Nature of Chapter:

1. We are going to learn all together a new number system and its algebra.

2. Beginning basics will be very critical.

3. Properties are very important for solving in this chapter

 Weightage of Complex Numbers (Last 6 years)
2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 Average

JEE Main 3.8 % 3.8 % 3.8 % 4.1 % 4.0 % 3.3 % 3.8 %

Jee Advanced 6% 6% 8% 6% 5% 5% 6.0 %

 Complex Numbers
● Iota and Powers of iota
● Describing Complex Number and its Algebra
● Conjugate of complex number
● Argand Plane
● Representation of complex number in different forms
● Cube roots of unity
 Complex Numbers
Critical Topics in the Chapter

● Conjugate and Modulus of Complex Numbers

● Cube root of unity
Iota and Powers of Iota
 Iota and Powers of Iota
We know that in real number is not defined, but now here in complex
numbers we are going to define it.
Its value is called as iota “i”.
 Iota and Powers of Iota

i1 = i i5 = _______
i2 = _____ i6 = _______
i3 = _____ i7 = _______
i4 = _____ i8 = _______

______ ; ______
______ ; ______
In general, i4k + r = ir =
______ ; ______
______ ; ______
Q Prove that:
(a) i243 (b)

(c)

(d) i2015 + i2016 + i2017 + i2018

 Iota and Powers of Iota

Observation :
Sum of any four consecutive integral powers of iota is zero.
 Iota and Powers of Iota

Observation :
 Iota and Powers of Iota

Observation :

does not hold when both a and b are negative.

Describing Complex Number and its Algebra
Describing Complex Numbers

z=x+iy; x, y R
 Describing Complex Numbers

If x and y are real numbers, then number of the form x + iy is called a complex
number. Its generally denoted by z

z = x + iy ; x, y R

Here x is called real part of z and y is called imaginary part of z .

 Describing Complex Numbers

If x and y are real numbers, then number of the form x + iy is called a complex
number. Its generally denoted by z

z = x + iy ; x, y R

Here x is called real part of z and y is called imaginary part of z .

Remark :
(a) If x = 0 then z is called purely imaginary.
(b) If y = 0 then z is called real
Algebra of Complex Numbers
 Algebra of Complex Numbers

1. Equality: Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 , Then,

z1 = z2 if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2
 Algebra of Complex Numbers

1. Equality: Let z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 , Then,

z1 = z2 if x1 = x2 and y1 = y2

NOTE :
Inequalities do not occur in complex number
i.e. we cannot compare two complex numbers.
1 + 2i < 5 + 10i is a wrong statement
Q If z2 - (3 + i)z + (m + 2i) = 0 has a real root then find ‘m’

NOTE :
D ≥ 0 works only if coefficients are real.
Solution:
 Algebra of Complex Numbers
2. Addition and subtraction
z1 + z2 = (x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2)

z1 - z2 = (x1 - x2) + i(y1 - y2)

Eg. (2 + 3i) + (5 + 7i) =

(2 + 3i) - (1 - 2i) =
 Algebra of Complex Numbers
3. Multiplication

z1 × z2 = (x1 + iy1) × (x2 + iy2) =

Eq. (a) (2 + 5i) × (-3 × 2i) =

(b) (a + ib) × (a - ib) =

 Iota and Powers of Iota

NOTE :
(a) (1 + i)2 =
(b) (1 - i)2 =
Q If where i = √-1, then find the value of a1929.
Solution:
Q Find the smallest positive integer n for which
(1 + i)2n = (1 - i)2n.
Solution:
Q Find square root of i.
Solution:
Q Evaluate:
Solution:
 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Remark :
 Algebra of Complex Numbers
4. Division

Eg. (a)

(b)
 Algebra of Complex Numbers

Remark :

is called reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of a + ib

 JEE Main 2020

Q
If then the

greatest common divisor of the least values of m and n is __.

____ .
 JEE Main 2020

Q
If then the

greatest common divisor of the least values of m and n is __.

____
Ans: 4 .
Solution:
Q If , then prove that

a2 + b2 = 4a - 3.
Solution:
Solution:
 JEE Main 8th April, 2023

Q Let

Then the sum of the elements in A is:

A 3𝞹

B 𝞹

C 2𝞹

D 4𝞹
 JEE Main 8th April, 2023

Q Let

Then the sum of the elements in A is:

A 3𝞹

B 𝞹

C 2𝞹

D 4𝞹
Solution:
Conjugate of Complex Number
 Conjugate Complex Numbers
Let z = x + iy then its conjugate, denoted by is defined as x - iy
So,

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)
Q Solve for z:
Solution:
Q Solve for z:
Solution:
Let

Then,

and

Solving both equation

and
 Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are integers.
Q
If , then what are the values of xy

A ±2

B ±15

C ±30

D 2

Hint: and
 Let z = x + iy be a complex number where x and y are integers.
Q
If , then what are the values of xy

A ±2

B ±15

C ±30

D 2
Solution:

As

Solving both we get

2x2 = 8 and 2y2 = 2
x2 = 4 and y2 = 1
x = ± 2 and y = ±1
Then xy = ± 2
 JEE Advanced 2022, P1
Let z denote the complex conjugate of a complex number z
Q
and let i = √(-1). In the set of complex numbers, the
number of distinct roots of the equation z - z2 = i(z + z2) is
__
 JEE Advanced 2022, P1
Let z denote the complex conjugate of a complex number z
Q
and let i = √(-1). In the set of complex numbers, the
number of distinct roots of the equation z - z2 = i(z + z2) is
__
Ans: 4
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Properties of Conjugate
 Properties of Conjugate

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6) (a)

(b)
 Properties of Conjugate

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6) (a)

(b)
 Properties of Conjugate

NOTE :
Property - 6 is used a lot whenever we have
to work around Re(z) or Im(z).
 State True/False
Q
If , then
Solution:
Q Find imaginary part of (2 + 5i)10 + (2 - 5i)10.
Q Find imaginary part of (2 + 5i)10 + (2 - 5i)10.

Ans: 0
Remark :
If (x + iy)5 = p + iq, then (y + ix)5 = q + ip.
Q If , where 𝞪 is a complex number such that

If , then prove that z is purely imaginary.

Recall :
z + z = 0 implies z is purely imaginary
Solution:

Since , thus z is purely imaginary.

Q is a purely imaginary number (z ≠ -1), then the

value of is

A -1

B 1

C 2

D -2

Recall :
If z1 is purely imaginary then z1 + z1 = 0
Q is a purely imaginary number (z ≠ -1), then the

value of is

A -1

B 1

C 2

D -2
Solution:
 IIT JEE 2003

A 0

D
 IIT JEE 2003

A 0

D
Solution:
Q
Solution:
Argand Plane
 Argand Plane

A two dimensional plane having axes as Re(z) and Im(z) is called Argand plane.

We represent the complex number z = x + iy by the point (x, y) on Argand plane.

 Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers

Let z = x + iy

Modulus: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand

plane then the length OP is called modulus
of complex number z. It is denoted by |z|.
 Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers
Argument: If P denotes z = x + iy in Argand plane then argument is defined
as the angle which OP makes with positive direction of Re(z) axis.

NOTE :
Anti-clockwise sense is taken as positive angle while angle taken
in clockwise sense is taken as negative angle.
 Find modulus and argument of the following:
Q
(a) z = 1 + i (b)

(c) (d) z = 1 - i
 Find modulus and argument of the following:
Q
(a) z = 1 + i
Solution:
Im(z)

1 (1, 1)

O Re(z)

1
 Find modulus and argument of the following:
Q
(b)
Solution:
 Find modulus and argument of the following:
Q
(c)
Solution:
 Find modulus and argument of the following:
Q
(d) z = 1 - i
Solution:
 Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers

NOTE :
● If θ is argument of z then 2nπ + θ ; where n is integer, is also an
argument
● The value of argument which lies in (-π, π] is called principal
value of argument
 Modulus and Argument of Complex Numbers

NOTE :
● Argument of purely imaginary number is
● Argument of purely real number is 0 or π
● If z = 0 then arg(z) is not defined.
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024, S2

Q Let r and 𝞱 respectively be the modulus and amplitude

of the complex number , then (r, 𝞱)

is equal to

D
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024, S2

Q Let r and 𝞱 respectively be the modulus and amplitude

of the complex number , then (r, 𝞱)

is equal to

D
Solution:
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024, S1

Q If is such that |z + 1| = 𝞪z + 𝞫(1 + i),

𝞪, 𝞫 ∈ R, then 𝞪 + 𝞫 is equal to

A 2

B -4

C 3

D -1
 JEE Main 29th Jan 2024, S1

Q If is such that |z + 1| = 𝞪z + 𝞫(1 + i),

𝞪, 𝞫 ∈ R, then 𝞪 + 𝞫 is equal to

A 2

B -4

C 3

D -1
Solution:
 JEE Advanced 2022, P1

Let z be a complex number with non-zero imaginary part.

Q
If is a real number, then the value of |z|2 is___.
 JEE Advanced 2022, P1

Let z be a complex number with non-zero imaginary part.

Q
If is a real number, then the value of |z|2 is___.

Ans: 0.50
Solution:
Properties of Modulus
 Properties of Modulus

(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
(6) Triangle inequalities
(a)
(b)
 Properties of Modulus

(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
(6) Triangle inequalities
(a)
(b)
 Properties of Modulus

Let’s first do some practice examples for properties (2), (3) & (4)
Q
Solution:
Q If iz3 + z2 - z + i = 0, then find the value of |z|.
Solution:
Q If (1 + i)(1 + 2i)(1 + 3i)......(1 + 7i) = x + iy, then
prove that 2 × 5 × 10 ×…..×50 = x2 + y2
Solution:
Q
If , then prove that
Solution:
Q If z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that is purely

imaginary then value of is

A 4

B 3

C 2

D 1
Q If z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that is purely

imaginary then value of is

A 4

B 3

C 2

D 1
Solution:
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024, S1

Q If z = x + iy, xy ≠ 0, satisfies the equation ,

then |z2| is equal to:

A 9

B 1/4

C 4

D 1
 JEE Main 30th Jan 2024, S1

Q If z = x + iy, xy ≠ 0, satisfies the equation ,

then |z2| is equal to:

A 9

B 1/4

C 4

D 1
Solution:
Q If z1, z2 are two complex numbers such that

and then

D
Q If z1, z2 are two complex numbers such that

and then

D
Solution:
 Properties of Modulus

Let’s pick property 5 now, i.e.

Q If |z + 6| = |3z + 2|, prove that |z| = 2.
Solution:
Q Let z be a complex member such that
Show that z is purely real.
Solution:
Q If z1 and z2 are complex numbers such that is

unimodular and z2 is not unimodular. Then |z1| is equal to

Q If z1 and z2 are complex numbers such that is

unimodular and z2 is not unimodular. Then |z1| is equal to

Ans: 2
Solution:
Q If z1, z2 and z3 are 3 distinct complex numbers such that

then the value of

is equal to

A 0

B 1

C -1

D 17
Q If z1, z2 and z3 are 3 distinct complex numbers such that

then the value of

is equal to

A 0

B 1

C -1

D 17
Solution:
 Properties of Modulus

Result:
(a)

(b)
 Properties of Modulus

Remark :
(a)

(b)
 Properties of Modulus

NOTE:
● If |z| = 1 then

● If |z| = a then for a > 0

Q If |z| = 1, then find the value of
Solution:
 JEE Main 2013

Q If z is a complex number of unit modulus and

argument 𝞱, then is equal to

D
 JEE Main 2013

Q If z is a complex number of unit modulus and

argument 𝞱, then is equal to

D
Solution:
Q If z1 , z2 , and z3 are three complex numbers such that

= 1 . Then find

the value of |z1 + z2 + z3| .

Solution:
 If |z1| = 3, |z2| = 5, |z3| = 7 such that |z1 + z2 + z3| = 1, then
Q
the value of |49z1z2 + 25z1z3 + 9z2z3| is equal to ___.
Solution:
Solution:
Q If |z1| = 2, |z2| = 3, |z3| = 5 such that |25z1z2 + 9z1z3 + 4z2z3| = 90,
find the value of |z1 + z2 + z3|.
Solution:
Solution:
 Properties of Modulus

Now let’s pick triangle inequality:

Q If z is any complex number such that |z + 4| ≤ 3,
find the greatest value of |z + 1| = 2
Solution:
Q If |z - 2 + i| ≤ 2, find the greatest and least values
of |z|, where i = √-1.
Solution:
Q If | z - 2i | ≤ √2, where i = √-1, then maximum value of
|-3 - i(z - 1)|, is

A √2

B 2√2

C 2 + √2

D 3 + 2√2
Q If | z - 2i | ≤ √2, where i = √-1, then maximum value of
|-3 - i(z - 1)|, is

A √2

B 2√2

C 2 + √2

D 3 + 2√2
Solution:
Q If z is any complex number satisfying | z - 3 - 2i | ≤ 2,
then the minimum value of |2z - 6 + 5i| is
Q If z is any complex number satisfying | z - 3 - 2i | ≤ 2,
then the minimum value of |2z - 6 + 5i| is

Ans: 5
Solution:
 z ∈ C satisfies the condition |z| ≥ 3. Then the least
Q
value of is

D
 z ∈ C satisfies the condition |z| ≥ 3. Then the least
Q
value of is

D
Solution:
 JEE Main 29th July, 2022

Q If z ≠ 0 be a complex number such that

then the maximum value of |z| is:

B 1

D
 JEE Main 29th July, 2022

Q If z ≠ 0 be a complex number such that

then the maximum value of |z| is:

B 1

D
Solution:
Properties of Argument
 Properties of Argument

(a)

(b)

(c)
 Q Find principal argument of z = (1 + √3i)7
Solution:
 Properties of Argument

Observations :
(1)
(2)
(3)
 Properties of Argument

Observations :
(1)
(2)
(3)

Again 2kπ can be used for general purpose, if required

Q z & ⍵ are complex numbers such that
& arg(z⍵) = π, then arg(z) =

D
Q z & ⍵ are complex numbers such that
& arg(z⍵) = π, then arg(z) =

D
Solution:
Solution:
Q If , find the value of |z| .
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Representation of Complex Numbers
in different forms
Representation of Complex Numbers in different forms

Z=x+iy

Polar form Euler form

Z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) Z = reiθ

Representation of Complex Numbers in different forms

Z=x+iy

Polar form Euler form

Z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) Z = reiθ

NOTE :
 If z and ω are two non-zero complex numbers such that |zω| = 1
Q
and , then is equal to

A -i

B 1

C -1

D i
 If z and ω are two non-zero complex numbers such that |zω| = 1
Q
and , then is equal to

A -i

B 1

C -1

D i
Solution:
 If ⍺ be a complex number such that |⍺| = 1, then
Q
is equal to

D
 If ⍺ be a complex number such that |⍺| = 1, then
Q
is equal to

D
Solution:
Q Let z and w be two non-zero complex numbers such that
|z| = |w| and arg(z) + arg(w) = 𝞹. Then prove that z = -w.
Solution:
Representation of Complex Numbers in different forms

Remark :
Euler’s form is very efficient in handling big and bad
powers of a complex number.
Q
Evaluate:
Solution:

Given,
Q If , where

Then z1 z2 z3 . . . . infinity is equal to _____.

Solution:
Q Evaluate: (a) z = (1 + i)10 (b)
Q Evaluate: (a) z = (1 + i)10
Solution:

Let
Q Evaluate: (b)
Solution:

Let
Q Evaluate: (i)i
Solution:
 JEE Main 10th Jan, 2019

Q Let If R(z) and I(z)

respectively denote the real and imaginary parts of z, then

A R(z) = -3

B R(z) < 0 and I(z) > 0

C I(z) = 0

D R(z) > 0 and I(z) > 0

 JEE Main 10th Jan, 2019

Q Let If R(z) and I(z)

respectively denote the real and imaginary parts of z, then

A R(z) = -3

B R(z) < 0 and I(z) > 0

C I(z) = 0

D R(z) > 0 and I(z) > 0

Solution:
De-Moivre’ Theorem
 IIT JEE 2009

D
 IIT JEE 2009

D
Solution:
 JEE Main 5th Sept, 2020

Q If sin ⍺ + sin β + sin γ = 0 = cos ⍺ + cos β + cos γ,

then sin 3⍺ + sin 3β + sin 3γ is equal to

A cos(⍺ + β + γ)

B sin(⍺ + β + γ)

C 3 cos(⍺ + β + γ)

D 3 sin(⍺ + β + γ)
 JEE Main 5th Sept, 2020

Q If sin ⍺ + sin β + sin γ = 0 = cos ⍺ + cos β + cos γ,

then sin 3⍺ + sin 3β + sin 3γ is equal to

A cos(⍺ + β + γ)

B sin(⍺ + β + γ)

C 3 cos(⍺ + β + γ)

D 3 sin(⍺ + β + γ)
Solution:
Let x = cos + i sin , y = cos + i sin β and z = cos γ + i sin γ
Now, x + y + z = (cos + i sin ) + (cos β + i sin β) + (cos γ + i sin γ)
= (cos + cos β + cos γ) + i(sin + sin β + sin γ)
= 0 + i.0 = 0

x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz
(cos + i sin )3 + (cos β + i sin β)3 + (cos γ + i sin γ)3
= 3(cos + i sin ) (cos β + i sin β) (cos γ + i sin γ)
(cos 3 + i sin 3 ) + (cos 3β + i sin 3β) + (cos 3γ + i sin 3γ)
= 3(cos( + β + γ) + i sin( + β + γ))
Solution:
(cos 3 + cos 3β + cos 3γ) + i(sin 3 + sin 3β + sin 3γ)
= 3 cos( + β + γ) + i 3 sin( + β + γ)
Comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
cos 3 + cos3β + cos 3γ = 3 cos( + β + γ)
And sin 3 + sin 3β + sin 3γ = 3 sin( + β + γ)
Cube roots of unity
 Cube roots of Unity

Roots of this equation are called cube roots of unity.

2
 Cube roots of Unity

Properties of ω

1.

2.

3.

4.
 Cube roots of Unity

Observation :
Plot the cube roots on Argand plane
 Cube roots of Unity

Remark:
Roots of z2 + z + 1 = 0 are ⍵ & ⍵2
and roots of z2 - z + 1 = 0 are -⍵ & -⍵2
 JEE Main 26th Feb, 2021

Q The sum of 162th power of the roots of the equation

x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 1 = 0 is
 JEE Main 26th Feb, 2021

Q The sum of 162th power of the roots of the equation

x3 - 2x2 + 2x - 1 = 0 is

Ans: 3
Solution:
Q The value of (1 + 2ω + ω2)3n - (1 + ω + 2ω2)3n is:

A 0

B 1

D 2
Q The value of (1 + 2ω + ω2)3n - (1 + ω + 2ω2)3n is:

A 0

B 1

D 2
Solution:
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

If 𝞪 satisfies the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0 and

Q
(1 + 𝞪)7 = A + B𝞪 + C𝞪2 , A, B, C ≥ 0, then
5(3A - 2B -C) is equal to
 JEE Main 27th Jan 2024, S1

If 𝞪 satisfies the equation x2 + x + 1 = 0 and

Q
(1 + 𝞪)7 = A + B𝞪 + C𝞪2 , A, B, C ≥ 0, then
5(3A - 2B -C) is equal to

Ans: 5
Solution:
 JEE Main 5th Sept, 2020

A -215 i

B -215

C 215 i

D 65
 JEE Main 5th Sept, 2020

A -215 i

B -215

C 215 i

D 65
Solution:
Aliter:
 JEE Main 24th Jan, 2023

Q Let p, q ∈ R and (1 - √3 i)200 = 2199 (p + iq), i = √-1 then

p + q + q2 and p - q + q2 are roots of the equation.

A x2 + 4x - 1 = 0

B x2 - 4x + 1 = 0

C x2 + 4x + 1 = 0

D x2 - 4x - 1 = 0
 JEE Main 24th Jan, 2023

Q Let p, q ∈ R and (1 - √3 i)200 = 2199 (p + iq), i = √-1 then

p + q + q2 and p - q + q2 are roots of the equation.

A x2 + 4x - 1 = 0

B x2 - 4x + 1 = 0

C x2 + 4x + 1 = 0

D x2 - 4x - 1 = 0
Solution:
Solution:
 If 𝟂 is an imaginary cube root of unity, then the value of expression
Q
2(1 + 𝟂)(1 + 𝟂2) + 3(2 + 𝟂)(2 + 𝟂2) + . . . + n(n + 𝟂)(n + 𝟂2) is

HINT: (r + 1)(r + 𝟂)(r + 𝟂2) = r3 + 1

 If 𝟂 is an imaginary cube root of unity, then the value of expression
Q
2(1 + 𝟂)(1 + 𝟂2) + 3(2 + 𝟂)(2 + 𝟂2) + . . . + n(n + 𝟂)(n + 𝟂2) is

D
Solution:
Q If ⍵ is a non-real cube root of unity, then

is equal to

A -2

B 2

D 0
Q If ⍵ is a non-real cube root of unity, then

is equal to

A -2

B 2

D 0
Solution:
 JEE Main 25th July, 2022

Q If , β, γ, δ are the roots of the equation x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0,

then 2021 + β2021 + γ2021 + δ2021 is equal to

A -4

B -1

C 1

D 4
 JEE Main 25th July, 2022

Q If , β, γ, δ are the roots of the equation x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0,

then 2021 + β2021 + γ2021 + δ2021 is equal to

A -4

B -1

C 1

D 4
Solution:
⍺, β, γ, δ root of the equation x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0
Which are 5th roots of unity except 1.
Then ⍺2021 + β2021 + γ2021 + δ2021 = ⍺ + β + γ + δ = -1
 Cube roots of Unity

Few identities involving omega

1.

2.

3.
 IIT JEE 2005

Q a, b, c are integers, not all simultaneously equal and

𝝎 is cube root of unity (𝝎 ≠ 1), then minimum value of
| a + b𝝎 + c𝝎2 | is

A 0

B 1

C √3/2

D 1/2
 IIT JEE 2005

Q a, b, c are integers, not all simultaneously equal and

𝝎 is cube root of unity (𝝎 ≠ 1), then minimum value of
| a + b𝝎 + c𝝎2 | is

A 0

B 1

C √3/2

D 1/2
Solution:
 JEE Advanced 2019, P-1

Q Let ω ≠ 1 be a cube root of unity. Then the minimum of the set

{|a + bω + cω2|2 : a, b, c distinct non-zero integers} equals ……
 JEE Advanced 2019, P-1

Q Let ω ≠ 1 be a cube root of unity. Then the minimum of the set

{|a + bω + cω2|2 : a, b, c distinct non-zero integers} equals ……

Ans: 3
Solution: