CHEMICAL PROCESS exposure.

Fixation stabilizes the image and makes it permanent

Chemical processes in photography refer to the series of by dissolving and washing away the unexposed silver halide.
chemical reactions involved in capturing and developing Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) - is the main fixing agent that
photographic images on light-sensitive materials, such as film or dissolves unexposed silver halides. The fixing agent in
photographic paper. photography is typically a solution containing sodium
The process of making the latent image visible and thiosulfate (commonly known as hypo) or ammonium
permanent. thiosulfate. It's used in the fixing step of film or print
A. Development (Use of either D-76, Dektol or Universal development to dissolve and remove any remaining silver halide
Solution) - This is the process of converting the latent image into crystals from the light-sensitive material after the development
a visible image. It involves placing the exposed material in a process, stabilizing the image and making it permanent.
developer solution, which contains chemicals that reduce the
exposed silver halide crystals to metallic silver. This creates a Other chemicals used:
visible image composed of silver particles. Is the process  Acetic Acid and Boric acid - serves as neutralizer.
necessary for reducing the silver halides to form the image Acetic Acid - Acetic acid, also known as vinegar when diluted,
is commonly used as a stop bath solution. It neutralizes the
Elon Hydroquenone - used as main developing agents. Elon is a alkaline developer solution on film or prints, halting the
trade name for a developer used in traditional black and white development process and helping to preserve the final image.
photography, containing hydroquinone as its primary active
ingredient. Hydroquinone is a chemical compound that acts as a Boric Acid - Boric acid is sometimes used as a buffering agent in
developing agent, reducing exposed silver halide crystals in film developing solutions to maintain a stable pH. It helps ensure
or paper to metallic silver during the development process. Elon that the developer solution remains at the optimal acidity level
developer, with its hydroquinone content, is known for its for efficient development. Additionally, boric acid can act as a
ability to produce fine-grain negatives with good contrast and preservative in certain developer formulations.
tonal range.
D-76 is a popular black and white film developer used in  Sodium Sulfate - serves as the preservative.
traditional film photography. It's known for its versatility and Sodium sulfate is a white crystalline compound commonly used
wide usage among photographers. D-76 is a powdered in various industries, including photography. In photography, it
developer that needs to be mixed with water before use. It is sometimes used in developing solutions to control the pH
typically consists of metol (also known as p-aminophenol) and level and act as a buffering agent, ensuring consistent and
sodium sulfate as its primary active ingredients. Metol acts as reliable results during the development process.
the developing agent, which reduces the exposed silver halide  Potassium Bromide - restrainer or hardener.
crystals in the film to metallic silver during the development Potassium bromide is a chemical compound consisting of
process. Sodium sulfate is used as a preservative and as a potassium and bromine atoms. In photography, it has been
component to maintain the proper pH of the developer solution. historically used as an additive to photographic developers to
Additionally, D-76 may contain other additives such as reduce fogging and control contrast. However, its usage has
hydroquinone to fine-tone the development characteristics. declined with the advent of modern photographic practices.
 Sodium bicarbonate and borax powder - serves as
Dektol is a commonly used photographic paper developer accelerator.
known for its versatility and efficiency in producing high-quality Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is a
prints. It's often referred to as a "universal" solution because it white crystalline compound used in a variety of applications,
can develop a wide range of black and white photographic including baking, cleaning, and as a household remedy. In
papers with consistent results. photography, it can be used to neutralize acids or as a buffering
agent in certain developing solutions.

B. Stop bath - After development, the material is rinsed in a stop Borax powder, also known as sodium borate, is a naturally
bath solution to halt the development process. This prevents occurring mineral that is used in cleaning products, cosmetics,
over-development and ensures that the image is fixed at the and insecticides. In photography, it has been historically used as
desired level of contrast and density. Normally composed of a mild alkali in some developing solutions to adjust pH and
water with little amount of dilute acetic acid that serves as a enhance development, though its use has diminished over time.
means to prevent contamination between the developer and the
acid fixer. Dodging - In photography, dodging refers to a technique used
Dilute acetic acid, commonly known as vinegar, is a weak during the printing process to selectively lighten or reduce the
solution of acetic acid in water. It's often used in photography as exposure of certain areas of a photograph. This is typically done
a stop bath solution to halt the development process by by blocking or shading parts of the image during the printing
neutralizing the alkaline developer, helping to preserve the final process to control the amount of light reaching specific areas,
image. resulting in lighter tones in those areas of the final print.

C. Fixation - Is the process by which all unexposed silver halides Cropping - Cropping involves cutting out or removing parts of
are dissolved or removed from the emulsion surface and making an image to change its composition or focus on specific elements.
the image more permanent. In this step, the material is immersed It's like trimming the edges of a photo to remove unwanted or
in a fixing solution, which removes any remaining silver halide distracting elements and to better frame the main subject.
crystals that were not exposed to light during the initial Cropping can help improve the composition or visual impact of
a photograph.
Vignetting - Vignetting refers to the gradual darkening or fading
of an image towards the edges or corners. It can occur naturally
due to limitations in lens design or camera settings, or it can be
intentionally added for artistic effect. Vignetting can draw
attention to the central subject of the image by darkening the
edges, creating a subtle framing effect.

Dye toning - is the process designed in changing the color tone

of the photograph.

Burning-In - refers to additional exposure on a desired portion

of the negative used for purposes of making a balance exposure.