Programming Concepts

(Using C++)

Slide 1
Reference:

Slide 2
Object Oriented
Programming
• Abbreviated OOP

• Used for many modern programs

• Program is viewed as interacting objects

– Each object contains algorithms to describe its behavior
– Program design phase involves designing objects and
their algorithms

Slide 3
OOP Characteristics
• Encapsulation
– Information hiding
– Objects contain their own data and algorithms

• Inheritance
– Writing reusable code
– Objects can inherit characteristics from other objects

• Polymorphism
– A single name can have multiple meanings depending
on its context

Slide 4
Defining Classes

Slide 5
 Overview
▪ Introduction
▪ Structures
▪ Classes
▪ Abstract Data Types

Slide 6
What Is a Class?
• A class is a data type whose variables are
objects
• Some pre-defined classes you have used are
– int
– char
– ifstream
• You can define your own classes as well

Slide 7
Class Definitions

• A class definition includes

– A description of the kinds of values the variable
can hold
– A description of the member functions

• We will start by defining structures as a first

step toward defining classes

Slide 8
 6.1
Structures
• A structure can be viewed as an object
– Contains no member functions
(The structures used here have no member functions)

– Contains multiple values of possibly different types

• The multiple values are logically related as a single item
• Example: A bank Certificate of Deposit (CD)
has the following values:
a balance
an interest rate
a term (months to maturity)

Slide 9
The CD Definition
• The Certificate of Deposit structure can be
defined as
struct CDAccount
{
double balance;
double interest_rate;
int term; //months to maturity
}; Remember this semicolon!
• Keyword struct begins a structure definition
• CDAccount is the structure tag or the structure’s
type
• Member names are identifiers declared in the braces

Slide 10
Using the Structure
• Structure definition is generally placed outside
any function definition
– This makes the structure type available to all code
that follows the structure definition
• To declare two variables of type CDAccount:

CDAccount my_account, your_account;

– My_account and your_account contain distinct
member variables balance, interest_rate, and
term
Slide 11
The Structure Value
• The Structure Value
– Consists of the values of the member variables

• The value of an object of type CDAccount

– Consists of the values of the member variables

balance
interest_rate
term

Slide 12
 Specifying Member
Variables
• Member variables are specific to the
structure variable in which they are declared
– Syntax to specify a member variable:
Structure_Variable_Name . Member_Variable_Name

– Given the declaration:

CDAccount my_account, your_account;
• Use the dot operator to specify a member variable
my_account.balance
my_account.interest_rate
my_account.term

Slide 13
Using Member Variables

• Member variables can be used just as any

other variable of the same type
– my_account.balance = 1000;
your_account.balance = 2500;
• Notice that my_account.balance and
your_account.balance
are different variables!
– my_account.balance = my_account.balance + interest;

Slide 14
Duplicate Names
• Member variable names duplicated between
structure types are not a problem.
struct FertilizerStock struct CropYield
{ {
double quantity; int quantity;
double nitrogen_content; double size;
}; };

FertilizerStock super_grow; CropYield apples;

• super_grow.quantity and apples.quantity are
different variables stored in different locations

Slide 15
Structures as Arguments

• Structures can be arguments in function calls

– The formal parameter can be call-by-value
– The formal parameter can be call-by-reference
• Example:
void get_data(CDAccount& the_account);
– Uses the structure type CDAccount we saw earlier
as the type for a call-by-reference parameter

Slide 16
Structures as Return Types

• Structures can be the type of a value returned

by a function
• Example:
CDAccount shrink_wrap(double the_balance,
double the_rate,
int the_term)
{
CDAccount temp;
temp.balance = the_balance;
temp.interest_rate = the_rate;
temp.term = the_term;
return temp;
}

Slide 17
 Using Function shrink_wrap
• shrink_wrap builds a complete structure value
in temp, which is returned by the function
• We can use shrink_wrap to give a variable of
type CDAccount a value in this way:

CDAccount new_account;
new_account = shrink_wrap(1000.00, 5.1,
11);

Slide 18
Assignment and Structures

• The assignment operator can be used to

assign
values to structure types
• Using the CDAccount structure again:
CDAccount my_account, your_account;
my_account.balance = 1000.00;
my_account.interest_rate = 5.1;
my_account.term = 12;
your_account = my_account;
– Assigns all member variables in your_account the
corresponding values in my_account
Slide 19
Hierarchical Structures
• Structures can contain member variables that are
also structures
struct Date struct PersonInfo
{ {
int month; double height;
int day; int weight;
int year; Date birthday;
}; };

• struct PersonInfo contains a Date structure

Slide 20
Using PersonInfo
• A variable of type PersonInfo is declared by
PersonInfo person1;
• To display the birth year of person1, first access the
birthday member of person1

cout << person1.birthday…

But we want the year, so we now specify the

year member of the birthday member

cout << person1.birthday.year;

Slide 21
Initializing Classes
• A structure can be initialized when declared
• Example:
struct Date
{
int month;
int day;
int year;
};
– Can be initialized in this way
Date due_date = {12, 31, 2004};

Slide 22
 6.2
Classes
• A class is a data type whose variables are
objects
– The definition of a class includes
• Description of the kinds of values of the member
variables
• Description of the member functions
– A class description is somewhat like a
structure
definition plus the member variables

Slide 23
A Class Example
• To create a new type named DayOfYear as
a class definition
– Decide on the values to represent
– This example’s values are dates such as July 4
using an integer for the number of the month

• Member variable month is an int (Jan = 1, Feb = 2, etc.)

• Member variable day is an int
– Decide on the member functions needed
– We use just one member function named output

Slide 24
Class DayOfYear Definition
class DayOfYear
{
public:
void output( );
int month;
int day;
};
Member Function Declaration

Slide 25
Defining a Member Function

• Member functions are declared in the class

declaration
• Member function definitions identify the class
in which the function is a member
– void DayOfYear::output()
{
cout << “month = “ << month
<< “, day = “ << day
<< endl;
}

Slide 26
Member Function Definition

• Member function definition syntax:

Returned_Type Class_Name::Function_Name(Parameter_List)
{
Function Body Statements
}
– Example: void DayOfYear::output( )
{
cout << “month = “ << month
<< “, day = “ << day << endl;
}

Slide 27
The ‘::’ Operator
• ‘::’ is the scope resolution operator
– Tells the class a member function is a member of

– void DayOfYear::output( ) indicates that function

output is a member of the DayOfYear class

– The class name that precedes ‘::’ is a type

qualifier

Slide 28
‘::’ and ‘.’
• ‘::’ used with classes to identify a member
void DayOfYear::output( )
{
// function body
}

• ‘.’used with variables to identify a member

DayOfYear birthday;
birthday.output( );

Slide 29
Calling Member Functions

• Calling the DayOfYear member function

output
is done in this way:
DayOfYear today, birthday;
today.output( );
birthday.output( );
– Note that today and birthday have their own
versions of the month and day variables for use
by the output function
Slide 30
Encapsulation

• Encapsulation is
– Combining a number of items, such as variables
and functions, into a single package such as an
object of a class

Slide 31
Problems With DayOfYear

• Changing how the month is stored in the class

DayOfYear requires changes to the program
• If we decide to store the month as three
characters (JAN, FEB, etc.) instead of an int
– cin >> today.month will no longer work because
we now have three character variables to read
– if(today.month == birthday.month) will no longer
work to compare months
– The member function “output” no longer works

Slide 32
Ideal Class Definitions

• Changing the implementation of DayOfYear

requires changes to the program that uses
DayOfYear
• An ideal class definition of DayOfYear could
be changed without requiring changes to
the program that uses DayOfYear

Slide 33
Fixing DayOfYear

• To fix DayOfYear
– We need to add member functions to use when
changing or accessing the member variables
• If the program never directly references the member
variables, changing how the variables are stored will
not
require changing the program
– We need to be sure that the program does not
ever
directly reference the member variables

Slide 34
Public Or Private?

• C++ helps us restrict the program from directly

referencing member variables
– private members of a class can only be referenced
within the definitions of member functions
• If the program tries to access a private member, the
compiler gives an error message
– Private members can be variables or functions

Slide 35
Private Variables
• Private variables cannot be accessed directly
by the program
– Changing their values requires the use of public
member functions of the class
– To set the private month and day variables in a
new
DayOfYear class use a member function such as
void DayOfYear::set(int new_month, int new_day)
{
month = new_month;
day = new_day;
}

Slide 36
Public or Private Members

• The keyword private identifies the members of

a class that can be accessed only by member
functions of the class
– Members that follow the keyword private are
private members of the class
• The keyword public identifies the members of
a class that can be accessed from outside the
class
– Members that follow the keyword public are public
members of the class

Slide 37
A New DayOfYear

• The new DayOfYear class demonstrated in

Display 6.4…
– Uses all private member variables
– Uses member functions to do all manipulation of
the
private member variables
• Member variables and member function definitions can
be
changed without changes to the
program that uses DayOfYear

Slide 38
Using Private Variables

• It is normal to make all member variables

private
• Private variables require member functions to
perform all changing and retrieving of values
– Accessor functions allow you to obtain the
values of member variables
• Example: get_day in class DayOfYear
– Mutator functions allow you to change the values
of member variables
• Example: set in class DayOfYear

Slide 39
General Class Definitions
• The syntax for a class definition is
– class Class_Name
{
public:
Member_Specification_1
Member_Specification_2
…
Member_Specification_3
private:
Member_Specification_n+1
Member_Specification_n+2
…
};

Slide 40
Declaring an Object

• Once a class is defined, an object of the class

is
declared just as variables of any other type
– Example: To create two objects of type Bicycle:
class Bicycle
{
// class definition lines
};

Bicycle my_bike, your_bike;

Slide 41
The Assignment Operator

• Objects and structures can be assigned values

with the assignment operator (=)
– Example:
DayOfYear due_date, tomorrow;

tomorrow.set(11, 19);

due_date = tomorrow;

Slide 42
Program Example:
BankAccount Class
• This bank account class allows
– Withdrawal of money at any time
– All operations normally expected of a bank
account
(implemented with member functions)
– Storing an account balance
– Storing the account’s interest rate

Slide 43
Calling Public Members

• Recall that if calling a member function from

the
main function of a program, you must include
the the object name:
account1.update( );

Slide 44
Calling Private Members

• When a member function calls a private

member function, an object name is not used
– fraction (double percent);
is a private member of the BankAccount class
– fraction is called by member function update
void BankAccount::update( )
{
balance = balance + fraction(interest_rate)* balance;
}

Slide 45
Constructors
• A constructor can be used to initialize member
variables when an object is declared
– A constructor is a member function that is usually
public
– A constructor is automatically called when an object
of the class is declared
– A constructor’s name must be the name of the class
– A constructor cannot return a value
• No return type, not even void, is used in declaring or
defining a constructor

Slide 46
Constructor Declaration
• A constructor for the BankAccount class could
be declared as:
class BankAccount
{
public:
BankAccount(int dollars, int cents, double rate);
//initializes the balance to $dollars.cents
//initializes the interest rate to rate percent
…//The rest of the BankAccount definition
};

Slide 47
Constructor Definition
• The constructor for the BankAccount class
could be defined as
BankAccount::BankAccount(int dollars, int cents, double
rate)
{
if ((dollars < 0) || (cents < 0) || ( rate < 0 ))
{
cout << “Illegal values for money or rate\n”;
exit(1);
}
balance = dollars + 0.01 * cents;
interest_rate = rate;
}
– Note that the class name and function name are the same

Slide 48
Calling A Constructor

• A constructor is not called like a normal

member function:

BankAccount account1;

account1.BankAccount(10, 50, 2.0);

Slide 49
Calling A Constructor

• A constructor is called in the object

declaration

BankAccount account1(10, 50, 2.0);

– Creates a BankAccount object and calls the

constructor to initialize the member variables

Slide 50
Overloading Constructors

• Constructors can be overloaded by defining

constructors with different parameter lists
– Other possible constructors for the BankAccount
class might be

BankAccount (double balance, double

interest_rate);
BankAccount (double balance);
BankAccount (double interest_rate);
BankAccount ( );

Slide 51
The Default Constructor
• A default constructor uses no parameters
• A default constructor for the BankAccount class
could be declared in this way
class BankAccount
{
public:
BankAccount( );
// initializes balance to $0.00
// initializes rate to 0.0%
… // The rest of the class definition
};

Slide 52
Default Constructor
Definition
• The default constructor for the BankAccount
class could be defined as
BankAccount::BankAccount( )
{
balance = 0;
rate = 0.0;
}
• It is a good idea to always include a default
constructor even if you do not want to initialize
variables

Slide 53
Calling Default Constructor

• The default constructor is called during

declaration of an object
– An argument list is not used

BankAccount account1;
// uses the default BankAccount
constructor

BankAccount account1( );
// Is not legal

Slide 54
Initialization Sections

• An initialization section in a function definition

provides an alternative way to initialize
member variables
– BankAccount::BankAccount( ): balance(0),
interest_rate(0.0);

{
// No code needed in this example
}
– The values in parenthesis are the initial values for
the member variables listed

Slide 55
Parameters and Initialization
• Member functions with parameters can use
initialization sections
BankAccount::BankAccount(int dollars, int cents, double
rate)
: balance (dollars + 0.01 *
cents),
interest_rate(rate)
{
if (( dollars < 0) || (cents < 0) || (rate < 0))
{
cout << “Illegal values for money or rate\n”;
exit(1);
}
}
– Notice that the parameters can be arguments in the initialization

Slide 56
 6.3
Abstract Data Types

• A data type consists of a collection of values

together with a set of basic operations
defined on the values
• A data type is an Abstract Data Type (ADT)
if programmers using the type do not have
access to the details of how the values and
operations are implemented

Slide 57
Classes To Produce ADTs

• To define a class so it is an ADT

– Separate the specification of how the type is used
by a programmer from the details of how the type
is implemented
– Make all member variables private members
– Basic operations a programmer needs should be
public member functions
– Fully specify how to use each public function
– Helper functions should be private members

Slide 58
ADT Interface
• The ADT interface tells how to use the ADT in
a program
– The interface consists of
• The public member functions
• The comments that explain how to use the functions
– The interface should be all that is needed to know
how to use the ADT in a program

Slide 59
ADT Implementation
• The ADT implementation tells how the
interface is realized in C++
– The implementation consists of
• The private members of the class
• The definitions of public and private member functions
– The implementation is needed to run a program
– The implementation is not needed to write the
main part of a program or any non-member
functions

Slide 60
ADT Benefits
• Changing an ADT implementation does
require
changing a program that uses the ADT
• ADT’s make it easier to divide work among
different programmers
– One or more can write the ADT
– One or more can write code that uses the ADT
• Writing and using ADTs breaks the larger
programming task into smaller tasks

Slide 61
Program Example
The BankAccount ADT
• In this version of the BankAccount ADT
– Data is stored as three member variables
• The dollars part of the account balance
• The cents part of the account balance
• The interest rate
– This version stores the interest rate as a fraction

Slide 62
Interface Preservation
• To preserve the interface of an ADT so that
programs using it do not need to be changed
– Public member declarations cannot be changed
– Public member definitions can be changed
– Private member functions can be added, deleted,
or changed

Slide 63
Information Hiding
• Information hiding was refered to earlier as
writing functions so they can be used like
black boxes
• ADT’s implement information hiding because
– The interface is all that is needed to use the ADT
– Implementation details of the ADT are not needed
to know how to use the ADT
– Implementation details of the data values are not
needed to know how to use the ADT

Slide 64
Display 6.1
(1/2) Back Next

Slide 65
Display 6.1
(2/2) Back Next

Slide 66
Display 6.2
Back Next

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Display 6.3
(1/2) Back Next

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Display 6.3
(2/2) Back Next

Slide 69
Display 6.4
(1/3) Back Next

Slide 70
Display 6.4
(2/3) Back Next

Slide 71
Display 6.4
(3/3) Back Next

Slide 72
Display 6.5
(1/4) Back Next

Slide 73
Display 6.5
(2/4) Back Next

Slide 74
Display 6.5
(3/4) Back Next

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Display 6.5
(4/4) Back Next

Slide 76
Display 6.6
(1/3) Back Next

Slide 77
Display 6.6
(2/3) Back Next

Slide 78
Display 6.6
(3/3) Back Next

Slide 79
Display 6.7
(1/4) Back Next

Slide 80
Display 6.7
(2/4)Back Next

Slide 81
Display 6.7
(3/4) Back Next

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Display 6.7
(4/4)Back Next

Slide 83