Unit 12 Conjunctions
Unit 12 Conjunctions
YABANCI DİL I
WEEK 12
YDL 183
YABANCI DİL I
KBUZEM
Karabük Üniversitesi
Uzaktan Eğitim Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
Karabük Üniversitesi Uzaktan Eğitim Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi
Mühendislik Fakültesi No: 215 Balıklarkayası Mevkii 78050 Karabük TÜRKİYE
YDL 183 2
YABANCI DİL I
Grammar
Conjunctions: Because, So, But, And, Also, Or
Vocabulary
Hobbies, Sports, Interests
Visit our official website ydl.karabuk.edu.tr for any information about YDL.
Send an email to ydl@karabuk.edu.tr for your questions, problems or wishes.
Or you can visit the Department of Foreign Languages (School of Foreign Languages, Ground
Floor, Room 8).
Use conjunctions to join words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Conjunctions may have
diferent purposes. They may present a reason, a result, a parellelism and so on. Six
different conjunctions will be explained in this unit.
12.1. BECAUSE
Reason Result
I slept only for an hour yesterday I’m very sleepy and tired now.
Because I slept only for an hour yesterday, I’m very sleepy and tired now.
I’m very sleepy and tired now because I slept only for an hour yesterday.
Why are you so happy?
Because today is my birthday.
I’m happy because today is my birthday.
NOTE: Do not use “because” before words or phrases. Use a sentence after “because”.
I didn’t call you because I didn’t have a mobile phone. Use a full sentence
I didn’t call you because a mobile phone. Don’t use a phrase.
EXERCISES (1)
A. Rewrite the sentences using the conjunction “because”
1. I’m sad. I lost my wallet.
I’m sad because I lost my wallet.
2. Clara is happy. It’s her birthday today.
_____________________________________
3. She’s studying hard. She has a test tomorrow.
_____________________________________
4. Scott didn’t come to school. He was ill.
_____________________________________
5. It is quite cold. I’m closing the windows.
_____________________________________
6. My son’s clothes are wet. He’s playing in the rain.
_____________________________________
7. Luna is hungry. She wants a hamburger.
_____________________________________
8. They don’t have a car. They are poor.
_____________________________________
9. I wash my hair every day. It is clean.
_____________________________________
10. Michael is laughing. Tim is telling a great joke.
_____________________________________
1. I’m not going to my hometown this year __because I’m too busy____.
2. Remzi hates Karabük ____________________________.
3. Jenny didn’t play basketball _______________________.
4. Because Emma watches films all the time __________________.
5. _______________________ because I love you.
12.2. SO
Use “so” to emphasize the result of an action or situation. It has the same meaning as
“as a result”.
Use “so” in the middle of two sentences and don’t forget that “so” comes before the
sentence which describes the result.
Use a comma before “so” in general.
Reason Result
It was sunny and hot John went swimming with his friends
It was sunny and hot, so John went swimming with his friends.
We walk for hours We are really tired in the evenings.
We walk for hours, so we are really tired in the evenings.
NOTE: “So” and “because” are very different.“So”expresses the result, but “because” expresses
the reason.
Reason Result
Because Eray studies a lot every day, he speaks English very fluently now.
Reason Result
Eray studies a lot every day, so he speaks English very fluently now.
This bus driver exceeded the speed limit, so he got a traffic fine.
EXERCISES (2)
A. Rewrite the sentences using the conjunction “so”.
1. I lost my wallet. I have no money.
I lost my wallet, so I have no money.
2. It’s Charles’s birthday today. He is happy.
_____________________________________
3. She has a test tomorrow. She’s studying hard.
_____________________________________
4. Scott was ill. He went to the doctor.
_____________________________________
5. It is quite late. I’m closing the shop.
_____________________________________
6. My sonplayed in the rain. He got ill.
_____________________________________
7. Luna was hungry. She ate a hamburger.
_____________________________________
8. They are poor. They don’t have a car.
_____________________________________
9. My hair was dirty. I washed it.
_____________________________________
10. Solomon runs fast. He wins all the races.
_____________________________________
12.3. BUT
Use “but” to state an unexpected result or to make a contrast.
Use it in the middle of the clause in general. Don’t forget to use a comma before “but”.
12.4. AND
Use “and” to combine two parallel sentences, to connect words of the same group
(adjectives, nouns…) or independent clauses.
If the subjects or the auxiliary verbs are the same in two independent clauses, there is no
need for the repetition of these items.
Don’t forget to use a comma before “and” while connecting independent clauses.
.
James is listening to music, and his parents are cleaning the garden. Connect two
independent clauses.
The birds sing and (the birds) fly. Omit the same item .
The internet and computers are very important for me. Connect nouns.
My father didn’t cook anything, and my mother got angry with him .
My favourite novelists are Mark Twain and Henry James.
The weather is really sunny and hot.
EXERCISES (3)
A. Make sentences using the words in brackets.
1. (she/ hate meat/ but/ she /like vegetables).
She hates meat, but she likes vegetables .
2. (it’s/ really expensive/ but /Emma/ need a bag)
_____________________________________
3. (Bob/ speaksEnglish/ but /he / doesn’t speak French)
______________________________________
4. (I /not eat cheese/ but /I /eat olives)
______________________________________
5. (he /didn’t find it/ but /John/ looked for / is/ his key)
_______________________________________
B. Add “and “to the sentences below. Add a comma (,) if necessary.
1. Jake/ Tom/ are playing/ badminton.
Jake and Tom are playing badminton.
2. The boys/ are playing on the sand/ swimming in the sea.
_____________________________________.
3. Elizabeth / has/ a/ big/ pretty/ doll.
_____________________________________.
4. She/ is talking about/ her holiday/ I/ am listening to/ her
_____________________________________.
5. We/ listen to/ our parents / carefully/ respectfully.
_____________________________________.
6. Henry/ Robert/ have/ a bike.
_____________________________________.
7. Rome/ is/ a/ beautiful/ city/ its/ museums/ are/ very/ famous.
_____________________________________.
8. I/ want to visit/ my relatives/ my boss/ next week.
______________________________________.
12.5. ALSO
12.6. OR
EXERCISES (4)
A. Make sentences using the conjunction “or”.
1. (stay/ I/ at home / I / go shopping/ at the weekend)
I stay at home or I go shopping at the weekend.
2. (Please / send me a message/ call me)
_____________________________________.
3. (a pen/ a pencil / use)
_____________________________________.
4. (watching films/ We/ don’t like/ going to the theater)
_____________________________________.
5. (Jack/ drinks/ tea/ hot/ cold)
_____________________________________.
VOCABULARY
HOBBIES, SPORTS, INTERESTS
There are various alternatives to ask about people’s hobbies and interests.
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
What are your hobbies/ interests? My hobbies/ interests are reading novels
and playing chess.
What do you do in your free time? I take photos, go to the gym and swim.
What are your free time activities? My free time activities are playing the
guitar and swimming.
What do you like doing in your free I like playing basketball, taking photos,
time? reading novels and swimming.
EXERCISES
1. c 2. 3.
a. go fishing b. go shopping c. go hiking
4. 5. 6.
d. do a puzzle/ puzzles e . paint/ draw pictures f. hang out with friends
7. 8. 9.
g. cook at home h. watch TV/ see a film i. listen to music
What do you do in your free time? What are your favourite hobbies?
___I...______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
10. Our car is not here, _______ we are going to the party by bus.
a. but b. because c. so d. also
15. They were very tired, _______ they went to bed very early.
a. or b.because c. but d. so
17. It was a very long day, _______ I was tired by the end of it.
a. and b. but c. or d. because
20. She plays the piano. _______, she sings very well.
a. Or b. And c. Also d. But
24. A: What _______ Martin? M: I like hiking and listening to music in my free time.
a. is your free time b. do you do c. are your ideas d. are your hobbies
27. Mary went _______ last weekend, but she didn’t catch any fish.
a. hiking b. fishing c. painting d. swimming
28. I _______ with my friends in summer. We go out and drink something together.
a. draw pictures b. read novels c. cook at home d. hang out
29. I like movies, but I don’t go to the cinema. I love _______ at home.
a. watching films b. reading novels c. playing chess d. taking photos
30. Robert hates football matches, and he never _______ in his free time.
a. plays chess b. reads novels c. plays football d. cooks at home
FREE TIME
Read and listen to the dialogue.
EXERCISES
A. Complete the registration form with Tyrone’s information.
Surname:
Age:
Interested in (sport):
1. There are four different age groups that play water polo. True False
2. Tyrone wants to join the under 14s club. True False
3. The under 16s water polo team train three times a week. True False
4. The under 16s train on Monday and Thursday. True False
5. Water polo matches are played on Saturdays. True False
6. You have to pay to join the water polo classes for under 18s. True False
7. You need to bring a photo to register at the swimming pool. True False
8. Training for the water polo team starts this week. True False
https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/elementary-a2-listening/free-time
EXERCISES (1)
A.
1. I’m sad because I couldn’t find my wallet.
2. Clara is happy because it is her birthday today.
3. She’s studying hard because she has a test tomorrow.
4. Scott didn’t come to school because he was ill.
5. Because it is quite cold, I’m closing the windows.
6. My son’s clothes are wet because He’s playing in the rain.
7. Because Luna is hungry, she wants a hamburger.
8. They can’t buy a car because they are poor.
9. Because I wash my hair every day, it is clean.
10. Michael is laughing because Tim is telling a great joke.
B.
1. b 2. d 3. a 4. e 5. c
C.
Students’ own answers.
EXERCISES (2)
A.
1. I lost my wallet, so I have no money.
2. It’s Charles’s birthday today, so he is happy.
3. She has a test tomorrow, so she’s studying hard.
4. Scott is ill ,so he will see a doctor.
5. It is quite late, so I’m closing the shop.
6. My son’s playing in the rain ,so he will be ill.
7. Luna is hungry, so she will eat a hamburger.
8. They are poor, so they can’t buy a car.
9. My hair was dirty, so I washed my hair.
10. Solomon runs fast, so no one can catch him.
B.
1. d 2.c 3. a 4. b 5.e
C.
Students’ own answers.
EXERCISES (3)
A.
1. She hates meat, but she likes vegetables.
2. It is really expensive, but Emma needs a bag.
3. Bob can speak English, but he can’t speak French.
4. I don’t eat cheese, but I eat olives.
5. John is looking for his keys, but he can’t find it.
B.
1. Jake and Tom are playing badminton.
2. The boys are playing on the sand and swimming in the sea.
3. Elizabeth has a big and pretty doll.
4 She is talking about her holiday, and I’m listening to her.
C.
1. e 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. d
Exercises (4)
A
1. I stay at home or( I) go shopping at the weekend.
2. Please send me a message or call me.
3. Use a pen or a pencil.
4. We don’t like watching films or going to the theater.
5. Jack drinks tea hot or cold.
B.
1. I’m an enginner. Also, I’m a father.
2. We have a tablet PC and also a laptop.
3. I love classical music and also jazz music.
4. Our automobile was comfortable and also fast.
5. John writes novels. Also, he sings song.
C.
1. d 2. c 3. a 4. e 5. b
VOCABULARY
EXERCISES
A.
1. c / go hiking 6. d/ do puzzles
2. a/ go fishing 7. i/ listen to music
3. b/ go shopping 8. g/ cook at home
4. e / paint/ draw pictures 9. h/ watch TV/ see a film
5. f/ hang out with friends
B.
Students’ own answers