
But we can also use weight instead of force, making is P = mg/A.
But we know in previous lesson that density is equals to mass/volume.
or m = pV
.
And so our equation becomes
But volume is equals to area x height, making our equation to be
Now, for object at the bottom of the ocean, the total pressure this
object is experiencing is atmospheric pressure + pgh. This formula is
valid as long as you are exposed to the atmosphere.
Barometric Pressure, also known as atmospheric pressure is a
pressure applied to any object that is in an atmosphere, e.g. on earth.
The standard atmospheric pressure, at sea level at a temperature of
25 °C is 101.325 kPa or 1atm. Barometric pressure is measured with
a barometer.
Manometric Pressure, also known as the gauge pressure is an internal
pressure of a system, and does not include the barometric pressure.
Manometric pressure is measured with a manometer.
Absolute Pressure is the total amount of pressure including both the
manometric and barometric pressures. You can use the formula:
Absolute Pressure = Barometric Pressure + Manometric Pressure
Now, let’s consider the situation inside a kettle where the water inside
is starting to boil. You will notice that when the water is boiling, steam
is rushing out from the kettle, even lifting the kettle cover for them to
scape. So, we can see that as the temperature of the water increases
it will boil leading to an increase of the pressure inside the kettle
brought about by the vapor that is trying to escape. This relationship
is the subject of the ideal gas law. This law combines the relationships
between p, V, T and mass. The ideal gas law is: pV = nRT, where n is
the number of moles, and R is universal gas constant. The value of R
depends on the units involved, but is usually stated with S.I. units as:
R = 8.314 J/mol·K. For air, one mole is 28.97 g (=0.02897 kg), so we
can do a unit conversion from moles to kilograms.
This means that for air, you can use the value R = 287 J/kg·K. If you
use this value of R, then technically the formula should be written as
pV = mRT, where m represents the mass of air in kg.
The relationship of pressure and temperature is the subject of
enthalpy. Enthalpy is a property of a thermodynamic system. It is the
sum of the system's internal energy and the product of its pressure
and volume. During heat transfer, heat Q can be represented by heat
capacity coefficient Cp times the temperature T.
(H2 - H1) = Cp * (T2 - T1)
Example 1
A 25.0 mm diameter piston is in a piston system. The mass of the
piston and platform is 55.0 g. If a 0.584 kg weight is placed on top of
the platform to equilibrate the pressure, then what is the manometric
pressure inside? Assume the barometric pressure is 101.300 kPa and
g = 9.807 m/s2
.
Example 2
A pressure-volume relationship for a given gas is Pv1.2 = Constant. At
a pressure of 1.5 bars, the volume of the gas is 55 mL. The mass of the
gas inside is 80 mg. If temperature is kept constant, what should the
new pressure be (in bars) when the volume is decreased to 35 mL?
Assume that 1 bar = 100000 Pa, express your answer in kPa.
Application:
Calculate the volume of a 1.5 kg ideal gas with a molar mass of 55
g/mol at a pressure of 130 kPa, and a temperature of 80°C. Determine
the specific volume and the density of the gas?
