CONCEPTS TO LEARN IN MATH

Law of Exponents (Zero and Negative Exponents)

Exponents
exponent
3
{5

Power

base

Example: 125 = 53 means that 53 is the exponential form of the number 125.

The Laws of Exponents:

1. Exponential form: The exponent of a power indicates how many times the base
multiples itself.

n
x =x ∙ x ∙ x ∙∙ ∙∙ x ∙ x ∙ x ∙ x

2. Multiplying Powers: If you are multiplying Powers with the same base, KEEP
the BASE & ADD the EXPONENTS.

m n m +n
x ∙ x =x

3. Dividing Powers: When dividing Powers with the same base, KEEP the BASE &
SUBTRACT the EXPONENTS.

m
x m n m−n
n
=x ÷ x =x
x

Solve these:
1. 32 ×32=3 2+2=3 4
2. 52 ×54 =52+ 4=56
 5 2 5+2 7
3. a × a =a =a
2 7 2+7 9
4. 2 s × 4 s =8 s =8 s
2 3 5
5. (−3) ×(−3) =(−3)
2 4 7 3 2+7 4+3 9 7
6. s t × s t =s × t =s t

Continuation:
4. Power of a Power: If you are raising a Power to an exponent, you multiply the
exponents.

n
( x m ) =x mn

5. Product Law of Exponents: If the product of the bases is powered by the same
exponent, then the result is a multiplication of individual factors of the product,
each powered by the given exponent.

( xy )n=x n ∙ y n

6. Quotient Law of Exponents: If the quotient of the bases is powered by the

same exponent, then the result is both numerator and denominator, each
powered by the given exponent.

()
n n
x x
= n
y y

Solve these:
5
1. ( 32 ) =3(2)(5)=310
4
2. ( a 3 ) =a(3 )(4 )=a 12
3
3. ( 2 a2 ) =23 a6=8 a6
2
4. ( 22 a5 b3 ) =24 a10 b6=16 a10 b 6
2
5. (−3 a 2 ) =(−3 )2 a4 =9 a 4
3
6. ( s2 t 4 ) =s 6 t 12

()
5 5
s s
7. = 5
t t

( ) ( )
8 2 4 2 2 8 2 16 2 8
st st s t s t s t
8. 4
=
r
= 2 or ¿ 2 8= 2
rt r r t r
 ( )
9 2 18
3 3
9. 5
= 10
3 3

( )
5 8 2
36 a b 3
=( 9 a b ) =9 a b =81 a b
3 2 2 6 2 6
10. 4 5
4a b

Continuation:
7. Negative Law of Exponents: If the base is powered by the negative exponent,
then the base becomes reciprocal with the positive exponent.

−m 1
x = m
x

8. Zero Law of Exponents: Any base powered by zero exponent equals one.

0
x =1 x ≠ 0

Solve these:
0
1. ( 2 a2 b ) =1
2 −4 2+(−4 ) −2 1
2. y × y = y =y = 2
y
5 −1 1
3. ( a ) =a =
−5
5
a
4. s−2 × 4 s 7=4 s−2+7=4 s 5
8 8
−2 3 −4 x x
5. ( 3 x y ) =3 x y = 4 12 =
−4 8 −12
12
3 y 81 y

( )
2 −1 −2 1
2 2 x x
6. = −1 = 2 =
x x 2 4
0
7. ( s2 t 4 ) =1

( )
9 −2 −18 10
3 3 3 −8 1
8. 5
= −10
= 18 =3 ∨ 8
3 3 3 3

( ) (
2 2 −2
s t −2
= s t ) =s t
−2 −2 4 4
9. 4 4
s t

( )
5 −2 1 −2 −2 10
36 a 9a 9 a b
10. 2 5
= 5
= −10 = 2 2
4a b b b 9 a
PRIME NUMBERS

2 3 5 7 11
13 17 19 23 29
31 37 41 43 47
53 59 61 67 71
73 79 83 89 97

SEQUENCE/SERIES
 Some situations don’t need the use of permutation or combination, if you are given
situations like 3 vegetables, 5 meats, etc, you just need to multiply them all or analyze the
situation.

PERMUTATION
r
n
n!
nPr=
( n−r ) !

COMBINATION
n!
nCr=
( n−r ) ! r !

QUADRATIC FORMULA

−b ± √ b2−4 ac
x= , you can use this if you are finding the roots of a quadratic equation .
2a